英语阅读理解的解题技巧省名师优质课赛课获奖课件市赛课一等奖课件.ppt

单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,*,本资料仅供参考，不能作为科学依据。谢谢。本资料仅供参考，不能作为科学依据。谢谢,阅读了解,解题方法与技巧,第1页,（一）阅读方法,（二）不一样体裁文章特点及解题技巧,（三）不一样类型问题解题方法与技巧,第2页,1,“指读”,2,“声读”,3,“译读”,4,“回读”,5,“析读”,6,“参考读”,7,“,视幅过窄,”,8,“,毛病,”,（,bad habits,）,:,教学过程中，发觉学生在阅读时常做些不利于阅读坏动作。有同学晃头、颠腿、转笔、听音乐、咬指头、趴在桌子上、揪头发等等。,摒弃不良阅读习惯。,第3页,阅读是取得更综合、更复杂、更准确信息必要伎俩，考生在做阅读了解时，不但要看懂文章字面意思，还需要针对不一样题材和体裁篇目利用不一样方法作出正确选择。普通来说，,词汇、阅读速度和了解能力,是阅读了解中三个最主要而且有相互联络原因。,第4页,阅读方法能够使用以下几个,：,1.,跳读：,就是快速一步阅读法。实际上是有,选择阅读，找关键词,。用这种阅读方法回答,who,、,what,、,when,、,where,之类问题最为有效。,2.,略读：,指比跳读慢些二步阅读法。即泛泛地、粗略地快速阅读，目标是,了解大意,，对文章有个总概念。此种阅读方法能回答,why,、,how,之类问题。,3.,精读即最细致、最慢深层阅读方法，目标是求得对所读文章,全部意义,了解与掌握。,第5页,在使用阅读技巧时尽可能做到以下几点：,1.,带着问题阅读短文。,2.,找出,主题句,、确定中心思想。,3.,推断单词、句子和文章含义。,4.,尽快选择答案。,第6页,（二）不一样体裁文章 特点及解题技巧,1.,记叙文,2.,说明文,3.,应用文,第7页,高考英语考试中阅读了解文章普通有这么几个文体，,即记叙文、描写文、说明文、应用文和叙述文。,不一样文体有不一样段落组织方式和脉络层次。,体裁分析能力,第8页,记叙文,往往按时间次序展开段落，文章有显著表示时间先后词语。阅读时抓住时间这条根本，搞清,who,、,what,、,where,、,why,与,how,。,体裁分析能力,第9页,描写文,经过细节描写以画面方式来反应事物特征、性质。对这种文章要快速搞清其主题，,主题词,往往出现在各个句子里，贯通文章始末；紧围绕这个主题进行阅读，找到文章与之相关信息，并确定信息与主题关系。,体裁分析能力,第10页,说明文,多见于科普文章，用以解释或揭示事物状态、特征、演变、结果及其相互之间关系，这类文体文章，,首句往往是主题句，开门见山，说明文章关注对象,搞清作者思绪和段落组织方式；把握次要信息及其与主题关系。,体裁分析能力,第11页,叙述文,阅读难在这种文章处处都渗透作者个人观点、态度。阅读叙述文应该从文体写作和结构特点入手,.,文章结构往往轻易把握，,用主题句开门见山,。作者往往经过信号词,(signal words,或,transitional words),和,关联词,(referents,来组织段落、文章,.,对信号词快速反应和对关联词准确判断是至关主要；,要尤其注意区分作者观点与文章里所提到人物观点，同时注意作者所使用表示赞同、反对等感情色彩词汇,。,体裁分析能力,第12页,应用文,包括范围比较广，包含广告、通知、书信等。应用文普通语言简练，省略及不规范句子较多。阅读时普通要求考生全方面掌握文章中提供信息，并利用这些信息去处理问题。所以对题干了解尤为主要。,体裁分析能力,第13页,（三）不一样类型问题解题方法与技巧,1.,主旨大意类题型,2.,推测判断类题型,3.,细节类题型,4.,猜测词义类题型,第14页,1.,主旨大意类题型,主旨大意类题型主要测试学生对文章全方面了解和概括能力，提问内容可能是全文大意，也可能是某段段落大意。普通不易在文中直接找到答案。,第15页,主旨大意题提问方式有以下几个：,1,）,The,general,/main,idea of the passage is about _,2,）,Which of the following,best,states the theme of the passage,？,3,）,In this passage the author discusses,primarily,_,4,）,The passage is,mostly,about _,5,）,The passage is,mainly,concerned about _,6,）,What is,the main topic,of the passage,？,7,）,What is,the best title,for the passage,？,8,）,The subject,discussed in this text is _,9,）,The authors,main purpose,in writing the passage is to,10,）,The passage,is meant to,.,11,）,The,purpose of,this article is to,分析题干能力,第16页,在解主题大意时，以下方法可供参考。,1.,认真阅读文章第一段或每段第一个句子或最终一个句子,即段首段尾。,2.,文章主题作者往往有意识地重复叙述。,抓住重复出现中心词，即高频词，也叫做主题词。（,04,年全国卷,1,（河南等）,E,篇中,major,出现过八次，尽管其词性、词义有所不一样，但它就是关键词）。,3.,文章或段落主题句经常会出现在一些标志性提醒后。,比如：,On the whole,in short,therefore,I agree with the opinion that,Given all these points above,I would support the idea that,For all the reasons mentioned above,I would prefer,分析题干能力,第17页,掌握了找主题句方法，就能够依据主题句归纳主题。但归纳主题轻易出现以下三种错误，需要同学们注意。,1,以偏概全。即只抓住了主题一个侧面就误认为是主题。,2,过于笼统。即归纳主题太泛，与细节脱节或是没有对细节加以充分论证。,3,把观点强加给作者。读者往往依据自己常识对文章进行判断而忽略了作者看法。,分析题干能力,第18页,怎样寻找主题句,Sample 1,People have different tastes in food.Some feel that they havent eaten a meal unless they have had steak or other red meat.Some prefer chicken or fish and eat one or the other at every meal.Others prefer vegetables and fruits or grains and would enjoy a meal of spaghetti,eggplant,and fresh fruit.Others could live on what were called fast-foods:a hamburger or hot dog,French fries and a soft drink.,（,1,）主题句在段首,一个主题句经常是一个段落开头，其后句子则是论证性细节。在论说文，科技文件和新闻报道中多采取这种格式。,第19页,Sample 2,Some students prefer a strict teacher who tells them exactly what to do.Others prefer to be left to work on their own.Still others like a democratic discussion type of class.No one teaching method can be devised to satisfy all students at the same time.,（,2,）主题句也会出现在段尾。,作者先摆出事实依据,层层推理论证,最终自然得出结论,即段落主题。本段中心思想在结尾句得到表达,它是此段内容结论。,第20页,Sample 3,Nothing is as useful as a flashlight on a dark night if a tire goes flat.Few inventions are so helpful to a child who is afraid of the dark.In fact,the modern flashlight brings light to many dark situations.Finding something in the back of a closet is easy with a flashlight in hand.,A,camper also needs one after the light of the campfire has been out.,3,）在短文中间,当主题句被安排在段中间时,通常前面只提出问题，文中主题由随之陈说细节或合乎逻辑引申在文中导出,而后又作深入解释,支撑或发展,.,return,第21页,2,）解题方法,A.,分析篇章结构，找出文章主题,B.,全方面分析细节，准确概括大意,C.,抓住文章根本，归纳文章中心,第22页,2.,推测判断类题型,要求考生,纵观全文,，在掌握全文提供各项信息基础上进行正确逻辑推理，推断作者意图；人物动机、目标、性格特征；事件前因后果；语言中语气等。这类题属于,深层了解题，难度最大,。但要取得高分就必须抓好这类考题。,第23页,相关推理试题经常包含以下类型：,1)It can be,inferred,from the text that _.,2)From the text we know that _.,3)The story,implies,that _.,4)The paragraph following the passage will most probably be _.,5)The writer,s,attitude toward,.is _.,6)The author,implied,（,suggested,）,that,7)It may be,concluded,from the passage that,8)Which of the following statements does the passage,support,？,9),With,which of the following does the author,agree,？,分析题干能力,第24页,考作者观点态度提问方式有：,1)The author seems to think that _.2)The writer is trying to present a point of view in _.3)The author wants to appeal to _.4)The authors style is _.5)The authors tone would be best described as _.6)What is the authors opinion of _?,7,),The writer believe that_?,8)What is the authors main purpose in the passage?,9,）,In the authors opinion_?,分析题干能力,第25页,1.,解推断题应注意：,(1),不能以自己观点代替作者观点；,(2),推理依据来自于上下文。,2.,解推断题方法：,解推断题最主要方法是依据词义关系推断详细细节。,分析题干能力,第26页,确定作者态度，能够有两种思绪：,1,、问全文主体事物,(,包含主题,),，能够依据阐述主题或相关主体事物相关句中形容词、副词或动词确定作者态度；,2,、假如问是对某一详细事物态度，则能够定位到详细相关句，然后确定答案。,分析题干能力,第27页,2,）解题方法,A.,利用已知信息，进行逻辑推理,B.,结合普通常识，分析提供信息,C.,注意表层意思，悟出深层含义,第28页,A.,利用已知信息，进行逻辑推理,推理判断题答案普通在文中不可能直接找到，但这并不意味着读者能够随意判断。解答这类题时必须充分利用文中所提供信息进行合乎逻辑推断。,在做这类题时必须要注意两点：第一，要分清题目是问作者观点还是读者观点，二者不可混同。第二，,不要脱离原文凭自己意愿乱推测或只凭常识推测,。,所做出答案一定要在文中直接或间接找到依据或理由,。,第29页,B.,结合普通常识,分析提供信息,在对文章进行分析判断时，有时在文章所提供信息基础上，读者还需要利用普通常识进行合理推断。,第30页,C.,注意表层意思,悟出深层含义,在进行阅读判断时还要注意在语篇层面上进行深层连贯性思索，要学会去伪存真、由表及里去推测作者真正意图。考试中这类题目不多不过难度较大，极易失分。,第31页,Example 1,One day a man walked into a pet shop and said to the shop assistant,，“,I need two small mice and about five dozen roaches(,蟑螂,)and two spiders.”,“What do you need these things for?”the shop assistant was very surprised.,“Well,，”,replied the man,，“,Im moving out of my apartment and the landlord insists that I should leave the house in exactly the same condition as I found it.”,Q,：,The passage suggests that when the writer moved into the house,it,was _.,A.very clean B.just cleaned by the landlord,C.tidy and comfortable D.dirty and full of insects,解析：他要搬出所租房子，而房东要求房屋必须是他租进来时原样，所以他须买些老鼠和蟑螂等昆虫对房屋进行,“,恢复,”,，所以推出答案为,D,。,第32页,Example 2,Some people are never right.They never have good luck.They usually do the wrong thing and say the wrong thing.And even if what they say or do is OK,，,they as a rule say it or do it at the wrong time.So these people always have problems.They often break dishes.They sometimes miss buses and airplanes.,Mr.Neff is different.He is always right.He is never wrong.He usually has good luck.He seldom has problems.He never breaks dishes.He never misses buses or airplanes.Even if he does miss them,，,it is always the fault of the buses or air planes.Mr.Neff knows almost everything.He doesnt ask questions,；,he answers questions.He never says,，“,I dont know.”,Q,：Which of the following best describes the writers attitude to Mr.Neff?,A.He finds Mr.Neff hard to understand.,B.He thinks Mr.Neff wonderful.,C.He feels pity for Mr.Neff.,D.He does not like Mr.Neff.,解析：从作者语气中我们能够体会他态度，尤其是,Even if he does miss them,，,it is always the fault of the buses or the airplanes.,误了车或飞机本该是人失误怎能归咎于车或飞机呢？显著是讥讽，也是暗示他对,Mr.Neff,讨厌之情。答案为,D,。,return,第33页,3.,细节类题型,细节题考查每年高考中都有一定百分比。普通,难度较低，属于浅层了解题，得分率较高,。,第34页,细节了解题：,细节了解题就是我们常见,wh-,题，它们大多是依据 文章中详细信息如事实、例证、原因、过程、叙述等进行提问。有些问题能够在文章中直接找到答案，有些则要我们在了解基础上将相关内容系统化才能找到，比如计算、排序、是非判断、图形比较等。做这类题方法,普通是先用寻读法找出与问题相关词语或句子，再对相关部分进行细读，找出正确答案。,第35页,这类题型解题方法是：抓住提问中,关键词,，仔细阅读文章中相关内容，普通能够在文章中,直接找到或稍加归纳,就能够找到正确答案。,第36页,1,）常见提问方式,以,what,which,where,等疑问词开头,后接短文详细内容提问；,以,from the text,according to,开头,后接短文详细内容提问；,以某个细节提问；,以,true,not true,false,not false,提问；,注意题干中是否含有否定词,如,not,never,等,.,第37页,细节类问题命题方式有以下几个：,1)Which of the following is NOT true according to the information,in the passage?,2)The author mentions all of the following except.,3)Which of the following statements is correct according to the,passage?,4)The writer mentions all of the items listed below except _.,5)Which of the following is mentioned in the passage?,6)What is the example of.as described in the passage?,7)The reason for.is.,8)According to the passage,when(where,why,how,who,etc.).,9)From the passage we know that _.,10)In the passage,the author states that _.,分析题干能力,第38页,1,、是非题出题形式：,a.,三正一误：,Which of the following is true except?Which of the following is mentioned except,b.,三误一正：,Which of the following is true?,这种做题方法主要与三正一误以下问法相联络：,Which of the following mentioned except Which of the following is not mentioned?,这种问题正确选项所包含信息通常连续出现在同一段，而且往往无列举标志词，如,first,，,second,，,third,等。做题时只需阅读相关段落，依据一个选项中关键词在其前后找其它两个正确先项，剩下一个原文中未提到，为正确答案。,分析题干能力,第39页,2,、例证题,例子为高考阅读了解常见考点之一，这类题基本结构为,:,The author provides in line(,或,Paragraph)an example in order to,意思是问文中举出某现象或例子目标。,文章中举出一些例子无非是为了说明一定道理。关键在于这个例子在原文出现位置，但不论怎样，这个例子之前或之后不远处通常都有一句总结说明性话，这句话就是答案，即举例目标。假如例子与全文主题相关，则例证主题，答案为主题句。假如例子与段落主题相关，就例证段落主题，则答案为段落主题句；另外，答案为例子前后总结说明性话。,分析题干能力,第40页,3,、年代与数字,:,这个考点有几个出题方式，但不论以何种形式出现，只要题干问年代与数字，答案就对应于文章中年代与数字。,4,、比较,:,比较考点表现形式主要有：,a.,比较级与含有比较意义词汇伎俩和句型结构；,b.,表示绝对意义字眼：,first(,第一,),，,least(,最不,),，,most(,最,),等；,c.,表示惟一性词汇：,only,unique,等；阅读最好能圈出表示最高级、惟一性和绝对意义词汇，便于做题时回原文定位。,分析题干能力,第41页,5,、原因：,这种题答案在原文通常有一些表示因果关系词汇伎俩提醒：,result,reason;,result in(,结果,),，,result from(,因为，,baseon(,以,为基础,),，,be due to(,因为,),；,because,for,why;,as a result,consequently,等。,阅读时对这些提醒词应该给予注意。原文相关句出现格式都是先说原因，后说结果，而在题干中通常给出结果，就其原因提问。,分析题干能力,第42页,Invited by Mr.Ye Huixian,host of the well received TV programme“Stars Tonight”,，,Miss Luo Lin,Miss Asia of 1991,，,appeared as,the guest hostess,on the Shanghai TV screen last Sunday.,Born in Shanghai and taken to Hong Kong when she was only six years old,，,Luo Lin has never dreamed of being Miss Asia.Her childhood dream was to be an air hostess.Before she took part in the competition,she had been an airhostess in Cat hay Airline for seven years.However,，,it still took her three months to learn the art of walking on the stage,dancing,singing,making-up and other proper manners,designed by the Asia TV Station.,“,Its really a hard job for me.I wont enter for such competition any more.Anyhow,I am quite lucky.I am also glad to have had more chance to work for the social welfare since I won the title.This time,in Shanghai,Id love to make a deep impression on my TV audience,said Luo Lin with a sweet smile.,Q,：,Which of the following is NOT true?,A.Luo Lin is a native of Shanghai.,B.Luo Lin moved to Hong Kong with her parents.,C.Luo Lin won the title of Miss Asia in 1991.,D.Asia TV Station helped Luo Lin to become Miss Asia.,解析：,A,、,C,和,D,都可在原文找到答案，而,B,项原文列是：,taken,to Hong Kong,可判断不是,moved,to Hong Kong with her parents,，所以选,B,。,return,第43页,在做细节题时一定要含有,快速获取有效信息,能力。按考试说明要求做阅读题时间是,35,分钟，但在考试中普通学生做阅读题都超出了这一要求时间。,问题在于考生阅读速度太慢,，缺乏一定阅读技巧。,第44页,有些阅读材料如新闻报道，故事，应用文体等在阅读时无须逐字逐句去了解，可先进行快速略读（,skim,）领会文章大约意思，再看题目，然后依据题目要求再扫读（,scan,）文章，获取相关信息。与题目无关内容完全无须费时去理会。,第45页,4.,猜测词义类题型,在阅读中常要求学生猜测一些单词或短语意思。历年高考中都有这类题目。有文章尽管没有专门设题，但因为文章中经常出现生词，所以，词义猜测还是贯通在文章阅读了解之中。,第46页,常见考查方式有,:,直接猜测某个词含义,判断文中某个代词指代对象,对文中多义词或短语进行准确定义,对单词在文章中含义进行猜测和判断,第47页,怎样依据上下文判断词语涵义,这种题型常见设题方式有：,1,）,The,underlined,word,（,phrase,）,in the passage means _,2,）,The word it,（,them,）,in the first paragraph,refers to,_,3,）,The underlined sentence in the last paragraph,means _,_,4,）,Which of the following is,closest in meaning to,the underlined,word in the second paragraph,？,分析题干能力,第48页,解这类题目普通是经过上下文去了解或依据构词法去猜测。猜测词义详细方法是：,1,）从文章 段落 句子结构去推测词义。,2,）借助作者对词义解释。,3,）从上下文对比中猜到词义。,4,）利用常识进行判断。,5,）依据生词所在句子内容断定词义。,第49页,依据段落或文章猜测词义，是一个难度较大且复杂阅读技能。掌握这种技能关键在于准确全方面了解段落或全文内容，而且灵活地利用猜测句子各种综合技能，才能到达猜测词义理想效果。,第50页,（一）依据常识、经验猜生词,比如：,The old man put on his,spectacles,and began to read,The door was so low that I hit the head on the,lintel,猜词能力,第51页,（二）依据上下文解释做出判断：,其方法主要有：,1,依据文中定义、解释猜生词,。,比如：,Skimming,means looking over a passage quickly to get the main idea before you begin to read it carefully,The harbor is protected by a,jetty,a wall built out into the water,2,利用事例或解释猜生词,。,比如：,The doctor is studying,glaucoma,and other diseases of the eye,3,利用重复解释信息猜生词,。,比如：,Mr.Smith always arrives home,punctually,，,neither early nor late,猜词能力,第52页,4,依据同位关系进行判断：,阅读中出现一些难词，有时后面就是一个同位语，对前面词进行解释，这种解释有时也用连词“,or”,连接。,a,）（,NMET,，,D,篇），,and other Germanic and Nordic peoples,，,who spoke what we now call,Anglo-Saxon,（,or Old English,），,a Germanic language,b,）（,NMET,，,A,篇）,The,Chunnel,，,a tunnel,（隧道）,connecting England and France,，,is now complete,猜词能力,第53页,（三）,利用标点符号和提醒词猜测词义,One of the obstacles to false reading is,vocalizing,saying the words to themselves in a low voice,The early scientific study of chemistry,，,known as,alchemy,，,grew up in Egypt in the first few centuries A,D,猜词能力,第54页,（四）依据上下文指代关系进行选择,文章中代词,it,，,that,，,he,，,him,或,them,能够指上文提到人或物，其中,it,和,that,还能够指一件事。有时代词指代对象相隔较远，要认真查找；也有时需要对前面提到内容进行总结，才能得出代词所指代事。,比如（,NMET,，,A,篇）,原题第,57,题：,What does the underlined word it,（,paragraph 2,）,refer to,？,A,Discovering the moons inner space,B,Using the earths inner space,C,Meeting the moon people“again,D,Traveling to outer space,原文：,However,，,the question that moon people asked is still an interesting one,A growing number of scientists are seriously thinking about it,猜词能力,由此能够看出,it,指上句中,the question,，而,the question,又指第一段中,月球人,所提问题。所以依据第一段中问题,Why are you traveling to outer space when you dont even use your inner space,？,就能够判断出答案为,B,。,第55页,（五）依据转折或对比关系进行判断,依据上下句连接词，如：,but,，,however,，,otherwise,等就能够看到前后句在意义上差异，从而依据某一句含义，来确定另一句含义。分号（；）还能够表示转折、对比或不相干意义。,He has been getting better,，,but during the night his condition,deteriorated,猜词能力,第56页,(,六,),依据因果关系进行判断,依据原因能够预测结果，依据结果也能够找出原因。,（,NMET,，,A,篇）,Biggest power failure in the citys history,All of our ice-cream and frozen foods,melted,猜词能力,后一句承接前一句，前一句原因造成后一句结果。依据因果关系，停电很可能造成冰淇淋和冷冻食品溶化，所以,melted,词义应为,溶化,。,第57页,（七）依据构词法（合成、派生、转化）进行判断,英语中，有很多词能够在前面加前缀，后面加后缀，从而组成一个词，乍看起来，这个词可能是生词，但掌握了一定构词法知识，就不难猜出它词义。,比如（,NMET,，,B,篇）,Market research shows that Gold and others who buy organic food can generally give clear reasons for their,preferences,-but their knowledge of organic food is far from complete,猜词能力,我们知道，,prefer,意思是,宁愿；愿意,，依据上下文能够判断,prefer,名词形式,preference,含义应是,偏爱；兴趣,。,第58页,（八）,反义法,如,hot and cold,give and receive,等，或前句为必定，后句为否定。总之，词与词间都起着互为线索作用。,猜词能力,Passage3:,Most women in Ghana the educated and,illiterate,the urban and rural,the young and old work to earn an income in addition to maintaining their roles as housewi-ves and mothers.Their reputation for economic independence,self-reliance,and hard work is well known and well deserved(,应得，值得).,Q:,Which of the following is closest in meaning to,the underlined word,“,illiterate,”,A.repeat B.reiterated,C.uneducated D.sick,这段文字中讲到加纳这个国家中大多数妇女，受过教育 （,educated,）,和没有受过教育,（,illiterate,）；,住在城市,（,urban,）,和住在农村（,rural,），,年轻（,young,）,和年长（,old,）,恰好是一对对反义词。,所以选,C,项。,第59页,依据近年来高考阅读了解对同学们提出新要求，提议同学们在以下几个方面加强自我训练！,1,猜测熟词新含义,例,1:The major market force rests in t he growing population of,white collar,employees(,白领雇员,),，,who can afford the new service.,例,2:“It was the best night we had ever had”,said Angela Carraro,who,runs,an It