英译汉翻译技巧及方法-PPT.ppt

单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,*,主要问题：,1.,缺乏基本的翻译常识,2,对于英译汉翻译技巧知之甚少,3.,汉语表达不清,缺乏中文表达能力,翻译理论,+,翻译技巧,+,翻译实践,研究有关翻译的论述，弄懂翻译的基本问题。,（阅读理论著作；专题论文；翻译教材；译品的前言后语）,研究译作范本,从中摸索翻译的规律和技巧，对比不同译本的处理和效果。,研究典型译例，注意翻译技巧的说明和译句的得失，为翻译实践打好基础,不断进行翻译实践,（,1,）依照词语,-,句子,-,段落,-,语篇的顺序；,（,2,）选择不同题材和体裁的练习材料；,（,3,）难易循序渐进；,（,4,）译文反复修改，不断提高译文质量；,（,5,）选择有参考译文的文本，进行对比学习；,（,6,）可请别人修改或校正,。,提高方法：,1.,通读并透彻理解原文。翻译之前仔细研读原文，解决好“翻译什么”的问题。边读边琢磨，确切理解原文所述事物本身的含义与之相关的外延联想，如原句的中心意思是什么，有没有褒贬义或寓意，对其中的修饰语的把握等。,2.,组织语言。要根据上下文的语境选择适当的词汇和表达手段。,3.,表达。要从内容和语言两方面来考虑译文，尤其注意不能扭曲原意，不能错译或漏译。,4.,审校。这是英汉翻译过程中必不可少的环节。将自己的译文与原文进行对照，看看译文是否忠实于原文是否通顺易懂，是否符合汉语规范。,英译汉翻译的基本程序,1,选词法,英语同汉语一样，有一词多义的现象。因此，在进行英译汉时，译者必须弄懂英语句子结构后，选出关键词最佳的词义。这种方法叫做选词法。但必须注意，在选词义时，首先应确定该词的词类，这样才能保证与原文不变。如：,a.The actor knows his lines.(lines,这里不作,线,解释，而译作,台词,更合适,),。,b.Mother is firm with her children.(firm,若翻译成,坚定,仅忠实于形式，应翻译成,严格,或,严厉,),。,c.Have you read any humor recently?,近来你读了什么幽默作品？,d.Every life has its roses and thrones.,(roses and thrones,这里译作,甜和苦,最好,),。,一、基本方法,采用这种方法翻译时，译者常根据上下文的意思连贯，选择较合上文的意思，使上下文能够意思完整，不会出现离题现象。这种译法出现在对话中较多。如：,Sam knows he can depend on his family,rain or shine.,萨姆知道无论境况如何，他都可以将家庭作为靠山。,（,rain or shine,不能译作,下雨或天晴,）。,Soon got,soon gone.,来得容易，去的快。（名言）,Easy come,easy go.,易得也易失。,2,换词法,这种方法就是在翻译时按意义上、修辞上、和句法上的需要增加一些虽无其词而有其意的词典来更忠实通顺地表达原文的思想内容。这种方法是加词不加意。如：,a.,The son:How much did you suffer?,The old man:Plenty.,孩子：,你吃了多少苦,？老人：,一言难尽,这里,plenty,不译作,很多,，而译作,一言难尽,更佳。,b.,The mother:Ill be there to cheer you.,-The son:Its a promise.,妈妈：,我会到场为你祝贺孩子：,说话要算数,。或,一言为定,。,c.As he sat down and began talking,words poured out.,他一坐下，就滔滔不绝地讲个没完。,d.I like Chinese food.Lots of people do these days,sort of fashion.,我喜欢中国食品。现在很多人都喜欢。这种情况算是有点赶时髦吧！,3.,加词法,减词法与增词法相反，即在翻译时，把原句中出现的一些词不译出来，或是删去一些虽有词而无其意的词，使译文更清楚、更简洁,a.There was no snow,the leaves were gone from the trees,the grass was dead.,天未下雨，但叶落草枯。,（本句若译成,天没有雪，但树叶从树上落下来，草枯死了,就远不如前一句译文简明洗炼）。,b.Poisons of opposing qualities are said,in ancient books of medicine,to have the power of counteracting each other.,古代医书说，毒能攻毒。,（若译作,性质相反的毒药有互相抵消的力量,就显得啰嗦了,c.If winter comes,can spring be far behind?,冬天来了，春天还会远吗？d.University applicants who had worked at a job would receive preference over those who had not.,报考大学的人，有工作经验者优先考虑。,e.Keep your mouth shut and your ear open.,多听少讲。,4.,减词法,在翻译英语句子时，可以将原文的句子结构原封不动地保存下来或做稍,加修改，也可将原来的句子结构作较大的改变。后者在翻译中就叫做分句法。如：,a.They,not surprisingly,did not respond at all.,他们根本没有答复，这是不足为奇的。,b.Dressing Empire in seductive colors and calling it Commonwealth cannot alter the facts.,不管怎样给帝国乔装打扮，涂脂抹粉，也无法改变事实。,c.Their power increased with their number.,他们人数增加了，力量也随着增强。,5,分句法,合句法与分句法一样是改变原文句子结构的一种翻译方法。它是指把原文或两个以上的简单句或一个复合句在译文中用一个单句来表达。,a.The time is 10:30 p.m.,and traffic on the street is light.,十点三十分的时候，街上来往的车辆就少了。,b.Sink or swim,live or die,survive or perish.,不管沉浮起伏，不管生死存亡。,c.There are men here from all over the country.Many of them are from the south.,从全国各地来的人中有许多是南方人。,d.He was very clear.His mind was open.,他为人单纯而坦率。,6,合句法,英语中有不少词和句子形式上并没有否定意思，但其语义都是否定的，或形式上是否定的，但语义却是肯定的。在翻译时，把正面表达的词或句子用反面来表达，或把反面表达的词或句子翻译成正面意思，这种方法叫做反译法。,a.There was an electric button from which no mortal hand could coax a ring.,只有神仙下凡才能使电铃声响起来。,.,b.He was an indecisive sort of person and always capricious.,他这人优柔寡断，而且总是反复无常。,c.This problem is above me.,这问题我解决不了,d.We may safely say so.,我们这样说错不了。,e.Such a chance was denied me.,我没有得到这样一个机会。,7,反译法,在翻译某些英文句子时，必须从原句中词的内在含义出发，结合上下文和汉语的表达习惯，对某些原文中的词语作一定的语义调整，而不能直接按字面意思来翻译。这种根据语境和译入语表达习惯加以引申的翻译方法叫做,深化法或浅化法。深化法为变一般为特殊，而浅化法是变特殊为一般。如：,a.Those who did not remember the past are condemned to relieve it.,忘记过去的人就会重蹈覆辙。,b.He who will not learn when he is young will regret when he is old.,少时不学，老来后悔。（名言）,c.But there were overwhelmed at last.,他们最后寡不敌众，败下阵来。,d.An apple a day keeps the doctor away.,一天一只大苹果，一定保你不上火。,e.In marrying this girl,he married a bit more than he could chew.,与这个女孩结婚，他有点吃不消。（浅化法）,8,深化法和浅化法,英译汉时，有时会采取倒译手段使译文更符合汉语习惯。如：,A.The moon is completely empty of water because the gravity on the moon is much less than on the earth.,因为月球的引力比地球小的多，所以月球上根本没有水。,B.The football students can be removed from the university if they fail to pass their examination.,作为足球运动员的学生如果考试不及格就要被开除。,9.,倒译法,直译与意译,直译指基本保留原有句子结构，照字面意思翻译；意译是在不损害原文内容和精神的前提下，为了表达的需要，对原文做相应的调整。如Good marriage doesnt just happen.They take a lot of love and a lot of work.,直译：好的婚姻不会仅仅发生,它们需要大量的爱和大量的工作。,意译：幸福的婚姻不是凭空发生的,-,它需要你为它付出大量的爱和做大量的工作。,或：美满的婚姻不会从天上掉下来,-,你必须为它付出大量的爱，做大量的工作。,Brain drain has been,Kangding,s,No.1 concern;as a matter of fact,it has been an epidemic in this area.,译：人才外流一直是康定的头号问题，实际上，它已经成为那一地区带普遍性的严峻问题。,析：,brain,由,“,头脑,”,抽象化为,“,人才,”,，,concern,由,“,关心的事情,”,抽象化为,“,问题,”,，,epidemic,由,“,流行病,”,抽象化为,“,带普遍性的严峻问题,”,。,二、词义的延伸,The interest rates have see-sawed between 10 and 15 percent.,译：利率一直在,10,到,15,之间不断波动。,析：,see-saw,由,“,跷跷板一上一下的交替摆动,”,抽象化为,“,波动,”,。,There is a mixture of the tiger and the ape in the character of the imperialists.,译：帝国主义者的性格既 残暴，又狡猾。,析：这里把,tiger,和,ape,这两个具体形象引申为这两个形象所代表的的属性：,“,残暴,”,和,“,狡猾,”,1.,英语中有些词本身就有褒贬意义，汉译时就应相应地表达出来，如：,1)He was a man of high renown(fame).,他是位有名望的人。（褒）,2)As a demanding boss,he excepted total loyalty and dedication from his employees.,他是个苛刻的老板，要求手下的人对他忠心耿耿，鞠躬尽瘁。（贬）,3)Those who do not remember the past are condemned to relive it.,凡是忘掉过去的人注定要重蹈覆辙。（贬）,4,）,He was polite and always gave advice willingly,she recalled.,她回忆说，,“,他彬彬有礼，总是诲人不倦。,”,（褒）,三、词义的褒贬,2.,根据上下文来确定其褒贬意义,5,）,The adoption of new policies will surely lead to some striking results.,采取各项新政策必将带来显著成果。,6)There would have been more painful result but for the drastic measures.,若不是采取了严厉措施，那将会出现的更痛苦的后果,This is the,last,place where I expected to meet you.,Thats a,tall,story about the towns,high,street.,She told me that her 18-year-old son was the,baby,.,He is unhappy now,because he had a,blue,with his friend just now.,a,broken,man a,broken,soldier,broken,money,We should settle the disputes,in the context of,the Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence.,He once again,imparted,to us his great knowledge,experience and wisdom.,Mr.Smith has stepped into the,vintage years,.,我,怎么也没料到,会在这个地方见到你。,有关这城,主街,的说法是在令人,难以置信,。,她对我说她那,18,岁的儿子是她,子女中最小的,。,他正闷闷不乐，因他刚才和朋友,吵了架,。,一个,绝望的,人，一个,残废,兵，,零,钱,我们应,本着,和平共处五项原则的精神解决争端。,我们又一次,领受,了他渊博的知识、丰富的经验和无穷的智慧。,史密斯先生已步入,成熟之年,。（即老年）,