petrel建模培训2上课讲义.pptx

单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,2017/1/12,#,Click to edit Master title style,Click to edit Master text styles,Second level,Third level,Fourth level,Fifth level,2.Fault framework modeling,2,.1,添加断层到断层格架模,型,2.Fault framework modeling,2,.2,确定断层间关系,2.Fault framework modeling,2.3,断层参数设置,Demo,&,Ex,er,cise,3.The framework fault model is stored under the active model in the,Models,pane.,4.Run the,Horizon modeling,process located under the,Processes,pane,Structural framework,.,5.Drop in number of rows equal to the amount of horizon input.Use,e.g.,surfaces stored in the,Input,pane as input.Set horizon types and click,OK,.Results are stored under the,Horizons,folder under the active model.,3,.,Horizon,modeling,3.1,输入层面、地质分层、定义地层接触关系,3,.,Horizon,modeling,3.2,断层过滤参数设置,6.Reopen the,Horizon modeling,process,toggle on to,Apply geological rules and create zone model,.Click,OK,.,QC the Horizons,in the display window,if satisfied,continue building the zones through the,Horizon modeling,process.,7.Visualize the zone model in the display window.,3,.,Horizon,modeling,3.3,应用地质规则并生成,Zone,Demo,&,Ex,er,cise,4,.,Structural Gridding,Structural Gridding,From Structural Framework to a fully populated property model at any grid cell resolution in just a few clicks!,Fully stair-stepped grid matching the Structural Framework faults and horizons,Excellent geometry even along the faults,Allows more complex modeling,Structural Framework,Modeling or reservoir engineering view-flexibility&deeper integration,4.Structural Gridding-Process,Input Structural Framework,Grid name,Layer pinch-out settings,Zonation settings and optional forced well-tie,Layering settings by zone,Optional AOI:enables grid creation,on a sub-set of the Structural Framework,Grid geometry settings,Faults tab:include or exclude Structural Framework faults inside the grid,Output,六、测井曲线粗化,基于,Studio,知识库的,Petrel,一体化研究流程,测井曲线粗,化,测井曲线粗化,QC,N,Y,三维网,格,QC,N,Y,层位编辑,断层建模,构造格架,网格化,建立地层格架,地层格,架垂,向网格化,纵向网格化,地层厚度,网格化,井点地层厚,度计,算,网格几何属性建模,网格体,积,QC,N,Y,网格,正交性,QC,N,地层格,架,QC,N,Y,构造,解释,Y,岩相解释,岩相建模,属性建模,数据分析,储量计算,模型粗化,岩相,QC,N,Y,属,性,QC,N,Y,地层划分与对比,合成地震记录,速,度建模,时深转换,油藏,数模模,型,历史拟合,方,案调,整,、,加,密井网,预测模拟,经济评价,油田动态管理,井历史生,产数据吻合,储量吻合,Y,N,Y,N,地震属性分析,数据查询,与研究工区生成,Input,Output,Structural framework grid,Fault Model,This process alows the user to create a geocellular grid which can be later populated with properties,Pillar Gridding,Make Horizons,输出断层模型到角点网格模型,2.,测井曲线粗化过程,五,、测井曲线粗化,3,.,测井曲线粗化质量控制,1.,基,本概念,1.,基本概念,Overview,Cells exist along the well path.,Values assigned to cells based on well log values along the well path.,Upscaled logs used to fill in the 3D grid.,The Scale up well logs process averages the values to the cells in the 3D grid that are penetrated by the wells.Each cell gets one value per upscaled log.These cells are later used as a starting point for Property modeling.,NOTE,:An upscaled property will have a,U,following its name in the,Property,folder in the,Models,pane.,1.,基本概,念,Averaging methods for Discrete logs,Averaging method,Description,Most of,Will select the discrete value which is most represented in the log for each particular cell,Median,Will sort the input values and select the center value.,Minimun/Maximum,Samples the min/max value of the well log for the cell.,Mid Point Pick,Will pick the log value where the well is halfway through the cell.,Random Pick,Picks a log point at random from anywhere within the cell.,1.,基本概,念,Averaging Methods for Continuous Logs,Averaging method,Description,Arithmetic mean,Typically used for additive properties such as porosity,saturation and net/gross.,Harmonic mean,Gives the effective vertical permeability if the reservoir is layered with constant permeability in each layer.It works well with log normal distributions.It is sensitive to lower values.,Geometric mean,Normally a good estimate for permeability if it has no spatial correlation and is log normally distributed.It is sensitive to lower values.,Median,Will sort the input values and select the center value.,RMS(Root Mean Squared),Will provide a strong bias towards high values.,Minimun/Maximum,Samples the min/max value of the well log for the cell.,Mid Point Pick,Will pick the log value where the well is halfway through the cell.,Random Pick,Picks a log point at random from anywhere within the cell.,Arithmetic mean,Sandstone porosity is typically normal distributed,Geometric mean,Harmonic mean,Shale permeability is typically gamma distributed,1.,基本概,念,测井曲线分布概率与粗化平均方法选择,1.,基本概,念,测井曲线分布概率与粗化平均方法选择,岩相：,Most of,孔隙度：,Arithmetic,渗透率：,Hormonic,Geometry,1.,基本概,念,Biasing to a Discrete Log,Raw porosity,Upscaled facies,Upscaled porosity,Raw facies,Sand,Shale,1.,基本概,念,Treat Log as lines or points,Treat log,Description,As points,All sample values within each cell are used for averaging.,As Lines,If the midpoint of a line between two sample points is inside a cell the point outside the cell will be used in the calculation.,1.,基本概,念,Method of which penetrated cells to use,Method,Description,Simple,All cells penetrated by the well trajectory are included,Through cell,The well trajectory must penetrate two opposite cell walls,Neighbor cell,All penetrated cells are used but cells in the same cell layer are averaged.,2.,测井曲线粗化过程,How to Scale up Well logs,1.,Create new property,3.,Select,log,from the drop-down menu(captured from,Input,pane,Global well logs,folder),4.Select the best scale up,Settingsdepending on the type of log(continuous or discrete).,2.Select,Input,from,:Well logs.,5.Click,Apply,or,OK.,2.,测井曲线粗化过,程,Averaging Discrete Logs,Discrete logs,such as facies,have only integer values(0,1,2 etc.).,2.The,Average method,is normally,Most of,(will use the value which is most represented in the cell).,3.In some situations,it may be necessary to use the weighting option.Click,Use weighting,and fill in,Weighted,tab.,2,3,1.Select input from a Facies well log,to create a new property,.,1,3,2.,测井曲线粗化过,程,Averaging Continuous Logs,Continuous logs,such as porosity,have real number values(decimals).,4.You can specify that there should be a,Minimum number of well log samples in a cell,for it to be included in the upscaling.,2.Select the,Average method,(here,Arithmetic,for porosity),3.It is possible to,bias,to an already upscaled facies log.,1.Select input from a continuous,Well log to create a new property(here,porosity),.,1,2,3,4,Demo,&,Ex,er,cise,3.,测井曲线粗化质量控制,3.,测井曲线粗化质量控制,3.,测井曲线粗化质量控制,基于,Studio,知识库的,Petrel,一体化研究流程,测井曲线粗,化,测井曲线粗化,QC,N,Y,三维网,格,QC,N,Y,层位编辑,断层建模,构造格架,网格化,建立地层格架,地层格,架垂,向网格化,纵向网格化,地层厚度,网格化,井点地层厚,度计,算,网格几何属性建模,网格体,积,QC,N,Y,网格,正交性,QC,N,地层格,架,QC,N,Y,构造,解释,Y,岩相解释,岩相建模,属性建模,数据分析,储量计算,模型粗化,岩相,QC,N,Y,属,性,QC,N,Y,地层划分与对比,合成地震记录,速,度建模,时深转换,油藏,数模模,型,历史拟合,方,案调,整,、,加,密井网,预测模拟,经济评价,油田动态管理,井历史生,产数据吻合,储量吻合,Y,N,Y,N,地震属性分析,数据查询,与研究工区生成,修改纵向网格大小,修改测井曲线粗化平均算法,垂向网格分辨率与垂向变程分析,结合多井的岩相垂向变化情况，进行垂向变程分析，确定垂向变程,对复杂的薄互层地层，可以参照薄互层的厚度，确定垂向变程,三维网格的垂向分辨率应该小于垂向变程的一半，即薄层、夹层在纵向上至少有两个单元格。如果不满足，重新进行垂向网格化,Layering,七、,相建,模,与,数据分析,基于,Studio,知识库的,Petrel,一体化研究流程,测井曲线粗,化,测井曲线粗化,QC,N,Y,三维网,格,QC,N,Y,层位编辑,断层建模,构造格架,网格化,建立地层格架,地层格,架垂,向网格化,纵向网格化,地层厚度,网格化,井点地层厚,度计,算,网格几何属性建模,网格体,积,QC,N,Y,网格,正交性,QC,N,地层格,架,QC,N,Y,构造,解释,Y,岩相解释,岩相建模,属性建模,数据分析,储量计算,模型粗化,岩相,QC,N,Y,属,性,QC,N,Y,地层划分与对比,合成地震记录,速,度建模,时深转换,油藏,数模模,型,历史拟合,方,案调,整,、,加,密井网,预测模拟,经济评价,油田动态管理,井历史生,产数据吻合,储量吻合,Y,N,Y,N,地震属性分析,数据查询,与研究工区生成,六、相建,模,与,数据分析,2,.,相数据分析,2,.1,垂向相比例分析,2,.2,相厚度分析,2,.3,变程分析,1.,基本概念,3,.,相建模,3,.1,Common,设置,3,.2,Zone,Setting,3,.3,相模拟参,数设置,1.,基本概念,Overview,Why build Facies models?,To understand geological processes,To capture facies architecture,such as reservoir connectivity and high level heterogeneity,Honor descriptive facies information:shape,size,orientation,proportion,distribution,statistics,Identify facies features critical to production.,1.,基本概念,相建模方法选择,If,well logs are up-scaled,they can be used in,Deterministic,and,Stochastic,methods.,If,no well logs are available,most,Deterministic,methods cannot be used(apart from Assign values,Calculator and Interactive drawing),and mainly,Unconditional Stochastic,methods are used.,Deterministic techniques,Are typically used when,dense data,is available(many wells or wells+seismic).,Yield a,single estimated result,.,Stochastic techniques,Are typically used when,sparse data,is present.,Can produce,multiple equally probable realizations(outputs),.,Property modeling general workflow,Exploration,Appraisal,Development,Production,Less data,More uncertainty,More data,Less uncertainty,Deterministic,Addressed,Pixel based,Interpolation,Estimation,Object based,Stochastic,1.,基本概,念,Facies modeling methods-overview,Deterministic,Learning system,Estimation,Direct Addressing,Artificial,Indicator Kriging,Asign values,Interactive,Neural Net,Discrete distribution of the property honoring the pre-defined histogram,Choose from undefined,constant,other property,surface and vertical function.,Allows the user to paint facies directly on the 3D model.,Uses the classification model made in the Train Estimation Model.,1.,基本概,念,Facies modeling methods-overview,Deterministic,Learning system,Estimation,Direct Addressing,Artificial,Indicator Kriging,Asign values,Interactive,Neural Net,1.,基本概,念,Facies modeling methods-overview,Stochastic,Pixel based,Object based,Sequential Indicator Simulation,Truncated Gaussian Simulation,Truncated Gaussian Simulation with trends,Multi-point Facies Simulation,Object Modeling,Distributes the property,using the histogram.Directional settings,such as variogram and extensional trends,are also honored.,Used mostly with carbonates where facies are known to be sequential,it deals with large amounts of input data,such as global fractions and trends.,Distributes the facies based on a transition between facies and trend direction.The trends are converted into probabilities to then run TGS.,The variogram is replaced by a training image giving both the facies and the relative position to each other,describing the spatial correlation from one-to-multiple points.,Allows to populate a discrete facies model with different bodies of various geometries,facies and fraction,1.,基本概,念,Facies modeling methods-overview,Stochastic,Pixel based,Object based,Sequential Indicator Simulation,Truncated Gaussian Simulation,Truncated Gaussian Simulation with trendsMulti-point Facies Simulation,Object Modeling,1.,基本概念,Petrel,离散属性建模技术,Pixel Based,:,Shape decided by Variograms,trends,etc.,SISIM TGSIM,TGSIM with trends,Object Based:,Facies with defined geometric shapes.,General object Fluvial Adaptive Channel,1.,基本概念,Well Correlation and Facies Interpretation,Axial,Zone,A,Zone,B,Off-axial,Off-axial,1.,基本概念,Carbonates,1.,基本概念,Depositional,Environments-Carbonates,Carbonates,are formed in shallow seas containing features such as,reefs,lagoons,and,shore-bars,.,Carbonate porosity,Interparticle porosity,Intergranular porosity,Intercrystaline porosity,Moldic porosity,1.,基本概念,Clastics,ONSHORE,Eolian,Lacustrine,Fluvial,Floodplain,Lake,Eolian dunes,Fan delta,SHORELINE/,TRANSITION,Delta front,DELTA SLOPE,OFFSHORE SHELF,Delta slope turbidites,Offshore/shelf turbidites,Slope/Shelf,Delta slope mass flows,Meandering river,Splay,Alluvial fan,Braided river,Fan delta front/prodelta,Shoreline deposits,1.,基本概念,Marine,The,depositional environment,can be,lake,or,continental,shallow,or,deep,water,marine,.The environment determines many of the,reservoir characteristics,.,1.,基本概念,Continental,Continental deposits,can be eolian sand dunes,alluvial fans,etc.A,shallow marine,environment has a lot of turbulence,hence varied,grain sizes,.It can also contain,carbonates,and,evaporites.,A deep marine environment produces fine sediments,.,Sandstone porosity,六、相建,模,与,数据分析,2,.,相数据分析,2,.1,垂向相比例分析,2,.2,相厚度分析,2,.3,变程分析,1.,基本概念,3,.,相建模,3,.1,Common,设置,3,.2,Zone,Setting,3,.3,相模拟参,数设置,2.,相,数据分析,Statistical Discrete Data Analysis,In,Data analysis process,for,discrete properties,the following functionalities are available:,Facies Proportion,:vertical facies variation,Facies Thickness,:thickness of individual facies intervals,Facies Probability,:,calibration with secondary attributes,Discrete Variogram,:spatial facies continuity,Data analysis,is a process of,data QC,understanding the data,and,preparing inputs,for Propety,modeling,2.1,垂向相比例分,析,Probability values(editable),Fit probability curve,To fraction histogram,Proportion,:Applied as vertical probability curves based on the original fraction of facies in each K-layer.The probability of using the given fractions is given by a curve that can be edited manually.,Channel,and,levee,facies are abundant in the shallower portion of the interval,while,Lobe,facies is concentrated in the lower portion of the zone.,2.2,相,厚度分,析,Thickness,:Histogram view of thickness variations of each facies type.The bin interval can be specified in project units to increase/decrease the resolution.,Add/remove facies codes,Display upscaled/raw logs,With the given Bin interval of 4 m:,Channel,and,levee,facies vary between 4 to 28 m.,Lobe,facies varies from 12 to 32 m.,Vertical,Major,Minor,You will need,three directions,:,Two in the horizontal(,major,and,minor,)and one in the,vertical,direction,The,variogram,quantifies the spatial continuity of the data,The,range,points the distance from which above,the spatial dependence is set to randomness,Separation,distance(lag),Range,Sill,Nugget,Variance,1,2,3,4,5,Variogram is calculated in 3 directions,Variogram¶meters,There are many variogram types which can be fit into the data.Petrel provides three options of prominent types including,exponential,spherical,and,gaussian,variograms,variograms,The,azimuth,is the rotation angle of the major range,2.3,变,程分析,2.3,变,程分析,Variogram,:Variograms should be modeled for each facies as facies vary in correlation length with distance.How bundled these stochastically modeled pixel facies types appear is dependant on variogram range and variance(nugget).,Facies type,Search cone setup to generate the sample variogram,Variogram results to be used in Modeling,Points=Sample variogram,Line=Regression line,Line=Model Variogram,Histogram=Number of pairs,2.3,变,程分析,变程平面图,地震属性,3,.,相建模,3,.1,Common,设置,3,.2,Zone,Setting,3,.3,相模拟参,数设置,六、相建,模与数据分析,2,.,相数据分析,2,.1,垂向相比例分析,2,.2,相厚度分析,2,.3,变程分析,1.,基本概念,3.1,Common Settings,Use filter,Should be selected only if a filtered part of the grid is to be modeled.,Ensure that all cells get a value,if no input data,all cells will be populated by averaging surrounding cells.,Overwrite,Will overwrite the previous realizations with same suffix number.,Number of realizations,when running Uncertainty analysis,multiple realizations are made with the same input data.,Local model update,updates the model inside a region,inside a property or around a well,3.2,Zone Settings,Zone,Click to activate zonation;select zone to model from drop-down list.,Facies,If conditioning to a previous facies model,click also the,Facies,button.,Method,Select appropriate method from the drop-down list for the zone to be modeled.,Lock,Leave zone unchanged;unlock to activate zone settings.,3.3,相模拟参数设置,1.Select an,upscaled property,