机械工程专业英语省名师优质课赛课获奖课件市赛课一等奖课件.ppt

单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,本资料仅供参考，不能作为科学依据。谢谢,机械工程 专业英语,第1页,课程介绍,学习专业英语主要性,学习目标,为何在大三开设这门课程,专业英语英文名称,“专业英语”-English for Special Purpose,Specified English for.,“机械工程专业英语”Specified English for Mechanical,Engineering,专业英语和普通英语区分,一.词义特点,1.依据词类辨明词义,第2页,e.g:(1),Round,(adj.)surface reflector is a key unit for the,solar energy device.,曲面反射器是太阳能装置关键元件。,(2)This is the whole,round,(n.)of knowledge.,这是全部知识范围。,2.区分场所确定词义（不一样场所，词义也不一样。要依据,上下文和语言环境来确定词义）,e.g:(1)pig:猪,iron 生铁,(机械专业)metal 金属锭,copper 生铜,(2)dog:狗,(机械专业)鸡心夹头,挡块,第3页,3.按照习惯搭配词义,e.g:(1)I have a,short,memory.,(2)This biscuit eats,short,.,(3)Indeed he has a,short,temper.,4.联络上下文活用词义,e.g:(1)There is no physical contact between tool and,workpiece.,工具和工件之间没有,有形,（直接）接触。,(2)High-speed grinding does not know this,disadvantage,高速磨削不知道（存在）这个缺点。,第4页,二.句子结构特点,1.句子长,2.被动语态多,e.g:The rate at which work is done is called power.,3.后置定语多,4.名词化结构多,e.g:to control the machine-the control of the machine,第5页,学习方法与教学方法,工具书介绍,1.收词不足,收词量有限,2.收词面广,3.例证丰富,4.释义地道,全方面,5.词使用方法说明较详细,第6页,Lesson 1 Introduction for Materials,Designers and engineers,are,usually,more,interested in,the behavior of materials,under load,or when in a magnetic field,than in,why they behave as they do.,1.are.more interested in.than in,对.比对.更兴趣,2.under load：承载时,Yet,the better,one understands the nature of materials and the reasons for their physical and mechanical properties,the more quickly and wisely,will he/she be able to choose the proper material for a given design.,1.the better.the more quickly and wisely:越.越.,2.a given design:某个设计,第7页,Generally,a material property is,the measured magnitude,of its,response to,a standard test performed according to a standard procedure in a given environment.,1.the measured magnitude:测定大小,2.response to:对.反应,In engineering materials the properties are recorded in handbooks or,for new materials,are made available,by the supplier.,make sth.+形容词(sth.be make=形容词):使.怎么样,the properties are made available,:,使可取得,第8页,Frequently such information is tabulated for,room-temperature conditions,only,so when,the actual service conditions,are at,subfreezing or elevated temperatures,more information is needed.,1.room-temperature conditions:室温状态,2.the actual service conditions：实际工作状态,3.elevated temperatures：高温,第9页,The properties of materials,are sometimes referred to as,structure sensitive,as compared to,structure-insensitive properties1.be referred to as,be known as:称为,2.(as)compared to(with):,与相比,同.比较起来,与相对应,3.structure sensitive,structure-insensitive properties,结构敏感性,结构不敏感性,In this case structure-insensitive properties include the traditional physical properties:,electrical and thermal conductivity,specific heat,density,and magnetic and optical properties.,electrical and thermal conductivity:导热性与导电性,specific heat:比热 specific weight:比重,第10页,The structure-sensitive properties include,the tensile and yield strength,hardness,and impact,creep,and fatigue resistance.,1.the tensile(strength)and yield strength:拉伸强度和屈服强度,2.impact,creep,and fatigue resistance:抗冲击性,抗蠕性,抗疲劳性,It is recognized that,some,sources maintain,that hardness is not a true mechanical property,because it varies somewhat with the characteristics of the indenter and therefore is a technological test.,It is recognized that.认出,识别,考虑(认识)到,some sources maintain:一些资料(文件),第11页,It is well known that other mechanical properties vary significantly with,rate of loading,temperature,geometry of notch in impact testing,and the size and geometry of the test specimen.,1.rate of loading:载荷大小,2.geometry of notch in impact testing:,试验中缺口几何形状,第12页,Furthermore,since,reported test values,of material properties are,statistical averages,a,commercial material,frequently has a,tolerance band,of 5 percent or more,deviation from,a given published value,.,1.reported test values:所报道测量值,2.statistical averages:统计平均值,mercial material:商用材料,4.tolerance band:公差带,5.deviation from与.偏差,6.a given published value:某个公布值,第13页,The properties of materials,are,sometimes,referred to as,structure sensitive,as compared to,structure-insensitive properties.,be referred to as:指是.;叫做;,be known as:称为;叫做,In this case structure-insensitive properties include the traditional physical properties:electrical and thermal conductivity,specific heat,density,and magnetic and optical properties.,1.electrical and thermal conductivity:导热性与导电性,2.specific heat:比热 specific weight:比重,第14页,The structure-sensitive properties include,the tensile and yield strength,hardness,and impact,creep,and fatigue resistance.,1.tensile and yield strength tensile(strength)and yield strength,2.impact,creep,and fatigue resistance impact(resistance),creep,(resistance),and fatigue resistance,抗冲击性,抗蠕变性和抗疲劳性,It is recognized that,some sources maintain that hardness is,not a true mechanical property,because it,varies,somewhat,with,the characteristics of the indenter and therefore is a,technological test,.,1.It is recognized that.,It is known that.,It is said that.,2.vary with,第15页,Furthermore,since reported test values of material properties are statistical averages,a commercial material frequently,has a tolerance band of 5 percent or more deviation from a given published value,.,.has a tolerance band of 5 percent or more deviation from,Any particular material can be,described by its behavior,when subjected to external conditions,.,.described by behavior when(any particular material )subjected to,external condition,(外力作用),Thus,when it is loaded under known conditions of,direction,magnitude,rate,and environment,the resulting responses are called mechanical properties.,When it is loaded under known conditions of,direction,magnitude,rate,and,environment,.,第16页,Mechanical properties such as yield strength,impact strength,hardness,creep and fatigue resistance are strongly structure-sensitive,i.e.,they depend upon the,arrangement of the atoms,in the crystal lattice and on any imperfections in that arrangement,whereas the physical properties are less structure-sensitive.,arrangement of the atoms:原子排列,第17页,These include electrical,thermal,magnetic,and optical,properties and do depend,in part,upon structure;for example,the resistivity of a metal,increases with,the amount of,cold,work.,1.in part:部分,2.increases with:伴随.而提升,3.cold work:冷作;冷成型,冷加工,Physical properties depend primarily upon the relativeexcess or deficiency of the electrons that establish structural,bonds and upon their availability and mobility.,1.excess or deficiency:超出或不足,2.structural bonds:结构键,第18页,Between the conductors,with,high electron mobility,and the insulators,with no free electrons,precise control of the atomic architecture has created,semiconductors that can have a planned modification of their electron mobility,.,1.high electron mobility,:,高电子迁移率,2.the conductors with high electron mobility:高电子迁移率导体,3.the insulators with no free electrons:无自由电子绝缘体,4.semiconductors that can have a planned modification of their,electron mobility 有计划改变电子迁移半导体,第19页,Similarly,advances in solid-state optics have led to the development of the stimulated emission of electromagnetic energy,in the microwave spectrum,(masers)and,in the visible spectrum,(lasers).,1.solid-state optics:固态光学器件,2.the stimulated emission:激射,第20页,In studying the general structure of materials,one may consider three groupings;first,atomic structure,electronic configuration,bonding forces,and the arrangement of the,aggregations of atoms,;second,the physical aspect of materials,including properties such as electrical and thermal conductivity,specific heat,and magnetism;and third,their macroscopic properties,such as their mechanical behavior under load,which can be explained,in terms of,impurities and imperfections in the lattice structure and the procedures used to modify that behavior.,1.bonding forces:结协力,2.aggregations of atoms:原子团,3.in terms of:用.语言来.,第21页,专业英语特点,专业英语（specified English）是在自然科学和工程技术专业领域中使用一个英语文体。它是在专业技术不停发展中逐步形成并与专业技术同时发展。因为专业技术要求语言表述能客观、严谨地反应科学研究内容，所以，专业英语特点，除了包含一些试验数据、公式推导和数学符号以外，在词汇含义、语法结构、句型使用和修辞手法等方面与日常英语、文学英语有不一样特点。这诚如著名科学家钱三强指出：专业英语“不论在语法结构或词汇方面都逐步形成它特有习惯使用方法、特点与规律”。不学习和掌握这些特点与规律，就极难搞好专业英语阅读、翻译和写作。为了掌握这些特点和规律，本章及下一章节将主要介绍专业英语语法特点和词汇特点。,第22页,一专业英语语法特点,1 无人称（Impersonal）（无生命第三人称语气或非人称语气）,科技文体第一个显著特点就是较多地使用无生命第三人称语气。,比如,：,Stepper motors,are useful wherever accurate control of movement is required.,They,are used extensively in robotics and in printers,plotters and computer disk drives,all of which require precise positioning or speed.,凡需要准确控制运动地方,步进电机都非常有用。他们广泛用于机器,人技术,打印机,绘图仪和计算机磁盘驱动器，这些需要准确定位或速度。,第23页,2被动语态(Passive Voice),因为专业英语文件侧重叙事和推理，陈说对象是客观事物。读者重视是作者观点和创造内容，而不是作者本人。所以在语言表述中必定较多地使用以客观事物为主体被动语态。,专业英语中被动语句不一定要说出行为主体，尤其当行为主体是人,时。但有时也用“by”引出行为者。这些行为者除了人、机构、物质以,外，还包含完成该动作方法、原因或过程等。比如,：,The temperature of the liquid,is raised,by the application of heat.,加热能够提升液体温度。,The rate at which work,is done,is called power.,3非谓语动词,动词非谓语形式有：动名词、分词、动词不定式及它们复合结构。,专业英语中，动词非谓语形式应用广泛，这是因为专业英语要求准确、精炼，而动词非谓语形式能够很好地实现这些要求。比如采取这一形式能用扩展成份对所修饰词进行严格说明和限定。其中每一个分词定语都能代替一个从句，从而可使很长句子匀称,防止复杂主从符合结构，并省略动词时态配合，使句子即不累赘又语意明确。,第24页,3.1 分词使用,在专业英语中，分词短语被大量地用作定语、状语和独立分词结构，取代被动态或主动态关系从句，使句子结构得到简化。比如,：,1.Rammers,driven by compressed air,can increase the production rates.,压缩空气驱动舂砂器能够提升生产效率。,2.,Originally designed for rapid,automatic production of screws and,similar threaded parts,the automatic screw machine has long since,exceeded the confines of this narrow field,and today plays a vital role,in the mass production of a variety of precision parts.,自动螺丝车床最初是用来对螺钉和类似带有螺纹零件进行自动,化快速加工。不过，这种车床用途早就超出了这个狭窄范围。现,在，它在许各种类精密零件大批量生产中起着主要作用。,第25页,分词独立结构，即：名词或代词分词短语，是一个主谓结构，在句,中作用相当于并列分句或从句。比如,：,3.Agitation is critical,the aim being to distribute silicon carbide,p,articles homogeneously throughout the aluminum melt.,搅拌至关主要，其目标是将碳化硅颗粒均匀地分布在整个铝液中。,分词独立结构前加with(without)变成起状语作用介词短语，用于当,分词逻辑主语与句子主语不一致时。,4.In the heat exchanger of blast furnace the air flows through the,outside pipe,the gas through the inside pipe,with,heat exchange,ta,king place through the wall.,在高炉热交换器中，空气流过外管，燃气流过内管，热交换经过管,壁进行。,第26页,3.2 动名词使用,动名词组成介词短语可取代状语从句或简化陈说句，在英语中广泛,应用。比如,：,In redesigning an experimental part for production,economical tolerances should be used.,为了生产而重新设计试件时,必须使用经济公差。,第27页,3.3 不定式使用,不定式在专业英语中使用也十分频繁，在句中惯用来替换表示目标功效从句，使句子结构简练。比如：,1.,To insure manufacture quality of electrodes,the American Welding,Society has set up certain requirements for electrodes.,为了确保电极制造质量，美国焊接学会要求了电极必须具备一些条件。,2.There is high requirement of skill in carrying out this operation,to,produce products with high performances,.,进行这项操作时需要很高技巧，以生产出含有高性能产品。,第28页,4.名词化结构,“表示动作意义名词of名词修饰语”叫做名词化结构。名词化结构含有文字明了、用词简练、结构紧凑、表意客观、信息容量大等特点，在专业英语中经惯用它代替主、谓结构作各种句子成份，使句子结构简化。比如:,用普通英语表示这么一句话：,The ultrasonic metal inspection is,to apply,ultrasonic vibrations to materials with elastic properties and,to observe,the resulting action of the vibrations in the materials.,用名词化结构以下表述：,The ultrasonic metal inspection is,the application of ultrasonic vibrations,to materials with elastic properties and,the observation of the resulting action of the vibrations,in the materials.,金属超声波探伤是将超声振动施于含有弹性材料，并观察振动在材料中产生作用。,第29页,二专业英语词汇特点,专业英语词汇组成,专业技术词汇：,polymerization 聚合作用,diathermometer 热阻测定仪,mechatronics 机电一体化，机械电子学,lathe 车床,半专业技术词汇：,power 力量,权力（日常英语）动力 （机械专业）,电力 （电力专业）幂 (数学专业）,功率 （物理专业）暴发力 （体育专业）,第30页,构词法,英语构词法包含转化、合成、派生三种形式。,转化(conversion)如,：,melt 熔液to melt熔化,finish光洁度to finish精加工、抛光,alloy 合金to alloy 使成合金,复正当(composition)如,：,waveform 波形 ballbearing 滚珠轴承,workshop 车间 toolroom 工具室,派生或词缀(derivation)如,：,unavoidable 不可防止,inaccuracy 不准确,第31页,词汇缩略,首字词缩略:它是由原词组每个词首字母组成，在阅读中首字词要逐字母读.比如：,NC 数控,AC 自适应控制,PLC 可编程控制器,AIEE American Institute of Electrical(Electronic)Engineers,美国电气（电子）工程师学会,首字词拼音:把一个词组中首字母拼凑成一个词.比如,laser light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation 激光,ROM read only memory 只读存放器,AIDS acquired immune deficiency syndrome 爱滋病,第32页,节略词:一些词使用频率高,为了方便，在发展过程逐步用,它们前几个字母来表示。比如：,ref.reference 参考文件 lab.laboratory 试验室,in.inch,英吋,ft.foot,英呎,缩写词,比如,：,etc.,et cetera 等等 i.e that is 即,e.g.for example 比如 vs.versus 对,拼缀:即以组成复合词各个词中各抽取一或两个词缀相,拼合。比如,：,transeiver (transistor receiver)收发机,mechatronics (mechanics electronics)机电一体化,第33页,distinguish 区分；区分 distort:变形,by means of:借助于 permanent:永久,coefficient:系数 steel mill:钢厂,expansion：膨胀 roll:轧锟,react to:对.起作用;对.反应 crack:裂开,裂纹,破裂,in connection with:与.相关 gradually:逐步地,five broad categories:五大类,elasticity:弹性,ductility:延展性,toughness:韧性,elevator升降机,cable:电缆,beam:横梁,penetration:压痕,凹痕,abrasion:磨损,elongate:延长，伸长,第34页,Lesson 2 Metals and Ferrous Metals,ferrous a.铁类，黑色,nonferrous a.有色,two,general,types 两大类,broad,main,However,some nonferrous metals may contain,a small amount of,iron,as an impurity,.,a small amount of:少许,a large amount of:大量,varying amounts:不一样数量,第35页,Steel and,cast iron,are,the most,common,ferrous metals,in,general,use,.,cast iron 铸铁,general use,普通用途,Steel is an alloy,containing chiefly iron,and certain other elements,in varying amounts,.,A wide range of,physical properties may be obtained in,steel,by controlling the amount of carbon and other alloying elements,and,by,subjecting the steel to,various,heat treatment,.,a wide range of:各种各样，形形色色,be subjected to:易受到，承受,subject sth.to:使.承受.,Alloy steels,are formed by the addition of,one or more of the following elements.,第36页,by far:迄今,It is the amount of carbon,present,which largely determines the maximum hardness,obtainable,.,It is+,强调部分,+which,.,The higher the carbon content,the higher the tensile strength and the greater the hardness,to which the steel may be heat-treated,.,The steel may be heat-treated to the hardness.,.parts,requiring a great deal of forming,.a great deal of:,大量,Medium-carbon steels are used for,forgings,and other applications,where increased strength and a certain amount of ductility are necessary,.,Alloy steels have special properties determined by the,mixture,and the amount of metals,added,.,mixture:,混合物,金属种类,第37页,To the metallurgist who,works in,metal mining and manufacturing,steels containing very small quantities of elements,other than,carbon,phosphorus,sulphur,and silicon,are known as,alloy steels.,work in：从事,other than：除了.,be known as:叫做,称为,be known for.:因.而著名,be known to:被知道,Each alloy steel has,a personality of its own,.第38页,Tool-and-die steels are a large group of steels,used when careful heat-treating must be done.,These steels are used for parts such as chisels,hammers,screwdrivers,springs,and,tools and dies,used to cut and form metals.,Tool steels with certain alloying elements,are designed for,specific uses,.be designed to.设计成能(做),用来,目标是使,be designed for.用做用途;为.而设计,specific:a.1.比率，单位 e.g:specific heat,specific weight,2.特殊(定,有,种);专门;详细,明确,第39页,The most common kinds of tool steels include high-speed tool steels,hot work tool steels,cold work tool steels and,special-purpose,tool steels.,hot work tool steels 热加工工具钢,cold work tool steels,冷加工工具钢,special-purpose 专用 special-purpose machines,general-purpose 通用 general-purpose machines,第40页,Rolled steel,which includes bar,rod,and structural steels,is produced by rolling the steel into shape.,bar 扁钢,rod 圆钢,by rolling the steel into shape 轧制成形方法.,Hot-ro