互联网协议英文.pptx

Click to edit Master title style,Click to edit Master text styles,Second level,Third level,Fourth level,Fifth level,*,*,Slide Title,Body Text,Second level,Third level,Fourth level,Fifth level,Slide Title,Body Text,Second level,Third level,Fourth level,Fifth level,Internet Protocol,互联网协议英文,第1页,Overview,1.0,TCP/IP and the DoD Model,2.0IP Addressing,3.0Subnetting,互联网协议英文,第2页,1.0,TCP/IP and the DoD Model,1.1,Comparison of Dod and OSI Model,1.2The TCP/IP protocol suite,1.3The Process/Application layer Protocols,1.4The Host-to-Host Layer Protocols,1.5The Internet Layer Protocols,互联网协议英文,第3页,1.1,Comparison of DoD and OSI Model(1),The TCP/IP suite was created by the DoD,The DoD model is a condensed version of the OSI model,Application,Presentation,Session,Transport,Network,Data Link,Physical,Process/,Application,Host-to-Host,Internet,Network,Access,DoD Model,OSI Model,Node-to-node application communication,Controls user-interface specifications,Setting up the level of transmission service for applications,Takes care IP address and designate protocols for logical transmission of packets over the entire network,Oversees hardware addressing and defines protocols for the physical transmission of data,互联网协议英文,第4页,1.1,Comparison of DoD and OSI Model(2),TCP/IP Model,OSI Model,互联网协议英文,第5页,1.2,The TCP/IP Protocol Suite,Process/Application,Telnet,TCP,UDP,IP,ICMP,ARP,LAN Technologies:,Ethernet,Fast Ethernet,Token Ring,FDDI,WAN Technologies:,Serial Lines,Frame Relay,ATM,RARP,Host-to-Host,Internet,Network Access,FTP,TFTP,SMTP,LPD,SNMP,NFS,X Window,BootP/DHCP,DNS,IGMP,互联网协议英文,第6页,1.3,The Process/Application Layer Protocols,Telnet Telephone Network,FTP File Transfer Protocol,TFTP Trivial File Transfer Protocol,NFS Network File System,SMTP Simple Mail Transfer Protocol,LPD Line Printer Daemon,X Window writing a GUI-based client/server applications,DNS Domain Name Service(DNS),BootP Bootstrap Protocol,DHCP Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol,互联网协议英文,第7页,1.4,The Host-to-Host Layer Protocols,To shield the upper-layer applications from the complexities of the network,TCP(Transmission Control Protocol),Break down data from upper layers into Segment,Numbers and sequences each segment,Connection-oriented virtual circuit required,User Datagram Protocol(UDP),Break down data but not sequence the segment,Thin protocol which doesnt take up much bandwidth on a network,Connectionless no virtual circuit required,thus unreliable,For sending little message and reliability accomplished at the upper layers,互联网协议英文,第8页,1.4aTransmission Control Protocol(TCP),Connection-oriented,Session is established before exchanging data,Virtual circuit required,Reliable Delivery,Sequence numbers,Acknowledgments(ACKs),Doesnt trust the lower layers and runs its own CRC,Uses Port Numbers as Endpoints to Communicate,互联网协议英文,第9页,1.4bTCP Three-Way Handshake,Application,Transport,Internet,Network,Data,Application,Transport,Internet,Network,Data,ACK(+start byte),ACK,互联网协议英文,第10页,1.4,cTCP Segment Format,互联网协议英文,第11页,1.4dUser Datagram Protocol(UDP),Connectionless,No session is established,Does Not Guarantee Delivery,No sequence numbers,No acknowledgments,Low overhead,Reliability Is the Responsibility of the Application,Doesnt trust the lower layers and runs its own CRC,Uses Port Numbers as Endpoints to Communicate,互联网协议英文,第12页,1.4,eUDP Segment Format,Low overhead,No sequence number,No Acknowledgement number,No windows size,互联网协议英文,第13页,Transport,Application,Internet,Network,1.4fPorts Numbers(1),TCP and UDP must use port numbers to communicate with the upper layers.,Port numbers keep track of different conversations crossing the network simultaneously.,TFTP,Server,Web,Server,0.65535,0.65535,TCP Ports,20,21,UDP Port,69,TCP Port,80,Windows Sockets Interface,TCP,Protocol No.6,UDP,Protocol No.17,IP,FTP,Server,SMTP,TCP Port,25,DNS,UDP Port,53,POP3,UDP Port,110,SNMP,UDP Port,161,互联网协议英文,第14页,1.4,gPort Numbers(2),No.below 1024,Well-known port no.defined in RFC 1700,Usually in destination port to tell the receiving host the purpose of the intended connection,No.1024 and above,used by upper layers(randomly chosen)to set up sessions with other hosts,Used by TCP to use as source and destination addresses in the TCP segment,Usually in Source port to differentiate between sessions with different source hosts,互联网协议英文,第15页,1.5,The Internet Layer Protocols,For routing and providing a single network interface to the upper layer layers.,All network paths through the model go through IP.,Protocols works at the Internet Layer:,Internet Protocol(IP)essentially is the Internet Layer,and other protocols found here merely exist to support it.,Internet Control Message Protocol(ICMP),Address Resolution Protocol(ARP),Reverse Address Resolution Protocol(RARP),互联网协议英文,第16页,1.5,aInternet Protocol(IP),Addresses and Routes Packets according to the Routing Table,Fragments and Reassembles Datagrams/Packets,Connectionless,No session is established,Nonguaranteed“Best Effort”Delivery,Reliability Is the Responsibility of Higher-Layer Protocols and Applications,互联网协议英文,第17页,1.5,bIP header,*,Protocol number:01 ICMP,06 TCP,17 UDP,etc.,互联网协议英文,第18页,1.5,cInternet Control Message Protocol(ICMP),Management Protocol and messaging service provider for IP.,In router solicitation,ICMP is used to send the following events and messages(in the Data area):,Destination Unreachable,Buffer Full,Hops,Ping,Traceroute,互联网协议英文第19页,1.5,dAddress Resolution Protocol(ARP),Successful Mapping of an IP Address to a Hardware Address,ARP Uses a Local Broadcast to Obtain a Hardware Address,Address Mappings Are Stored in a Cache for Future Reference,互联网协议英文,第20页,1.5,eResolving a local IP Address,ARP Cache,150.107.7.28 08004.,ARP Cache,150.107.7.28 08004.,4,IP Address=150.107.7.28,Hardware Address=08004.,IP Address=150.107.7.29,Hardware Address=08007.,3,Hardware Address=08007.,2,1,ping,150.107.7.29,ARP,Broadcast,互联网协议英文,第21页,1.5,fResolving a Remote IP Address,A,Router,B,IP Address=150.107.3.24,Hardware Address=08004.,IP Address=150.107.7.29,Hardware Address=08009.,ARP Cache,150.107.7.7 08009.,150.107.7.1 08006.,ARP Cache,150.107.3.7 08004.,4,1,150.107.3.1,08005.,150.107.7.1,08006.,2,5,ping 150.107.7.29,ARP Cache,3,Network 1,Network 2,3,2,1,ARP Broadcast for Router Interface A,ARP Broadcast for Router Interface B,A,B,4,5互联网协议英文,第22页,1.5,gReverse Address Resolution Protocol(RARP),To discover the identity of the IP address for diskless machines with a RARP broadcast,For diskless workstation asking for its IP address,互联网协议英文,第23页,2.0,IP Addressing,2.1,IP Terminology,2.2The Hierarchical IP Addressing Scheme,2.3Network Addressing,2.4Address Class Summary,2.5Network addresses:Special Purpose and Guidelines,2.6Assigning Network Addresses,2.7Assigning Host Addresses,IP Addressing was designed to allow a host on one network to communicate with a host on a different network,regardless of the type of LANs the host are participating in.,互联网协议英文,第24页,2.1,IP Terminology,Bit/Byte,Octet,Network Address/Subnet Address/Host Address,Broadcast Address,Sending information to all nodes on a network,local/limited broadcast 255.255.255.255 all networks,all nodes,Directed broadcast all the bits of host address turned on all subnets and hosts on network,Broadcast domain a group of devices receiving broadcast frames initiating from any device within the group.Because they do not forward broadcast frames,broadcast domains are generally surrounded by routers.,互联网协议英文,第25页,2.2,The Hierarchical IP Addressing Scheme,Network ID,Host ID,32 Bits,w,.,x,.,y,.,z,.,172.16.,30.56,Example:,Class B,The IP address is a structure or hierarchical address which consists of a 32-bit binary number of 4 octets and is usually displayed in the decimal format 172.16.30.56(,dotted decimal notation,).,互联网协议英文,第26页,2.3,Network Addressing,*,The class of the Network is determined by the high order bits,*Class D is for Multicast and Class E is reserved for Research.,Class C,Class A,Network,Address,Host Address,0,Class B,Network Address,Host Address,1 0,Network Address,Host Address,1 1 0,0000 0000,0000 0001 1,.,0111 1110126,0111 1111127,1000 0000 128,1011 1111 191,1100 0000 192,1101 1111 223,互联网协议英文,第27页,2.4,Address Class Summary,Number,of Networks,126,16,384,2,097,152,Number of Hosts,per Network,16,777,214,65,534,254,Class A,Class B,Class C,Range of,Network IDs(First Octet),1 126,128 191,192 223,互联网协议英文,第28页,2.5,Network Addresses:Special Purpose and Guidelines,Network Address Cannot Be 127,127 is reserved for loopback functions and self-diagnostic,127.0.0.1 is reserved as a loopback address,Network ID and/or Host ID Cannot Be All Bits Set to 1,All 1s means“All networks”,or“all nodes”,255 is a broadcast address;a message sent to this address is broadcast to each machine on the subnet.,E.g.128.2.255.255 send to“all nodes”on network 128.2,255.255.255.255Limited Broadcast,Network ID and/or Host ID Cannot Be All Bits Set to 0,0.0.0.0-used by Cisco routers to designate the default route,0 means“this network or segment”,or“this node”,Host ID Must Be Unique to the Network,互联网协议英文,第29页,2.6,Assigning Network Addresses,Router,1,2,3,124.,x,.,y,.,z,192.121.73.,z,131.107.,y,.,z,Router,互联网协议英文,第30页,2.7,Assigning Host Addresses,Router,Router,124.0.0.,27,124.0.0.,28,124.0.0.,29,131.107.0.,27,131.107.0.,28,131.107.0.,29,192.121.73.,1,124.0.0.,1,192.121.73.,2,131.107.0.,1,124.,x,.,y,.,z,192.121.73.,z,131.107.0.,z,1,2,3,互联网协议英文,第31页,3.0,Subnetting,3.1,What is a Subnet?,3.2Why Subnetting?,3.3Implementing Subnetting,3.4Subnet Masks,3.5Default Subnet Masks,3.6Possible Subnet Masks for Class A,B&C,3.7Defining a Subnet Mask,3.8Defining a Subnet IDs,3.9Defining a Host Ids,3.10Example,互联网协议英文,第32页,3.1,What is a Subnet?(1),150.107.3.27,Subnet 1,150.107.10.0,150.107.10.12,Subnet 2,150.107.3.0,150.107.12.7,150.107.12.0,150.107.12.31,Main Network,A subnet is a subsection of an network,defined for administrative purpose or to cut down on broadcast traffic,as all messages on a network are“heard”by all hosts whether the message is for that host or not.,Message sent from one host to another within the same subnet do not need to be routed,but messages sent between hosts in different subnets must be routed.Subnets are connected by routers,or default gateways.,互联网协议英文,第33页,3.1,What is a Subnet?(2),Network ID,Host ID,1,0,Example,Network ID FROM ISP 131.107.0.0 No.of Network=1,SUBNET MASK 255.255.0.0 No.of Hosts=65534(216-2),Network ID,Host ID,1,0,We need more networks,Subnet ID,Borrow from Host ID,互联网协议英文,第34页,3.1,What is a Subnet?(3),After Subnet,Network ID become,131.107.1.0-131.107.254.0,Subnet mask become,255.255.255.0,No.of Subnets,254,Host for per Subnet,254(28-2),Network ID,Host ID,1,0,Subnet ID,Use all 8 bit 11111111,for Subnet,254 combinations(28-2)*,Only 8 bit for Host,*,However,according to RFC 1812,255 combinations can be achieved.,互联网协议英文,第35页,3.1,What is a Subnet?(4),After Subnet,Network IDSubnet Mask Host Range,131.107.1.0 255.255.255.0131.107.1.1-131.107.1.254,131.107.2.0255.255.255.0131.107.2.1-131.107.2.254,131.107.3.0255.255.255.0131.107.3.1-131.107.3.254,131.107.4.0255.255.255.0131.107.4.1-131.107.4.254,.,131.107.252.0255.255.255.0131.107.252.1-131.107.252.254,131.107.253.0255.255.255.0131.107.253.1-131.107.253.254,131.107.254.0255.255.255.0131.107.254.1-131.107.254.254,TOTAL 254 SUBNETS,254 HOSTS PER SUBNET,互联网协议英文,第36页,3.2,Why Subnetting?,Reduced network traffic,smaller the network smaller the broadcast domains and less network traffic on that network segment,Optimized network performance,result of reduced network traffic,Simplified management,easier to identify and isolate network problems in a smaller group,Facilitated spanning of large geographical distances,since WAN links are considerably slower and more expensive;connecting multiple smaller networks makes the system more efficient,互联网协议英文,第37页,3.3,Implementing Subnetting,Determine the Number of Required Network IDs,One for each subnet,One for each wide-area network connection,Determine the Number of Required Host IDs per Subnet,One for each TCP/IP host,One for each router interface,Based on the above requirement,create the following:,Define One Subnet Mask Based on Requirements,Define a Unique Subnet ID for Each Physical Segment Based on the Subnet Mask,Define Valid Host IDs for Each Subnet Based on the Subnet ID,互联网协议英文,第38页,3.4,Subnet Masks,A 32-bit value composed of 1s and 0s.The 1s in the subnet mask represent the positions that refer to the network or subnet addresses.,Distinguishes the Network ID from the Host ID,Used to Specify Whether the Destination Host is Local or Remote,If ANDed results of source and destination hosts match,the destination is local,互联网协议英文,第39页,3.5,Default Subnet Masks,Bits Used for Subnet Mask,Address,Class,Dotted,Decimal,Notation,Class A,Class B,Class C,11111111000000000000000000000000,11111111111111110000000000000000,11111111111111111111111100000000,255.0.0.0,255.255.0.0,255.255.255.0,16.200,131.107.,0.0,255.255.,131.107.,w.x.,IP Address,Subnet Mask,Network ID,Host ID,16.200,y.z,互联网协议英文,第40页,3.6,Possible Subnet Masks for Class A,B&C,Class C,255.255.255.128,255.255.255.192,255.255.255.224,255.255.255.240,255.255.255.248,255.255.255.252,255.255.255.254,Class B,255.255.128.0,255.255.192.0,255.255.224.0,255.255.240.0,255.255.248.0,255.255.252.0,255.255.254.0,255.255.255.0,255.255.255.128,255.255.255.192,255.255.255.224,255.255.255.240,255.255.255.248,255.255.255.252,255.255.255.254,Class A,255.128.0.0,255.192.0.0,255.224.0.0,255.240.0.0,255.248.0.0,255.252.0.0,255.254.0.0,255.255.0.0,255.255.128.0,255.255.192.0,255.255.224.0,255.255.240.0,255.255.248.0,255.255.252.0,255.255.254.0,255.255.255.0,255.255.255.128,255.255.255.192,255.255.255.224,255.255.255.240,255.255.255.248,255.255.255.252,255.255.255.254,互联网协议英文,第41页,3.7,Defining a Subnet Mask,Convert the Number of Segments to Binary,Count the Number of Required Bits,Convert the Required Number of Bits to Decimal(High Order),1,2,3,Example of Class B Address,Number of Subnets,Binary Value,Convert to Decimal,6,0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0,=6,(3,Bits),4+2,255 .255 .224 .0,11111111111111111110000000000000,Subnet Mask,互联网协议英文第42页,3.8,Defining Subnet IDs,255,255,0,1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1,1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1,1 1 1,0 0 0 0 0,0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0,000,00000=0,001,00000=32,010,00000=64,011,00000=96,100,00000=128,101,00000=160,110,00000=192,111,00000=224,1,2,3,224,Subnet Mask,互联网协议英文,第43页,3.9,Defining Host IDs,Subnet IDs,Host ID Range,Invalidx.y,.,32,.,1,x.y,.,63,.,254,x.y,.,64,.,1,x.y,.,95,.,254,x.y,.,96,.,1,x.y,.,127,.,254,x.y,.,128,.,1,x.y,.,159,.,254,x.y,.,160,.,1,x.y,.,191,.,254,x.y,.,192,.,1,x.y.,223,.,254,Invalid,000,00000=0,001,00000=,32,010,00000=,64,011,00000=,96,100,00000=,128,101,00000=,160,110,00000=,192,111,00000=224,Each Subnet ID Indicates the Beginning Value in a Range,The Ending Value Is One Less Than the Beginning Value of the Next Subnet ID,互联网协议英文,第44页,3.10,Example,Subnet IdsSubnet MaskNetwork IDHost Range,00000000=0,00100000=32255.255.224.0131.107.32.0131.107.32.1-131.107.63.254,01000000=64255.255.224.0131.1