语法篇词类第5节名词与主谓一致示范课市公开课一等奖省优质课赛课一等奖课件.pptx

单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,高考四元聚焦,英 语,学海网,*,1,第1页,词 类,第五节名词与主谓一致 (2),2,第2页,3,第3页,考点一：名词分类,1英语中名词有可数与不可数之分，详细分类以下：,4,第4页,2在英语中有些名词既是可数名词，又是不可数名词，但两种情况下其意义不一样。,需注意区分以下兼有两种数量性质名词：,5,第5页,6,第6页,7,第7页,考点二：名词数,1规则改变,(1)普通名词复数形式是在词尾直接加s组成。如：,pagepagespenpensstudentstudents,(2)以s，x，ch，sh结尾名词，变成复数时在词尾加es。如：,classclassesboxboxes,brushbrusheswatchwatches,8,第8页,(3)以f或fe结尾词变f或fe为v，再加es。如：,leafleavesknifekniveswifewives,注意：roof，gulf，belief，chief，safe，proof，staff等变成复数时直接在词尾加s。,handkerchief复数形式为handkerchiefs或handkerchieves。,9,第9页,(4)以辅音字母加y结尾名词，先将y变成i，再加es。如：,partypartiesstorystories,(5)以字母o结尾词，普通来说，生物名词，包含动植物名词加es组成复数。如：,NegroNegroes 黑人heroheroes 英雄,potatopotatoes 土豆tomatotomatoes 西红柿,以o结尾无生命名词普通直接加s组成复数。如：,photophotos 照片pianopianos 钢琴,kilokilos 千克tobaccotobaccos 烟草,10,第10页,2不规则改变,(1)改变名词中所含元音字母。如：,footfeettoothteethgoosegeese,manmen,(2)词尾加en或ren。如：,oxoxenchildchildren,(3)单复数同形。如：,sheep，deer，fish，means(方法)，aircraft(飞机),11,第11页,(4)表示“某国人”名词，其复数改变有三种情况。,单复数形式相同。如：,a Chineseten Chinese,a Japanesefive Japanese,变词尾,man/woman,中“,a”,为“,e”,。如：,FrenchmanFrenchmen,EnglishmanEnglishmen,DutchmanDutchmen,EnglishwomanEnglishwomen,12,第12页,词尾加s。如：,GermanGermansRussianRussians,AmericanAmericans,(5)有一些词如hair(头发)，fruit(水果)等，通常是用它们单数形式来表示总称，但在表示“几根头发”“若干种水果”时，则要用复数形式。如：,a few white hairs 几根白发,several foreign fruits 几个外国水果,13,第13页,3复合名词复数,(1)普通将主体名词变为复数。如：,motherinlawmothersinlaw岳母,passerbypassersby 过路人,lookeronlookerson 旁观者,editorinchiefeditorsinchief 主编,(2)无主体名词组成复合词，在词尾加s。如：,grownupgrownups 成年人14,第14页,(3)由man或woman组成复合名词，两部分都要变成复数。如：,a man teachertwo men teachers,a woman doctorten women doctors,15,第15页,巧学妙记：,巧记以f(e)结尾名词复数,树叶半数自己黄，妻子拿刀去割粮，架后窜出一只狼，就像强盗逃命亡。,leaf(树叶)，half(二分之一)，self(自己)，wife(妻子)，knife(刀子)，shelf(架子)，wolf(狼)，thief(窃贼，强盗)，life(生命)变复数时，都要变f(e)为v，再加es。其它以f(e)结尾名词则直接加s变复数。,16,第16页注意：有一些名词，包含一些学科名词，形式上为复数，但意义上却是单数。如：,news 消息mathematics 数学,physics 物理politics 政治,17,第17页,4不可数名词数,(1)不可数名词就是表示无法分清个体名词。这类词主要为抽象名词和物质名词。表示不可数名词数量时，用“数词或冠词数量名词of不可数名词”这么结构，数量名词能够是单数也能够是复数，但of后名词只能用单数。如：,a piece of apple pie 一个苹果派,two cups of tea 两杯茶,three items of news 三条消息,four buckets of water 四桶水,a drop of water 一滴水,18,第18页,(2)有些物质名词可用复数形式表示数量或不一样类别。如：plastic 塑料plastics 塑料制品,Two coffees,please.请来两杯咖啡。,The old should take some health foods.,老年人应食用一些保健食物。,19,第19页,5名词单、复数特殊使用方法,20,第20页,21,第21页,22,第22页,23,第23页,考点三：名词全部格,1表示有生命东西名词全部格,(1)普通在单数或复数名词后加s。如：,Wei Fangs chairthe childrens bedroom,(2)以s结尾复数名词后直接加“”。如：,the students reading roomgrownups clothes,24,第24页,(3)并列名词表示各自所属时，在两个名词之后都加s；表示共同所属时，在最终一个名词后加s。如：,Toms and Mikes fathers,汤姆和迈克父亲(各自父亲),Tom and Mikes father,汤姆和迈克父亲(两人共同父亲),25,第25页,(4)表示店铺、某人家、私人开诊所、餐馆等名词，其全部格后名词(如shop等)能够省略。如：,at the tailors 在裁缝店,at a chemists 在药店,at the doctors 在医院，在诊所,26,第26页,2,表示无生命事物名词全部格，惯用,“of,名词,”,形式。如：,the covers of the book(s)书封面,a picture of my family 一张我全家福,注意：表示有生命事物名词，假如名词较长或名词定语较长，也可用“of名词”形式。如：,the works of Lu Xun,Lao She and Mao Dun,27,第27页,表示时间、距离、集体、城市、国家、团体、机构及一些惯用语中名词，可用“s”或“”。如：,yesterdays newspaper 昨天报纸,five minutes ride 开车5分钟旅程,28,第28页,3双重全部格,被修饰名词前有不定冠词、指示代词、不定代词、疑问代词或数词等限定词时，只能用双重全部格。如：,an old friend of my fathers,我父亲一个老朋友,29,第29页,考点四：名词作定语,1基本标准：名词作定语标准上用单数，不用复数。如：,a stone bridge 石桥a meeting room 会议室,morning exercise 早操 a story book 故事书,a coffee cup 咖啡杯 a baby girl 女婴,a school gate 校门 eye drops 眼药水,test paper 考卷 book report 读书汇报,train station 火车站 plane ticket 机票,pocket money 零花钱 generation gap 代沟,30,第30页,2用复数名词作定语4种情形,(1)有些只有复数形式名词，则用复数作定语：,goods train 货车,clothes shop 服装店,an arts degree 文科学位,customs officer 海关人员,(2)有些习惯上通惯用复数名词也习惯上用复数。如：,sports car 跑车 savings bank 储蓄银行,31,第31页,(3)当man，woman用于名词前作定语，表示性别时，若被修饰名词为复数，则man，woman也要用复数。如：,men nurses 男护士 women doctors 女医生,(4)有时复数名词作定语可视为复数名词全部格作定语省略形式。如：,a teachers college 师范学院(teachers等于teachers),eight hours sleep 8个小时睡眠(hours等于hours),a three weeks training 3周训练(weeks等于weeks),32,第32页,注意：eight hours sleep之类说法，既可表示为eight hours sleep，也可表示为an eighthour sleep.类似如：,a fivesecond pause 一次5秒钟停顿,a tenminute break 一次10分钟中间休息,a twohour exam 一次两小时考虑,33,第33页,3同根名词与形容词作定语区分,(1)在通常情况下，假如没有对应派生形容词，标准上可直接用名词作定语，或与之组成合成词。如：,hair style 发式 tooth ache 牙疼,service counter 服务台 cat food 猫食,bank account 银行户头 car park 停车场,blood pressure 血压 birth control 生育控制,table tennis 乒乓球 labour force 劳动力,road works 道路工程 winter sports 冬季运动,34,第34页,(2)假如名词有对应派生形容词，则要注意分清二者在意义上区分。试比较：,horror films 恐怖影片horrible films 令人感到恐怖影片,a wonder book 一部充满奇事书a wonderful book 一部奇妙书,a stone path 一条石板路a stony path 一条铺满碎石路,education experts 教育教授(从事教育工作教授)educational films 教育影片(含有教育意义影片),35,第35页,gold reserve 黄金贮备golden sunshine 金黄色阳光,silver coins 银币silvery hair 银白头发,heart trouble 心脏病a hearty welcome 热情欢迎,snow mountain 雪山snowy tablecloth 雪白桌布,36,第36页,rain drops 雨滴rainy season 雨季(指多雨季节),rose garden 玫瑰园rosy checks 红红面颊,colour film 彩色电影colourful costumes 色彩鲜艳服装,mountain village 山村(山里村庄)mountainous region 山区(多山地域),37,第37页,3)有时在汉语看来，似乎要用形容词作定语，但英语习惯上却要用名词作定语。如：,science fiction 科幻小说,health situation 健康情况,health insurance 健康保险,convenience food 方便食品,convenience store 便利店,popular science books 科学普及读物,38,第38页,4关于合成名词作定语,许多合成名词可直接用于名词前作定语，起形容词作用。如：,a long distance call 长途电话,firstclass tickets 头等舱机票,a deepsea diver 深海潜水员,a fullpage advertisement 整版广告,oneway traffic 单向交通安排,presentday life 现今生活,a parttime job 一份兼职,day to day teaching 日常教学,39,第39页,考点五：主谓一致,1基本标准,谓语动词要与主语人称保持一致。如：,There is a desk in the room.,There are no chairs in it.,John gets up at six oclock every morning.,Nobody knows who is going to win in the competition.,What is the latest news about the Olympic Games?,40,第40页,2语法一致标准,(1)and连接两个名词作主语，表示不一样人或事物，其概念是复数，谓语动词用复数。,Her teacher and her friend are in the sittingroom.,她老师和朋友都在客厅。,41,第41页,(2)and连接两个名词作主语，指同一个人、同一件事或同一个概念时，谓语动词用单数。此时，后一个名词前不用冠词。,Bread and butter is healthful food.,涂有黄油面包是有益于健康食物。,The poet and writer has produced many works.,这个诗人兼作家写出了很多作品。,42,第42页,(3)and连接并列主语是单数，前面有every，each等词修饰时，谓语动词用单数。但each放在由and连接并列单数主语后面，修饰复数概念主语时，谓语动词用复数形式。,Each boy and each girl has been invited to the teaparty.,每个男孩和每个女孩都被邀请参加茶话会。,The boy and the girl each have their own toys.,这个男孩和这个女孩每人都有自己玩具。,43,第43页4)bothand连接两个并列成份作主语时，谓语动词用复数。,Both Tom and Mark are my friends.,汤姆和马克都是我朋友。,(5)不定代词either，neither，each，one，the other，another，someone，somebody，something，anyone，anybody，anything，everyone，everybody，everything，nobody，no one，nothing等作主语时，谓语动词惯用单数。,44,第44页,Everyone here is behaving very coldly towards you.,这里每一个人都对你很冷淡。,Nobody knows exactly how many species of plants and animals there are on the earth.,没有些人确切地知道地球上有多少种植物和动物。,Is there anything wrong with the car?,汽车出故障了吗？,45,第45页,(6)than，with，as well as，along with，together with，like，rather than，except，not，but，including，plus，besides，in addition to等加名词或代词结构在主语后面时，谓语不受这些短语影响，须和其前主语一致。,She,as well as her brothers,has learned how to drive a car.,她和她哥哥们一样学会了开车。,Jane and Dick,not Mary,are my students.,简和狄克是我学生，玛丽不是。,46,第46页,Henry,rather than Jane and John,is responsible for the loss.,损失责任应由亨利而不是由简和约翰来负担。,Healthy eating along with exercise is the only way to become fit.,健康饮食加上经常锻炼是保持健康唯一路径。,47,第47页,(7)some，plenty of，a lot of，lots of，none等词既可修饰可数名词，又可修饰不可数名词，其谓语形式应依据所修饰词而定。,A lot of students are coming to the meeting.,很多学生要来参加这次会议。,A lot of work is to be done to prepare for the conference.,为了筹备会议，还有很多工作要做。,48,第48页,(8)“百分数、分数及其它百分比词of名词/代词”结构作主语时，普通依据of后名词单复数决定谓语动词单复数。,50%of the land is now suitable to grow plants.,50%土地现在适合种庄稼。,20%of the people in the city object to the price for running water going up.,这个城市中20%人反对自来水价格上调。,For example,80%of emails on the Internet are in English.,比如，因特网上80%电子邮件用是英语。,49,第49页,(9)a quantity(of)，(large)quantities(of)作主语或其修饰名词作主语，其谓语动词应依据quantity单复数形式而定。,Quantities of money are needed to equip the school.,学校安装设备需要很多钱。,A quantity of story books has been bought for the children.,为儿童买了大量故事书。,50,第50页,(10)“more than one/many a单数名词”作主语，意义上是复数，但因中心词是单数形式，谓语也须用单数。,More than one road is being repaired.,不止一条路正在维修。,51,第51页,(11)the rest(of),the remaining,part(of),one half(of)，the majority of等词或短语作主语，其谓语动词应依据主语所表示单复数意义而定。,Many people present at the meeting were from the US,many from the UK and the rest were from China.,出席这次会议很多人来自美国和英国，其它来自中国。,The first part of the vacation was disappointing,but the rest of it was exciting.,假期前半部分令人失望，但后期令人兴奋。,52,第52页,(12)a number of意为“许多”，修饰可数名词复数，作主语时，谓语用复数；the number of意为“数目”，作主语时，谓语用单数。,A number of the other plants were found in America.,在美洲还发觉了许多别植物。,The number of people who travel by plane in China is larger than ever before.,在中国乘飞机旅行人数比以往多了。,53,第53页,(13)单独不定式、动名词作主语谓语动词惯用单数。但and连接两个或多个不定式、动名词作主语时，若表示同一概念，谓语动词用单数；若表示不一样概念则用复数。,To go to bed early and to rise early is a good habit.,早睡早起是个好习惯。,Fishing,horse riding,tennis,golf and sailing are all popular.,钓鱼、骑马、网球运动、高尔夫球运动和帆船运动都很受欢迎。,54,第54页,(14)从句作主语，谓语普通用单数；两个或两个以上句子由and连接表示不一样概念时，谓语动词用复数；what引导主语从句时，谓语取决于表语数。,That Jack has gone abroad makes us all surprised.,杰克出国了让我们都很诧异。,55,第55页,What caused the accident and how many passengers were wounded are still unknown.,是什么造成了这场事故以及多少乘客受伤依然不知道。,What he chiefly wished for was a chance to explain.,他主要希望能有一个解释机会。,56,第56页,3意义一致标准,(1)none作主语时假如指可数名词，表数目，谓语动词用单复数形式皆可；假如指不可数名词，表量，谓语动词用单数。,None of the students has/have made mistakes this time.,这次没有一个学生犯错误。,Jimmy has used up all the money.None is left.,吉米把全部钱都用光了，一点没留。,57,第57页,(2)neither/either of后接复数名词或代词，谓语动词惯用单数。,Either of the children is eager to go home.,两个孩子都想回家。,Neither of us has received postcards this Christmas.,今年圣诞节我们两人谁也没收到贺卡。,58,第58页,(3)由each修饰名词作主语，谓语动词用单数；但each位于复数主语后或句尾时，谓语动词数要与主语保持一致。,Each student has a walkman which helps them improve their listening.,每个学生都有一个随身听，这对提升他们听力大有帮助。,They each have won a prize.(They have won a prize each),他们每个人都得了奖。,59,第59页,(4)all作主语指人时，谓语动词用复数，指情况时惯用单数。,All are present besides the professor.,全部人都出席了，包含那位教授。,All is going on very well.一切顺利。,60,第60页,(5)集合名词，如：audience 观众，army 军队，family 家庭，crowd 人群，government 政府，public 公众，population 人口等作主语时，若作为一个整体对待，谓语用单数；若强调组成该集体每个组员或个体时，谓语用复数。,61,第61页,His family was poor and he used to sit in the family garage and draw pictures.,他家很穷，他经常坐在他家车库里绘画。,The government has also invested money in cleaning the river.,政府也已经投资净化河水了。,The population in China is very large and 80%of the population live in rural areas.,中国人口很多，其中80%人住在农村。,62,第62页,(6)有些集体名词，如：people 人们，cattle 牛，police 警察等形式上是单数，但意义上是复数，谓语动词需用复数。,Traffic police are always very busy,especially at busy streets.,交通警察总是很忙，尤其是在繁忙街道上。,People often use body language on purpose.,人们经常有意使用肢体语言。,63,第63页,(7)单数复数同形名词如：means 方法，伎俩，works 工厂，sheep 羊，deer 鹿，crossroads 十字路口，series 系列，species 种类等作主语时，谓语动词依据其单复数意义而定。,Each means has been tried to solve the problem,but none is effective.,为了处理这个问题，每一个方法都试过了，但没有一个有效。,There are various means of communicating with a stranger.,同陌生人交流有很多不一样方法。,64,第64页,(8)“the形容词”表示一类人时，谓语动词用复数；表示抽象概念时，谓语动词用单数。,The wounded were treated well.,伤员受到了很好治疗。,The new is sure to take the place of the old.,新生事物一定会取代旧事物。,65,第65页,(9)表示时间、距离、金额、重量等复数名词作主语，通常看作整体，谓语动词用单数Two hours is a long time to take over a coffee.,两个小时喝杯咖啡是够长了。,Ten pounds was missing from the till.,钱柜里钱丢了10镑。,66,第66页,4就近一致标准,(1)由连词or,eitheror,neithernor，not onlybut also，notbut等连接并列主语，谓语动词单复数取决于最靠近它主语。,Not only the boys but(also)the father was to blame.,不但这些男孩而且他们父亲都应该为此负责。,67,第67页,Either you or the headmaster is to hand out the prizes to these gifted students.,要么你要么是校长为这些优异学生颁奖。,Is he or she still your best friend?,他或她依然是你最好朋友吗？,68,第68页,(2)在倒装句及there be结构中，谓语动词往往与最邻近一个主语保持一致。,Here comes the bus and two cars.,来了一辆公交车和两辆小汽车。,There is also a lovely cafe and restaurants there.,那里也有一家很好咖啡馆，还有一些餐馆。,69,第69页,谢谢观看！,70,第70页,