英汉词汇对比PPT课件.ppt

单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,英汉词汇面面观,英汉词语异同与原因,英汉词语对比与翻译,英汉词语异同与原因,英汉词语对比与翻译,（一）词汇偶合,（二）词汇并行,（三）词汇空缺,（四）词汇冲突,（一）词汇偶合,（二）词汇并行,（三）词汇空缺,（四）词汇冲突,1,、驴,鸽子,crocodile s tears,as busy as bee,as gentle as lamb,As cunning as fox,She just parrot what others say.,3,、柳树,折柳送别,Sing willow,悲叹爱人之死,Wear the green willow,服丧,2,、百、千,百战百胜、千载难逢,a hundred and one,（许许多多）,4,、白色：纯洁、清白,红色：庆祝活动、喜庆的日子,黑色：黑暗、邪恶、阴冷、恐怖,5,、音译词,爱滋病,(AIDS),保龄球,(bowling,黑客,(hacker),嘉年华,(carnival),迷你裙,(miniskirt),托福,(TOEFL),酷,(cool),脱口秀,(talk show),6,、,Constant dropping will wear a hole in the stone.,滴水穿石。,Blood is thicker than water血浓于水。,A good medicine tastes bitter.,良药苦口利于病。,Diligence is the mother of success.,勤奋是成功之母。,Practice makes perfect.,熟能生巧。,（一）词汇偶合,（二）词汇并行,（三）词汇空缺,（四）词汇冲突,1,、面包,VS,大米,bread and Cheesebutter,柴米油盐,Lay the butter on,灌米汤,the m ilk has pilled,生米做成熟饭,land flowing with milk and honey,鱼米之乡,small,po,tatoes,沧海一粟,potatoes and point,标食粗衣,black sheep,害群之马,bear the bell,执牛耳,Much wool on the back,肥马轻裘,follow like sheep,sheep and goats,老黄牛、千里马、当牛做马,2,、羊,VS,马,spend money like water,挥金如土,get into hot water,土崩瓦解,Never teach fish how to swim,不要班门弄斧,drunk as a sailor,陷入困境、醉烂如泥,3,、水,VS,土,（一）词汇偶合,（二）词汇并行,（三）词汇空缺,（四）词汇冲突,死,die,pass away,崩：是称天子之死。,升霞：是称天子之死,(,潘岳,征西赋,：“武皇忽其升遁。亦称（“登遇”,),星驾：是称天子之死。,赛：是称诸侯之死，,卒：称大史之死。,不得：是称士人之死。,寿终正寝：称成年男子特别老年男子的正常死亡寿终内寝：是称成年女子特别是老年妇女的立含死亡。,失怙：是自言父亲之死。,失恃：是自言母亲之死。,殉：称有所作为、追求理想、道义而舍生。,殉国：称那些为国难、为国家民族利益而台生者。,殉道：称那些为国难和正义而舍生者。,殉节：是称那些为节义而舍生者。,殉难：称为国家或为正义而台生者。,遇难：称因被迫害或发生意外而死亡者。,被准：是称因灾祸或重大变故而死亡者。,罹难：称遭受灾祸或疾病而死者。（推音黎,),藏难：是称领袖人物、革命志士遭受人为的灾祸而死者。,遇害：称因意外之事而死者。,田径：是称为了正义事业舍弃生命者。,就义：称为了正义事业被敌人杀害者。,(,就义，即成就义,),逝世：称一般成年人之死。,去世：称一般成年人之死。,谢世：对一般成年人之死的雅称。,长逝：称年高有德的人之死。,百年：称年高的长辈之死。,四游：旧时称老年人之死。,登仙：旧时称老年人之死。,作古：旧肘称年长者之死。,永别：称亲朋好友之死。,分手：是丈夫称容于或妻子称丈夫之死,(,即分开之意,),。,陨：是称元帅、大将之死。,(,如将星陨落,),溺：称末成年人之死，亦称找死者。,夭折：称幼年人之死。,困：古称上等人物之死。,随：称饿死者。,羽化：古称成仙为羽化，称年高或尊长者之死。,(,苏拭,胡,堑赋,：“飘飘乎如遗世独立，羽化而登仙。,弃养：对父母去世约婉称。,(,父母去世，子女不能奉养，锁甜。弃养。,迁化：谓一般人之死。,(,汉书；外戚传,：“恕迁化而扬下令，魄放逸以飞。,因寂：是称佛或僧侣的逝世。,涅槃：称佛之死。,见阎王：谓作过坏事的人之死。,上西天：含贬义，对作过坏事为人的死亡代称。,其他对“死”的婉称有：百年之后、仙逝、仙游、升天、上天、归天、归西、归阴、老了、过去了、故去、过世、走、去等等,swan,才华横溢的诗人,鸳鸯,红楼梦,蝙蝠,bat,中文,-,“,福”,英文,-,怪诞，失常,猫,cat,a cat miss,长舌妇,old cat,脾坏的老太婆,【,中国的“吃文化”,】,谋生叫糊口，,岗位叫饭碗，,受雇叫混饭，,花积蓄叫吃老本，,混得好叫吃得开，,占便宜叫吃豆腐，,女人漂亮叫秀色可餐，,受人欢迎叫吃香，,受人照顾叫吃小灶，,不顾他人叫吃独食，,受到伤害叫吃亏，,女人嫉妒叫吃醋。,（一）词汇偶合,（二）词汇并行,（三）词汇空缺,（四）词汇冲突,猪脑子,中文,-,某人笨,pig-headed,英文,-,倔强的意思,走狗,狐朋狗友,lucky dog,a top dog,性感,sexy,When it comes to dancing,I m all,thumb,s.,说到跳舞，,我一窍不通。,busywork,忙碌的工作,=,耗时无价值的工作,free love,自由恋爱,=,婚外恋,秋老虎,autumn tiger,=Indian summer,表嫉妒,中文,-,眼红,英文,-green-eyed,红色（,red,）,红火,红人,分红,red revenge,血腥复仇,a red flag,危险信号旗；（放荡、淫秽）,白色（,white,）,white war,没有硝烟的战争，,常指“经济竞争”,white elephant,华而不实,white lie,善意的谎言,white coffee,加了牛奶或奶油的咖啡,黄色,(yellow),黄色,(yellow),Yellow Book,黄皮书（法国政府报告书）,Yellow Pages,黄页（电话号码查询簿）,yellow boy,金币,yellow dog,胆小鬼,出现差异的原因：,地理环境不同,生产生活方式的不同,社会历史文化背景不同,英汉词语异同与原因,英汉词语对比与翻译,英汉词语对比与翻译,Jokele Liao,词义相异（,semantic non-correspondence),词汇空缺,(lexical gap),值得注意的是，在寻找词义相符的对应词语时，容易找到貌似对应的假对应词语，即指称意义、言内意义或语用意义看似与原文相符，实则相异的词语。,1,）生搬硬套字面意义所产生的,“,假朋友,”,白菜,white cabbage/,Chinese cabbage,电杆,electrical pole/,wire pole/telegraph pole,大片,big movie/,blockbuster,青春痘,youth spot/,acne,蝴蝶结,butterfly knot/,bow,长镜头,long lens/,zoom lens,不冻港,non-freezing port/,ice-free port,隐形眼镜,invisible glasses/,contact lenses,买一赠一,Buy one,present one./,Buy one,get one free,.,冷餐会,cold food get-together/,buffet meal(lunch,party,reception,),流动资金,circulating capital/,working capital,2,）只对应字面意义而忽略指称意义差别,原文,假朋友,正确译文,绿豆,Green bean,青豆、嫩菜或四季豆,mung bean,试穿,To have a fit,发脾气,To try sth.on,食言,Eat one,s words,收回前言；道歉,Break a promise,番茄酱,Tomato sauce,吃意大利面或披萨是用的调味酱,ketchup,酸奶,Sour milk,发酸的变质的牛奶,Yoghurt,黄色书籍,Yellow book,黄皮书,/,法国政府报告,Pornography book,翻天覆地,To move heaven and earth,竭尽全力,World-shaking,街上的女孩,Street girl,妓女,The girl on the street,酒店,Wine shop,卖酒的商店,Hotel/restaurant,不顾具体搭配而产生的假朋友,恶性,循环,vicious,circle,恶性,肿瘤,malignant,tumor,恶性,通货膨胀,inflationary spiral,副,（总统、经理、教授、司令、食品、作用、标题）,Vice,president,deputy,manager,associate,professor,assistant,commanding officer,non-staple,food,side,effect,sub,heading,一次性,付款,lump-sum payment/one-off payment,一次性,拖鞋,disposable slippers,个人,卫生,personal,hygienicy,公共,卫生,public,health,环境,卫生,environmental,sanitation,国,税,government,revenue,关,税,custom,duties,所得,税,income,tax,税,率,tariff,rates,搞个计划,搞特殊化,现在有很多青年人搞个体经营。,我们搞的是现代化，是中国式的现代化。,我们说话算数，不搞小动作。,能不能尽快把科技搞上去，这是,一个关系到社会主义全局，关系,到我们国家命运与前途的大问题。,但我的事现在搞得满城风雨，人人皆知了。,搞好治理整顿，也离不开深化改革。,To make a plan;to draw up a plan,To seek for privileges;to use one,s power,to pursue personal perquisites and privileges,Many young people are now embarking in private enterprises.,The modernization we are striving for is modernization of a Chinese type.,We say this in good faith.We do not play petty games/tricks.,Whether science and technology can be pushed forward as quickly as possible is a question of vital importance for socialist construction as a whole,and for the destiny and future of our country.,But there had been too much publicity about my case.,The success of improvement and rectification cannot be separated from deepened reform.,黑死病是一种夺取过千百万人生命的疾病。,太多的蒜破坏了肉的味道。,他给树浇了太多的水，把树浇死了。,他天天在那边的公园里消磨时光。,那次错误毁掉了他的机会。,他的笑话真是笑死人。,委员会提出那个提案，他们就把它否决了。,The Black Death was a disease that,killed,millions.,Too much garlic,killed,the taste of the meat.,He,killed,the tree by spraying it too heavily.,He,kills,time every day down at the park.,That mistake,killed,his chances.His joke nearly,killed,me.,They,killed,the motion when it came from the committee.,对比表明，汉语“杀”要比英语“,Kill”,词义范围窄，,一般只能用于人和动物，不能用于植物或无生命的东西；,当然也有“杀风景”，“杀威风”等用法，但不及“,kill”,广泛。,所以，翻译时切不可一律以,kill,译“杀”,The outstanding final killed the audience.,词义相异（,semantic non-correspondence),严格说来，汉英词汇之间，除去科技词汇外，其余的应该是差别多于相同，相异多于相似。,词汇语义范围不一样,词的指称意义相同，但语用意义不同,词的指称意义和语用意义都不同,汉英词语搭配比较,成语搭配,成语是一种研习而成的特殊固定词组。从内容、形式上看，成语具有如下特点：,1,）意义的整体性；,2,）结构的凝固性。,汉语 成语以,“,四字格,”,为基本格式，有几种汉语成语包含虚指成分，翻译成其他语言时可以不译。如：,1,）,修饰,成分,有些含修饰成分的成语，其修饰成分可以不译,江洋,大盗,An infamous robber or pirate,左右,为难,Stick in the mud,江湖,骗子,Swindler or charlatan,江河,日下,Go from bad to worse;be on the decline,做贼,心虚,Have a guilty conscience,2),典故成分,有些含典故成分的成语，其典故成分属于虚意，即已失去典故性，可以不译,终南,捷径,Shortcut to success,毛遂,自荐,To volunteer one,s service,南柯,一梦,Illusory joy;fond dream,罄竹难书,(of crimes)too numerous to mention,3),重叠成分,有一些四字词组前两个字和后两个字意义相同，其中一部分便属于虚意,唉声叹气,have great sighs,安营扎寨,make camp;encamp,厚颜无耻,impudent;shameless,洗心革面,turn over a new leaf,词汇空缺,(lexical gap),词义空缺是指英汉语中互相缺乏对应的词语。这些词语大多是各自语言中文化负荷较重的词汇。空缺词义主要集中在名词，很少有动词，形容词和副词更少。,语言之间的词义空缺是普遍现象，概括起来大致有,5,个方面的原因：,1,）生活环境、生活经验的差异,2,）风俗习惯的差异,3,）宗教信仰的不同,4,）对客观世界认识的不同,5,）语言及非语言方面的因素,词义空缺现象的处理,由于原语文化和译语文化之间的差异，原语符号和译语符号几乎不可能再指称、言内和语用三个意义层面上一一对等。为了在译语语法和惯用法的范围之内，保证特定上下文中最突出或最重要的意义的优先传译，变通和补偿手段是不可缺少的。,常用的手段有音译、加注、增译等。,1,，音译,transliteration,原文,译文,原文,译文,气功,qigong,乌龙茶,oolong,太极,Tai chi,荔枝,litchi,风水,Feng shui,坎儿井,karez,功夫,Kong fu,胡同,hutong,阴阳,Yin-yang,武术,wushu,旗袍（长衫）,cheongsam,衙门,yamen,馄饨,wonton,四合院,siheyuan,豆腐,Tofu,麻将,mahjong,杂碎,Chop suey,饮茶,Yum cha,饺子,jiaozi,喇嘛,lama,炒面,Chow mien,牌楼,pailou,词义空缺现象的处理,加注,annotation,卢信候道：,“,昨日在尊府，今日我方到这里。,你原来在这里做神仙，令我羡杀！,”,庄征君道：,“,此间与人世绝院，虽非武陵，,亦差不多。你且在此住些时，只怕再来就要迷路了。,”,儒林外史,“I went to your honorable house yesterday,”replied Lu,“and came on here today.,You are living like an immortalhow I envy you!”,“We are completely cut off from the world here,”,said Chuang,“Although this is not Peach Blossom Stream,*,it comes very close to it.I hope you will pay us a long visit,for next time you may not be able to find the way.”,This was a fairy land described by,the poet Tao Yuanming.,A fisherman came here by accident,but though he marked,the path by which he left,neither,he nor others could,find this way back again.,3,增译,contextual amplification,This Holland gin has a musty acrid flavor and the taste,must be acquired,.,这种荷兰杜松子酒有陈年苦味，,没有喝惯是领略不到它的好处的。,Indeed,the Teheran government,s handpicked delegation to the Copenhagen Conference,couldn,t have been better chosen,by Allah himself to defend the Islamic revolution.,说真的，由德黑兰政府一手挑选出来在哥本哈根会议上为伊斯兰革命辩护的代表，堪称首屈一指，即使是真主本人，,也未必能选出必这更好的代表团了。,参考文献,1,邓炎昌,刘润清,.,语言与文化,M,上海,:,外语教学与研究出版社,1989.,2,胡文仲,.,文化与交际,M,上海,:,外语教学与研究出版社,1994.,3 Deena RLevine,Mara B.Adelman,Beyond Language,Prent ice-Hall,Inc,Eng lewood Cliffs,New Jersey,1982.,4,杜百顺，英汉词汇搭配对比分析,J.,渭南师范学院学报，,2005,，（,3,）：,85.,5,袁春梅 跨文化差异与词汇翻译,J,解放军外国语学院学报,1999,(1):83.,6,包惠南,包昂编著,.,中国文化与汉英翻译,M.,外文出版社,2004,7,包惠南著,.,文化语境与语言翻译,M.,中国对外翻译出版公司,2001,8,郭建中编,.,文化与翻译,M.,中国对外翻译出版公司,2000,9,陈定安编著,.,英汉比较与翻译,M.,中国对外翻译出版公司,1998,10,贾玉新著,.,跨文化交际学,M.,上海外语教育出版社,1997,