应用化学专业英语unit省名师优质课获奖课件市赛课一等奖课件.ppt

单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,本幻灯片资料仅供参考，不能作为科学依据，如有不当之处，请参考专业资料。谢谢,The Nomenclature of Inorganic Substance,无机化合物命名法,第1页,You will meet compounds in this text,and will learn their name as you go along.,在本文中，你会碰到许多化合物，而且,当你阅读下去时你将得悉他们名字。,第2页,However,it is useful from the outset to know,something about how to form their names.,然而，从一开始了解一下化合物名字形成,是有用。,第3页,Many compounds were given common names,before their compositions were known.,Common names include water,salt,sugar,ammonia,and quartz.,许多化合物在未了解其组成前给予他们俗称。,俗称包含水、盐、糖、氨和石英。,ammonia mn 氨水,第4页,A systematic name,on the other hand,reveals which elements are present and,in some cases,how their atoms are arranged.,另首先，系统名称显示出其存在元素，,在一些情况下可显示其原子是怎样排列。,第5页,The systematic name of table salt,for instance,is sodium chloride,which,indicates at once that,it is a compound of sodium and chlorine.,比如食盐系统名称是氯化钠，这,马上表明它是一个钠和氯化合物。,第6页,The systematic naming of compounds,which,is called chemical nomenclature,follows a set,of rules,so that the name of each compound,need not be memorized,only the rules.,化合物系统名称，被称作化学命名，它遵照,着一套规则，方便我们无须去记忆每个化合物,名称，而只需记住这个规则即可。,第7页,Names of Cations,阳离子名称,The names of monatomic cations are the same,as the name of the element,with the addition of,the word ion,as in sodium ion for Na,+,.,单原子阳离子名称与元素名称相同，,外加离子一词，如Na,+,表示钠离子。,第8页,When an element can form more than one kind,of cation,such as Cu,+,and Cu,2+,from copper,we use the,Stock number,a Roman numeral,equal to the charge of the cation.,当元素能形成超出一个阳离子，如铜能形成,Cu,+,和Cu,2+,，我们使用物料编号，罗马数字等,于阳离子电荷，,第9页,Thus,Cu,+,is a copper()ion and Cu,2+,is,a copper()ion.,Similarly,Fe,2+,is an iron()ion and Fe,3+,is an iron()ion.,所以，Cu,+,是铜一价离子，Cu,2+,铜二价,离子。,类似，Fe,2+,是铁二价离子，Fe,3+,是铁,三价离子。,第10页,Most transition metals form more than one kind,of ion,so it is usually necessary to include a,Stock number in the names of their compounds.,大多数过渡金属都能形成超出一个离子，,所以在它们化合物名称中包含物料编号通,常是有必要。,第11页,An older system of nomenclature,is still in use.,旧命名系统依然在使用。,第12页,For example,some cations were once denoted,by the endings,ous,and,ic,for the ions with,lower and higher charges,respectively.,比如，一些阳离子曾经用-,ous,和-,ic,结尾分别,表示较低和较高电荷。,第13页,In this system,iron()ions are called ferrous,ions and iron()ions are called ferric ions.,在这个系统中，二价铁离子被称作亚铁离子，,三价铁离子被称作铁离子。,第14页,Names of Anions,阴离子名称,Monatomic anions are named by,adding,the,suffix,ide,and the word ion,to,the first part,of the name of the element(the“stem”of its name).,单原子阴离子经过在元素名字（名字词干）,第一部分加后缀-,ide,和离子单词来命名。,第15页,There is no need to give the charge,because,most elements,that form monatomic anions,form only one kind of ion.,名称中无须给出电荷，因为大部分元素形成,单原子阴离子只有一个形式。,第16页,The ions,formed by the halogens,are,collectively called halide ions and include,fluoride(F,-,),chloride(Cl,-,),bromide(Br,-,),and,iodide ions(I,-,).,卤素形成离子均称为卤离子，,包含F,-,、Cl,-,、Br,-,、I,-,。,第17页,The names of oxoanions are formed by,adding,the suffix,ate,to,the stem of the name of the,element,that is not oxygen,as in the carbonate,ion,CO,3,2-,.,含氧阴离子名字是在非氧元素词干后加,后缀-,ate,形成，如碳酸盐，CO,3,2-,。,第18页,However,many elements can form a variety,of oxoanions with different numbers of oxygen,atoms;nitrogen,for example,forms both NO,2,-,and NO,3,-,.,然而，许多元素能形成不一样氧原子数各种,含氧阴离子，比如氮能形成NO,2,-,和NO,3,-,。,第19页,In such cases,the ion with the larger number,of oxygen atoms is given the suffix,ate,and,that with the smaller number of oxygen atoms,is given the suffix,ite,.,Thus,NO,2,-,is nitrate and NO,3,-,is nitrite.,在这种情况下，含氧原子数较多离子加以,后缀-,ate,，反之加以后缀-,ite,。,所以，NO,3,-,为硝酸盐，为NO,2,-,亚硝酸盐。,第20页,Some elements-particularly take for the,halogensform more than two oxoanions.,一些元素（尤其是卤素）形成超出2种以上,含氧阴离子，,第21页,The name of the oxoanion with the smallest,number of oxygen atoms is formed by adding,the prefix,hypo,-to the,ite,form of the name,as in the hypochlorite ion,ClO,-,.,含氧原子数最少含氧阴离子名字是,对后缀为-,ite,名字加以前缀,hypo,-，如次,氯酸盐离子，ClO,-,。,第22页,The oxoanion with a higher number of oxygen,atoms than theate,oxoanion is named with the,prefix,per,-added to the,ate,form of the name.,An example is the,perchlorate,ion,ClO,4,-,.,含氧原子数比后缀-ate含氧阴离子多含氧,阴离子名字是对后缀为-,ate,名字加以前缀,per,-，如高氯酸盐离子，ClO,4,-,。,第23页,Some anions include hydrogen,such as HS,-,and HCO,3,-,.The names of these anions begin,with“hydrogen”.,一些阴离子包含氢原子，如HS,-,和HCO,3,-,，,这些阴离子名字以“氢”开头，,第24页,Thus,HCO,3,-,is the hydrogen carbonate ion.,In an older system of nomenclature,an anion,containing a hydrogen atom was named with,the prefix,bi,-,as in bicarbonate ion for HCO,3,-,.,所以，HCO,3,-,是碳酸氢根离子。在旧命名系,统中，包含氢原子阴离子是以前缀,bi,-命名，,如HCO,3,-,是碳酸氢根离子。,第25页The oxoacids are molecular compounds,that,can be regarded as the parents of,the oxoanions.,含氧酸能够被认为是含氧阴离子母酸,分子化合物。,第26页,The formulas of oxoacids are derived from,those of the corresponding oxoanions by,adding enough hydrogen ions to balance,the charges.,含氧酸分子式是从对应含氧阴离子加上,足够氢离子以平衡电荷演化而来。,第27页,This procedure is only a formal way of building,the chemical formula,because oxoacids are all,molecular compounds.,这个程序只是建立化学分子式一个正式,方法，因为含氧酸总是分子化合物。,第28页,For example,the sulfate ion,SO,4,2-,needs two,H,+,ions to cancel its negative charge,so,sulfuric acid is the molecular compound H,2,SO,4,.,比如，硫酸根离子SO,42-,需要2个H,+,来抵消它,负电荷，所以硫酸分子式是H,2,SO,4,。,第29页,Similarly,the phosphate ion,PO,4,3-,needs,these H,+,ions,so its parent acid is the,molecular compound H,3,PO,4,phosphoric acid.,类似，磷酸根离子PO,4,3-,需要3个H,+,来抵消,它负电荷，所以磷酸分子式是H,3,PO,4,。,第30页,As these examples illustrate,the names of,the parent oxoacids are derived from those,of the corresponding oxoanions by replacing,the,ate,suffix with,ic,acid.,由这些例子可见，母体含氧酸名字由对应,含氧阴离子-ate后缀被-ic替换而得。,第31页,In general,-,ic,oxoacids are the parents of,ate,oxoanions and,ous,oxoacids are the,parents of,ite,oxoanions.,通常，-,ic,含氧酸是-,ate,含氧阴离子母酸，,-,ous,含氧酸是-,ite,含氧阴离子母酸。,第32页,Names of Ionic Compounds,离子化合物名称,An ionic compound is named with the cation,name first,followed by the name of the anion;,the word ion is omitted in each case.,离子化合物先命名阳离子，再命名阴离子，,离子在命名阴阳离子时省略了。,第33页,Typical names include potassium chloride(KCl),a compound containing K,+,and Cl,-,ions,and,ammonium nitrate(NH,4,NO,3,),which contains,NH,4,+,and NO,3,-,ions.,经典名字包含氯化钾（KCl），一个包含K,+,离子和Cl,-,离子化合物。硝酸铵（NH,4,NO,3,）,包含NH,4,+,离子和NO,3,-,离子。,第34页,The copper chloride that contains Cu,+,ions,(CuCl)is called copper()chloride,and the,chloride that contains Cu,2+,ions(CuCl,2,)is,called copper()chloride.,包含Cu,+,离子氯化亚铜（CuCl）称为氯化,亚铜（I），包含Cu,2+,离子氯化物（CuCl,2,）,称为氯化铜（II）。,第35页,Some ionic compounds form crystals,that,in-,corporate a definite proportion of molecules of,water as well as the ions of the compound itself.,一些离子化合物形成含一定百分比水分子和,离子化合物晶体。,第36页,These compounds are called hydrates.For,example,copper()sulfate normally occurs,as blue crystals of composition CuSO,4,5H,2,O.,这种化合物称之为水合物。如硫酸铜（II）,通常为蓝色晶体化合物CuSO,4,5H,2,O。,第37页,The raised dot in this formula is used to,separate the water of hydration from the,rest of the formula.,公式中凸出点用来把水化物中水与分,子式其它部分分离。,第38页,This formula indicates that there are five H,2,Omolecules for each CuSO,4,formula unit.,这分子式表明每一个CuSO,4,分子式单元含,5个水分子。,第39页,Hydrates are named by first giving the,name of the compound,then adding the word,hydrate with a Greek prefix indicating how,many molecules of water are found in each,formula unit.,水合物首先以化合物名字命名，然后加上,水合物希腊前缀，表明一个分子式单元有多,少个水分子第40页,For example,the name of CuSO,4,5H,2,O is,copper()sulfate pentahydrate.,比如CuSO,4,5H,2,O为五水硫酸铜（II）。,第41页,Names of Molecular Compounds,分子化合物名称,Many simple molecular compounds are named,by using the Greek prefixes to indicate the,number of each type of atom present.,许多简单分子化合物命名使用希腊前缀,表明每一个原子存在数目。第42页,Usually,no prefix is used if only one atom of,an element is present;an important exception,to this rule is carbon monoxide,CO.,通常假如只有一个元素一个原子存在,则没有前缀，对这个规则一个主要例,外是一氧化碳CO。,第43页,Most of the common binary molecular,compoundsmolecular compounds built from,two elementshave at least one element fromGroup 16 or 17.,大部分常见二元分子化合物（分子化,合物由两个元素组成）最少有一个元素,来自16或17族。,第44页,这些元素第二次序命名，并以-,ide,结尾。,These elements are named second,with their endings changed to,ide,.,第45页,phosphorus trichloride PCl,3,dinitrogen oxide N,2,O,sulfur hexafluoride SF,6,dinitrogen pentocxide N,2,O,5,第46页,Metals with Ions of Only One Charge,仅有一个电荷金属,It is not difficult to recognize metals with,only one charge because all except one are in,two groups in the periodic table(There are also,several transition metals that form only one,cation charge,but they are not included in this,discussion.).,识别只有一个电荷金属并不难，除了一个金属,外其余均属于周期表2个族（几个过渡金属也,只形成一个正电荷，但这儿不讨论它们）。,第47页,Representative element metals in GroupA,(alkali metals)form+1 cations exclusively.,Likewise,the metals in Group A(alkaline,earth metals)form+2 ions exclusively.,IA族（碱金属）是专门形成+1价阳离子经典,金属元素，一样，IIA族（碱土金属）专门形,成+2价阳离子经典金属元素，,第48页,Aluminum in Group A form+3 ion,exclusivelybut other metals in this,group also form a+1 ion.,IIIA族铝元素专门形成+3价阳离子，,不过IIIA族别金属也能形成+1价阳,离子。,第49页,When present in metal-nonmetal binary,compounds,the nonmetals form-1 one,type of anion.,在金属-非金属二元化合物中，非金属,形成-1价阴离子。,第50页,Hydrogen and Group A(halogens)form-1,ions,Group A elements forms-2 ions,and,N and P in Group A form-3 ions.,氢和VIIA族（卤族）化合物中，卤族为-1价阴,离子，氢和VIA族化合物中，VIA族元素为-2价,阴离子，VA族N和P形成-3价阴离子。,第51页,In both naming and writing the formula for a,binary ionic compound,the metal comes first,and the nonmetal second.,在命名和书写二元离子化合物分子式时，,首先是金属，然后是非金属。,第52页,The unchanged English name of the metal is,used.(if a metal cation is named alone,the,word“ion”is also included to distinguish it,from the free metal.),不改变金属英文名字（假如一个金属阳离子,单独命名，为与元素区分，加上单词离子）。,第53页,The name of the anion includes only the,English root plus,ide,.For example,chlorine,as an anion is named chloride and oxygen,as an anion is named oxide.,阴离子名字只包含英语词根加上-ide，,比如氯作为阴离子是chloride，氧作为阴,离子是oxide，,第54页,Formula Metal Nonmetal Compound name,NaCl sodium chlorine sodium chloride,CaO calcium oxygen calcium oxide,So the names for NaCl and CuO are as follows.,所以以下是NaCl和CaO名字。,第55页,Writing formulas from names can be a,somewhat more challenging task since we,must then determine the number of each,element present in the formula.,由名字写出分子式可能稍微多一些挑战性，,因为我们必须确定分子式中每个元素数目。,第56页,What is important to remember is that the,formulas represent neutral compounds where,the positive and negative charges add to zero.,主要是记住分子式是代表中性化合物，,正负电荷加和为零。,第57页,In other words,the total positive charge is,cancelled by the total negative charge.,换句话说，全部正电荷均被负电荷抵消。,第58页,Thus,NaCl is neutral because one Na,+,is,balanced by one Cl,-,and CaO is neutral,because one Ca,2+,is balanced by one O,2-,.,所以，NaCl是中性，因为一个Na,+,由一个,Cl,-,平衡。CaO是中性，因为一个Ca,2+,由一,个O,2-,平衡。,第59页,The formula for magnesium chloride,however,requires two Cl,-,ions to balance the one Mg,2+,ion,so it is written as MgCl,2,.,然而，氯化镁需要2个Cl,-,离子平衡一个Mg,2+,离子，所以写为MgCl,2,。,第60页,Naming Compounds with polyatomic Ions,多原子离子化合物命名,第61页,Most of us are somewhat familiar with names,of polyatomic ions.We use bicarbonates and,carbonates for indigestion,as well as sulfites,and nitrites to preserve foods.,我们大多数都稍微熟悉多原子离子名字，,我们使用重碳酸盐和碳酸盐来治疗消化不良，,以及使用亚硫酸盐和亚硝酸盐来保留食品。,第62页,Most of the compounds containing polyatomic,ions are ionic,as were the compounds,discussed in the previous section.,大多数包含多原子离子化合物是离子，,同上一节讨论化合物。,第63页,Thus we follow essentially the same rules as,before.That is,the metal is written and named,first.,所以我们基本上按照前面相同规则，,即先写和命名金属。,第64页,If the metal forms more than one cation,the,charge on the cation is shown in parentheses.,The polyatomic anion is then named or written.,假如金属形成阳离子超出一个，阳离子,电荷就用括号表示，然后再命名或书写多原,子阴离子。,第65页,In many cases,the anions are composed of,oxygen and one other element.Thus these,anions are called oxyanions.,在大多数情况下，阴离子由氧和别一个,元素组成，则称这种阴离子为含氧阴离子。,第66页,When there are two oxyanions of the same,element(e.g.,SO,4,2-,and SO,3,2-,),they,of course,have different names.,当2个含氧阴离子有相同元素（如SO,4,2-,和SO,3,2-,），当然，它们名字不一样。,第67页,The anion with the smaller number of oxygens,uses the root of the element plus,ite,.The one,with the higher number uses the root plus,ate,.,较少氧数目标阴离子使用元素词根加上,ite,，,较多氧数目标阴离子使用元素词根加上,ate,。,SO,3,2-,sulfite,SO,4,2-,sulfate,第68页,There are four oxyanions containing Cl.The middle two are named as before.The one,with one less oxygen than the chlorite has a,prefix of,hypo,.The one with one more oxygen,than chlorate has a prefix of,per,.,有4个含氧阴离子包含Cl,-,，中间2个命名,同前，比亚氯酸盐少1个氧加前缀,hypo,，,比氯酸盐多1个氧加前缀,per,。,第69页,ClO,-,hypochlorite,ClO,2,-,chlorite,ClO,3,-,chlorate,ClO,4,-,perchlorate,第70页,Certain anions are composed of more than,one atom but behave similar to monatomic,anions in many of their chemical reactions.,在许多化学反应中，一些阴离子由超出一个,原子组成，不过其行为与单原子类似。,第71页,Two such examples are the CN,-,ion and OH,-,ion.Both of these have,ide,endings similar to,the monatomic anions.,如CN,-,离子和OH,-,离子，这2个离子都以,ide,结尾，与单原子类似。,第72页,Thus the CN,-,anion is known as the cyanide,ion and the OH,-,as the hydroxide ion.,所以，CN,-,被称为氰离子，OH,-,被称为,氢氧根离子。,第73页,NH,4,+,ammonium ion,Cu,2+,copper()ion,Sr,2+,strontium ion,Cu,+,copper()ion,Fe,2+,iron()ion,Zn,2+,zinc ion,H,+,hydrogen ion,Pb,2+,lead()ionAl,3+,aluminum ion,Ag,+,silver ion,第74页,Mg,2+,magnesium ion,Cr,3+,chromium(,)ion,Ba,2+,barium ion,Mn,2+,manganese()ion,Fe,3+,iron(,)ion,Ca,2+,calcium ion,Hg,2+,Mercury()ion,Cr,2+,chromium()ion,Sn,2+,Tin()ion,第75页,CO,carbon monoxide,N,2,O,3,dinitrogen trioxide,K,+,BF,4,-,potassium tetrafluoroborate,CO,2,carbon dioxide,P,2,O,5,diphosphorus pentoxide,Ag(NH,3,),2,+,Cl,-,silver diamminochloride,SO,3,sulfur trioxide,Cl,2,O,7,dichlorine heptoxide,第76页,AsO,4,3-,arsenate ion,SO,3,2-,sulfite ion,H,-,hydride ion,AsO,3,3-,arsenite ion,Br,-,bromide ion,OH,-,hydroxide ion,PO,4,3-,phosphate ion,ClO,3,-,chlorate ion,ClO,-,hypochlorite ion,PO,3,3-,phosphite ion,第77页,Cl,-,chloride ion,IO,3,-,iodate ion,CO,3,2-,carbonate ion,ClO,2,-,chlorite ion,NO,3,-,nitrate ion,CrO,4,2-,chromate ion,CN,-,cyanide ion,I,-,iodide ion,Cr,2,O,7,2-,dichromate ion,F,-,fluoride ion,第78页,O,2-,oxide ion,HCO,3,-,hydrogen carbonate ion,NO,2,-,nitrite ion,S,2-,sulfide ion,HSO,4,-,hydrogen sulfate ion,ClO,4,-,perchlorate ion,SO,4,2-,sulfate ion,HSO,3,-,hydrogen sulfite ion,MnO,4,-,permanganate ion,第79页,第80页,第81页,第82页,第83页,第84页,第85页,第86页,第87页,第88页,第89页,第90页,第91页,第92页,第93页,第94页,第95页,第96页,第97页,第98页,第99页,第100页,第101页,