分子生物学的发展历史.ppt学习资料.ppt

单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,第一章 分子生物学的发展历史,郑伟娟,2006,What is Molecular biology?,1.1.,分 子 生 物 学 的 概 念,The term has more than one definition.,Define in broadly：,understand biological phenomena in molecular terms,(difficult to distinguish from biochemistry),Define in restrictively：,the study of gene structure and their activities in molecular level,What is Molecular biology,?,遗传学,（genetics）,生物化学,（biochemistry）,分子生物学,（molecular biology）,1.2.,分子生物学发展简史,Transmission Genetics,传递遗传学,In 1865,Gregor Mendel published,Mendelian inheritance(,孟德尔遗传定律,).,garden pea,Inheritance occurred through blending of each trait of the parents in the offspring.,Inheritance is particulate,（微粒，微粒的）,.Each parent contributes particles,or genetic units,to the offspring.,1822-1884,www.accessexcellence.org/RC/AB/BC/Gregor_Mendel.html,In 1910,Thomas Hunt Morgan,provided the first definitive evidence for the,Chromosome theory of inheritance,1933 Nobel Prize,in Physiology or Medicine,for his discoveries concerning,the role played by the,Chromosome in heredity,（遗传）,demonstrated that genes are,on the chromosome,fruit fly(,Drosophia melanogaster,),1866-1945,nobelprize.org/medicine/laureates/1933/morgan-bio.html,Molecular Genetics,What genes are made of and how they work?,The discovery of DNA,1869,Friedrich Miescher,discovered nuclein and the major component of nuclein is DNA.,1844-1895,www.fmi.ch/members/marilyn.vaccaro/ewww/index2.html,The Composition of Genes,1944,Oswald Avery,demonstrated that the chromosome is composed of DNA.,Not RNA or protein!,Frederick Griffith,肺炎球菌转化试验,1877-1955,www.dnaftb.org/dnaftb/concept_17/con17bio.html,How does genes work?,1902,Archibald Garrod,alcaptonuria（尿黑酸症）,George Beadle and E.L.Tatum,Neurospora,（脉孢菌属/链孢菌属）,one-gene/one-enzyme hypothesis,Most genes contain the information for making one polypeptide.,The overall structure of DNA,1951,James Watson,(23y),丹麦 哥本哈根,剑桥大学,Cavendish Lab.,Francis Crick,(35y),1953,double helix,Molecular Structure of Nucleic Acids:A Structure for Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid,(Nature,April 25,1953.volume 171:737-738.),Rosalind Frankin,Xray photograph of DNA with high quality,(核与磷酸连接成的扭曲绳子，每一节上都有配对的碱基),1951.Kings Lab.London University UK,M.H.F.Wilkins,James Watson(34y),Francis Crick(46y),Maurice Wilkins(46y),1962 Nobel Prize,1958，,Matthew Meselson and Franklin Stahl,proved that DNA replication in bacteria follows the,semiconservative pathway.,Matthew Meselson and Franklin Stahl more recently,Faculty member at Harvard,Mechanisms of Molecular Evolution,Faculty Chair for CBW Studies,Faculty member at U.of Oregon,Meiotic Recombination,Francois Jacob and Sydney Brenner,The ribosomes are nonspecific translation machines that can make different proteins,according to the instructions in the mRNAs that visit the ribosomes.,In the early 1960s,Marshall Nirenberg,Gobind Khorana,Robert W.Holley,for their interpretation of the genetic code and its function in protein synthesis.,1968 Nobel Prize in Medicine,1927-,1922-,1922-,one geneone polypeptide,normal gene,normal function,mutant gene,genetic disorder,Technique:gene cloning,Howard Temin,(41y),David Baltimore,(37y),Reverse transcription（引发癌症的内因）,The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1980,for their contributions concerning the determination of base sequences in nucleic acids,Walter Gilbert,Frederick Sanger,1932-,1918-,for his work on the structure of proteins,especially that of insulin,The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1958,Frederick Sanger,1918-,1983.,Barbara McClintock,(86y),DNA transposable element,The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1989,for their discovery of catalytic properties of RNA Ribozyme,Sidney Altman,Thomas R.Cech,Yale University New Haven,CT,USA,University of Colorado Boulder,CO,USA,1939-,1947-,The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1993,Kary B.Mullis,1944-,for his invention of the polymerase chain reaction(PCR)method,Edward B.Lewis,Christiane Nsslein,-Volhard,Eric F.Wieschaus,The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine,1995,discovered Genetic control of early development,in,Drosophila,（果蝇）,In 1997,lan Wilmut and colleagues cloned a sheep(Dolly)from an adult sheep udder cell.,1997，The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine,for his discovery of Prions,a new biological principle of infection,Stanley B.Prusiner,Univ.of California,School of Medicine USA,1942,-,discovered,key regulators of the cell cycle,Leland H.Hartwell,R.Timothy,(Tim)Hunt,Sir Paul,M.Nurse,The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2001,2002 Nobel Prize,John Sulston,Sydney Brenner,H.Robert Horvitz,Programmed Cell Death(PCD)and development,1.3.,分子生物学的研究概况,还原论,20世纪,人类对生命现象的认识,个体,染色体 基因 DNA dNt,基因的概念,基因的本质,基因的功能,逐步深刻认识,人类对生命现象的认识,还原论,20世纪,生命科学的飞跃,了解整个生命现象的本质,仍然是零敲碎打研究策略,（,piece meal,）,人类对生命现象的认识,整体论,揭示生命的奥秘,21世纪,Genomics,Structural Genomics,Functional genomics,数、,理、化相关学科,生物学实验技术,渗透 交叉,近代生物学,生物学,个性,共性,宏观生物学,（生态学为核心）,微观生物学,（分子生物学为核心）,细胞水平,分子水平,结构生物学，发育生物学，神经生物学等新兴学科发展,生物多样性,研究,资源保护与,利用,人类生态环境的保护,工农业生产持续发展,分子生物学在现代生物学中的地位,分子生物学,分子结构生物学,分子发育生物学,分子神经生物学,分子育种学,分子肿瘤学,分子细胞生物学,分子免疫学,分子病毒学,分子生理学,分子考古学,分子遗传学,分子数量遗传学,分子生态学,分子进化学,.,分子生物学的延伸,分子生物学,已经渗透到生物学的几乎所有领域,分子生物学,已经成为生命科学领域的带头学科,21世纪生命科学发展的特点,对生命现象的认识从单基因水平向全基因组整体水平发展,现代生命科学研究的理论与技术从较长期的积累走向应用,