用英语讲宗教详细版.ppt

单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,Religion,-By:谢东红,王 萌,肖安平,01,02,03,The origin of religion,More information about religion,contents,Religious Conflicts,The Major World Religions,01,PART,The Major World Religions,Buddhism,Islam,Christianity,圣经,金刚经,古兰经,The Major World Religions,Christianity(基督教),The Christian churches(基督教教堂)include the Roman Catholic罗(马天主教堂),Orthodox,and the Protestant（基督教新教）churches.,All Christian churches believe in God,the Holy Father天主教教皇;the Holy Son（圣子）,Jesus Christ（耶稣基督）;and the Holy Spirit.God created the heavens,Earth,and all living things in the beginning.,The Christian churches also believe people can only be saved/justified by their faith in Jesus Christ.This is because Jesus Christ died on the Cross for our sins.,Christians read the Bible and go to churches on Sunday.Christmas was the birthday of Jesus,Good Friday was the day Jesus died,Easter was the resurrection day of Jesus.,The head of the Roman Catholic churches is the Pope,who lives in Vantican City,and head of the Orthodox churches lives in Moscow.,The founder of the Protestant churches was Martin Luther,who was a German priest.Christian churches are now developing fast in China.,Islam,（伊斯兰教）,Islam was founded in 622 AC by Muhammad the Prophet,in Makkah(also spelled Mecca).Muslims belief that it is the same faith taught by the prophets,Abraham,David,Moses and Jesus.,The role of Muhammad as the last prophet,（先知）,was to formalize and clarify the faith and purify it by removing ideas which were added in error.,。,The two sacred texts of Islam are the Quran（古兰经）,which are the words of Allah（伊斯兰教的）阿拉，真主 the One True God as given to Muhammad（穆罕默德）,and the Hadith（圣训）,which is a collection of Muhammads sayings.,Muslims follow a strict monotheism with one creator who is just,omnipotent and merciful.They also believe in Satan who drives people to sin,and that all unbelievers and sinners will spend eternity in Hell.,Muslims who sincerely repent and submit to God will return to a state of sinlessness and go to Paradise after death.,Alcohol,drugs,and gambling should be avoided and they reject racism.They respect the earlier prophets,Abraham,Moses,and Jesus,but regard the concept of the divinity of Jesus as blasphemous and do not believe that he was executed on the cross.,Buddhism,Buddhism developed out of the teachings of Siddhartha Gautama who,in 535 BC,reached enlightenment and assumed the title Buddha.,He promoted The Middle Way as the path to enlightenment rather than the extremes of mortification of the flesh or hedonism.,Long after his death the Buddhas teachings were written down.,This collection is called the Tripitaka.Buddhists believe in reincarnation and that one must go through cycles of birth,life,and death.,After many such cycles,if a person releases their attachment to desire and the self,they can attain Nirvana.In general,Buddhists do not believe in any type of God,the need for a savior,prayer,or eternal life after death.,However,since the time of the Buddha,Buddhism has integrated many regional religious rituals,beliefs and customs into it as it has spread throughout Asia,so that this generalization is no longer true for all Buddhists.,This has occurred with little conflict due to the philosophical nature of Buddhism,.,创始人,发源地,分布,建筑,特点,C,hristianity基督教,Jewish,Islam,ic,伊斯兰教,Buddhist,佛教,耶稣,Mohammed,穆罕默德,Shakyamuni Buddha,释迦,牟尼,亚洲,西部,欧洲、美洲、,大洋洲,古印度,阿拉伯,半岛,亚洲的西部和东南部，非洲的北部和东部,亚洲的东部,和东南部,尖顶,为主,圆顶,为主,塔状,为主,基督教,伊斯兰教,佛教,欧洲,美,洲,大洋洲,亚洲西部,亚 洲,东南部,非洲北部,和东部,亚洲东部,亚 洲,东南部,0,2,PART,The origin of religion,The o,rigin of religion,The time:,in primitive society,The form:,1.fantasy(certain activities can affect certain things),2.concept of gods and religion,The acts:,witchcraft and spell,The study of religion origin,Anthropology of Religion(,宗教人类学,),The main branches:,Animism(,万物有灵论,),：,a theory that insists on Anima(,灵魂,),A Disease of Language(,语言疾病学说,)to explain the concepts of abstract nouns with the idea of gods,Functiona,lism(,功能论,),：,to m,eet the needs of human psychology,The e,lements of religion,Doctrine(,教义,),:religious belief and emotional experience,宗教的思想观念及情感体验,Concept,：,the concept of anima and gods,灵魂观念 神灵观念 神性观念,Emotion,：,the senses of respect,dependence,surprise,guilt,hope,mystery,and piety.,敬畏感 依赖感 惊异感 罪恶感 期待感 神秘感 虔诚感,Ordinance,（,教仪,）：,the worship behavior and etiquette,宗教的崇拜行为及礼仪规范,Behavior and etiquette,：,witchcraft,taboo,prayer,sacrifice and repentance.,巫术 禁忌 祈祷 献祭 忏悔,Mission,教团,：,Religious teaching system and social organization,宗教的教职制度及社会组织,organization,组织,：,a Christian church,pastoral,Buddhist Sangha,ect.,如基督教的教会、牧区；佛教的僧伽,The influence of religion,Religion and Politics,In the middle ages,most of countries established a system of theocracy.A theocracy is a society which is ruled by priests who represent a god.,国家采取政教合一的制度，宗教成为国教，教规就是国法，公民必须信奉和遵守。,Religion and Science,1.Definition,世界上有两种类型的客观存在，一是事实关系类客观存在，二是价值关系类客观存在。科学是关于事实关系的学问，以严谨而精确的逻辑形式把各种社会规律和自然规律系统地联系起来。而宗教是关于价值关系的学问，以虚幻的逻辑形式把各种社会规律和自然规律系统地联系起来。,2.,Relation,ship,Initially,religion consists of science,and it also contributes to the development of science.Then science was differentiated from religion.,起初，宗教包容科学，促进其发展；后来科学从宗教分化出来，它们相互对立，宗教阻碍其发展。,Social Function,Virtual regardless of fame,“,功名虚无论,”：,It can decrease personal interest conflicts by weakening humans emotional intensity for fame.,Karma Theory,“,因果报应论,”：,It can strengthen peoples tolerance about others evil behavior,and people always obey this rule.,The cycle of life and death theory“,生死轮回论,”：,It helps human to get rid of the fear of death.,The theory of,heaven and hell,“,天堂地狱论,”：,By learning this theory,p,eople c,an,establish a positive value for death,.And it can also,coordinatethe,conflicts between personal interests and the interests of society.,0,3,PART,Religious Conflicts,Then what are the reasons,for the conflicts between,different religions?,Religious conflicts are complex,often together with the national struggle,the state struggles.,The main reasons are:,The different doctrines and different values,The different economic and political interests,In order to survive and develop,The geographical conditions,As a cats paw,Afghanistan religious conflict,war,Northern Ireland religious conflict war,Multi ethnic country,-,India,Name,P,roportion,Hinduism,82%,M,uslim,12%,Christianity,2.32%,Sikh,1.99%,Buddhism,0.77%,The present situation,Indian religious conflict,The,conflict,between Hinduism and Islam,First is the opposition of the religious history and,rivalry,竞争,.As China local Taoism is religion,Hinduism is the Indian native religion,Islam is a foreign religion.The difference between the two is obvious:Hinduism as,polytheism,多神论，多神教,Islam is the,monotheism,一神教，一神论,;Hindus believe in,reincarnation,再生，化身,of reincarnation said,while Muslims believe that the,trial,审讯,was the end of the world;Hindus,worship,崇拜，尊敬,of idols,Muslims are opposed to any idols.In addition,with two big religious relevant laws,、,customs,、,books,、,calendar,日历,and so on.There are large differences,.,The situation is somewhat different from Islam,it passed after the South Asian subcontinent,次大陆,although the local cultures with a certain degree of integration,but,in general low level of integration,集成，集合,.This makes the two religions in the subcontinent have maintained their independence and formed their own sphere,范围,of influence.The early Muslim rulers in order to consolidate,巩固,power.Measures taken to force the implementation,实现，履行,of Islam,Muslims who do not heavily taxedto destroy Hindu temples and Hindu statues,killing Hindus,the Hindu mind in a deep scar,伤害,on the left.This religious antagonism,对抗,and historical grievances,不满，不平,make the contradiction between the two religions very well.,r,2013/9/9 The town of Bong Mozafar Nagar,2002/2/27 The town of Godhra,Behind the,war,The religious problem has seriously affected the economic development of India.India has a population of over 12 hundred million.Relatively speaking,peoples living standard is lower.,Multi ethnic countries need to implement effective measures to solve the religious problems.Only the religious problems had been solved,the society can get better development.,5,Effective measures,Social development,0,4,PART,More imformation about religion,Nigeria&Boko Haram,1,Pope Francis,2,The attitude towards religion,3,Boko Haram,The group Jamaatu Ahlus-Sunnah LiddaAwati Wal Jihad,known the world over as Boko Haram,is an extremist Islamic sect in Nigeria that has created havoc across the north of the country and in the capital,Abuja.Its violent attacks on government offices,the United Nations,and churches threaten to destabilize the country.,A range of conflicting narratives has grown up around Boko Haram,and the groups origins,motivations,and future plans remain a matter of debate.,Since August 2011 Boko Haram has planted bombs almost weekly in public or in churches in Nigerias northeast.The group has also broadened its targets to include setting fire to schools.In March 2012,some twelve public schools in Maiduguri were burned down during the night,and as many as 10,000 pupils were forced out of education.,Boko Haram is not in the same global jihadist bracket as Algerias al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb,or Somalias al Shabab.Despite its successful attack on the UN compound in Abuja in August 2011,Boko Haram is not bent on attacking Western interests.There have been no further attacks on international interests since that time.,Following the failed rescue of hostages Chris McManus and Franco Lamolinara in northeastern Nigeria in March 2012,President Goodluck Jonathan played up the connections between the group and international terrorism.However,links between Boko Haram and the kidnappers are questionable.,It is difficult to see how there can be meaningful dialogue between the government and the group.The groups cell-like structure is open for factions and splits,and there would be no guarantee that someone speaking for the group is speaking for all of the members.,Tactics employed by government security agencies against Boko Haram have been consistently brutal and counterproductive.Their reliance on extrajudicial execution as a tactic in“dealing”with any problem in Nigeria not only created Boko Haram as it is known today,but also sustains it and gives it fuel to expand.,The group will continue to attack softer targets in the northeast rather than international targets inside or outside Nigeria.It is also likely to become increasingly involved in the Jos crisis,where it will attack Christian indigenes of the north and try to push them out.Such a move would further threaten to destabilize the countrys stability and unity.,Now that the group has expanded beyond a small number of mosques,radical reforms in policing strategy are necessary if there is to be any progress in countering the group.Widespread radical reform of the police is also long overdue throughout Nigeria.As a first step,jailing a number of police officers responsible for ordering human rights abuses might go some way to removing a key objection of the group.,Nigerisans with grievances should use peaceful means to express their concers and dissatisfactions.The United States condemns attempts by those who seek to inflame ethnic and religious tensions,and encourages all religious and political leaders to speak out against the violence and work for peaceful coexistence.Meanwhile,we will continue working with the Government of Nigeria to develop a more balanced security strategy to counter Boko Haram and protect its citizens.This includes developing a proactive criminal justice system that reduces impunity and builds confidence in the government by effectively investigating and prosecuting all incidents of violence in the country.,Chinese,Do you know him&Guess?,2013.12.11.美国时代杂志person of the year.,The worlds 50 Greatest Leaders.-2014.3.12美国著名财经杂志财富,The 100 Most Influential People.2014.4.23.美国时代,2014.11.He is the forth most influential person in the world.,Who is it,?,Pope Francis,Pope Francis,is the266thand currentPope of theCatholic Church,elected on 13March 2013.,In his over 40 years as a Catholic priest,he has drawn high marks as an accomplished intellectual,having studied theology in Germany.,He is seen as someone who personally straddles the divide between the liberals and conservatives in the Catholic Church.,Francis has supported the social justice ethos of Latin American Catholicism,including a robust defense of the poor.,At the same time,he has generally tended to accent growth in personal holiness over efforts for structural reform.,He is seen as unwaveringly orthodox on matters of sexual morality,approving,abortion,same-sex marriage,and contraception.,Unwed mothers,Poverty,Abuse,Future of religion,Same-sex marriage,Hope,Attitude,Position of women,Position of women,Francis spoke out often about the fundamental importance of women in the Roman Catholic Church,stressing that they have a special role in spreading the faith,and that they were the first witnesses of the resurrection of Jesus,Unwed mothers,（未婚妈妈）,In criticizing the priests who refused to baptize children born to unmarried women,Cardinal Bergoglio argued that the mothers had done the right thing by giving life to the child and should not be shunned by the church.,On September 2013,Pope Francis called to a a pregnant,unmarried Italian woman,Anna Romano,and promised to baptize her child if she cannot find a priest to do it.Next year,Pope Francis baptizes baby of an unmarried couple in theSistine Chapelduring Baptism Of The Lord mass at the Vatican.He also allowed lactating mothers to breastfeed in the Sistine Chapel during the service.,Poverty,Food waste and starvationedit,Pope Francis believes wasting food is like stealing from the hungry people.He said:,This culture of waste has made us insensitive even to the waste and disposal of food,which is even more despicable when all over the world,unfortunately,many individuals and families are suffering from hunger and malnutrition.Once our grandparents were very careful not to throw away any leftover food.Consumerism has led us to become used to an excess and daily waste of food,to which,at times we are no longer able to give a just value.Throwing away food is like stealing from the table of the poor and the hungry.,Abuse,In 2011,Bergoglio again condemned child trafficking and sex slavery in Buenos Aires:,In this city,there are many girls who stop playing with dolls to enter the dump of a brothel because they were stolen,sold,betrayed.In this city,women and girls are kidnapped,and they are subjected to use and abuse of their body;they are destroyed in their dignity.The flesh that Jesus assumed and died for is worth less than the flesh of a pet.A dog is cared for better than these slaves of ours,who are kicked,who are broken.,Future of religion,There have been worse times for religions than the present.Nonetheless they pulled through.Perhaps nowadays there is a scarcity of religious people,but there