第十四章The-Second-World-Warppt.pptx

单击此处编辑母版标题样式,Edit Master text styles,Second level,Third level,Fourth level,Fifth level,20/9/1,#,CHAPTER,14,the,second,world,war,EUROPE,AFTER,1918,THE,RISE,OF,FASCIST,DICTATORSHIP,IN,ITALY,HITLER,AND,THE,THIRD,REICH,DEMOCRACIES,IN,CRISIS,AGGRESSION,AND,CONQUEST,ALLIED,VICTORY,i.,EUROPE,AFTER,1918,Crisis,and,collapse,in,world,economy,International,loans,and,trade,barriers,The,Great,Depression,Stalins,rise,to,power,eUROPE,AFTER 1918,The,armistice that ended World War I in 1918 did not stop the process of social upheaval and transformations challenging attempts to restore order throughout Europe.In 1918,parts of war-torn Europe faced the possibility of revolution.Russia,where revolution had destroyed tsardom,expectantly watched revolutionary developments in countries from the British Isles to eastern Europe.The Bolshevik leaders of Russias revolution counted on the capitalist system to destroy itself.But that did not happen.By 1921,revolutions had been brutally crushed in Berlin,Munich,and Budapest.The Soviets,meanwhile,had won the civil war against those who opposed the Revolution and survived the intervention of the British,French,Japanese,and Americans.But the new Russian regime was diplomatically isolated and in a state of almost total economic collapse.,In 19171918,the United States had played a significant and central role in the waging of war and in the pursuit of peace.Under President Woodrow Wilson,who urged his country to guarantee European security and guide Europes future,the American nation seemed promising as an active and positive force in international politics.By 1921,however,the United States had retreated to a position not of isolation,but of selective involvement.With one giant,Russia,devastated and isolated,and the other,the United States,reluctant,Europeans faced an uncertain future.,four great empires,Before World War I,east-central Europe was a region divided among four great empires:the Ottoman,the Habsburg,the Russian,and the German.Under the pressure of defeat,those empires collapsed into their component national parts,and when the dust of the peace treaties had settled,the region had been molded into a dozen sovereign states.The victorious Allies hoped that independent states newly created from fragments of empire would buffer Europe from the spread of communism westward and the expansion of German power eastward.,The Great Depression,In,the history of the Western world the year 1929,has,assumed,mythic proportions.During one week in,October,of,that year,the stock market in the United States collapsed.This crash set off the,Great Depression,in an international economic system that was already plagued with structural problems.It also marked the beginning of a long period of worldwide economic stagnation and depression.A confluence of factors made Europe and the rest of the world vulnerable to reversals in the U.S.economy.Heavy borrowing and reliance on U.S.investment throughout the 1920s contributed to the inherent instability of European economies.Even Great Britain,itself a creditor,relied on short-term loans,but“borrowing short and lending long”proved to be disastrous when loans were recalled.Excessive lending and leniency were fatal mistakes of creditor nations,especially the United States.When,in the summer of 1929,U.S.investors turned off the tap of the flow of capital to search for higher profits at home,a precarious situation began to get worse.,Stalins Rise to Power,After Lenins death in 1924,Stalin shrewdly bolstered his own reputation by orchestrating a cult of worship for Lenin.In 1929,Stalin used the occasion of his fiftieth birthday to fashion for himself a reputation as the living hero of the Soviet state.Icons,statues,busts,and images of all sorts of both Lenin and Stalin appeared everywhere in public buildings,schoolrooms,and homes.Stalin systematically began eliminating his rivals so that he alone stood unchallenged as Lenins true successor.,II.,THE,RISE,OF,FASCIST,DICTATORSHIP,IN,ITALY,Mussolinis,Italy,Mussolinis,plans,for,empire,THE RISE OF FASCIST DICTATORSHIP IN ITALY,Throughout,western Europe,parliamentary institutions,representative government,and electoral politics offered no ready solutions to the problems of economic collapse and the political upheaval on the left and the right.,Fascism,promised what liberal democratic societies failed to deliver:a way out of the economic and political morass.Ruling by means of dictatorship by a charismatic leader,fascism promised an escape from parliamentary chaos,party wranglings,and the threat of communism.It also promised order and security.,Mussolinis Italy,Italy,was a poor nation.Although Italy was one,of,the victorious Allies in World War I,Italians felt that their country had been betrayed by the peace settlement of 1919 by being denied the territory and status it deserved.A recently created electoral system based on universal manhood suffrage had produced parliamentary chaos and ministerial instability.People were beginning to doubt the parliamentary regimes hold on the future.It was under these circumstances that the Fascist Party,led by Benito Mussolini(18831945),entered politics in 1920 by attacking the large Socialist and Popular(Catholic)parties.,HITLER AND THE THIRD REICH,Repeated,economic,political,and diplomatic crises of the 1920s buffeted Germanys internal stability.Most Germans considered reparations to be an unfair burden that should be resisted in every way possible.The German government did not actually promote inflation to avoid paying reparations,but it did do so to avoid a postwar recession,revive industrial production,and maintain high employment.But in 1923,the moderate inflation that stimulated the economy spun out of control into destructive hyperinflation.,III.,HITLER,AND,THE,THIRD,REICH,Hitlers,rise,to,power,Living,space,rearmament,Economic,recovery,Propaganda,racism,and,culture,Hitlers Rise to Power,Adolf,Hitler knew how to exploit the Weimar,Republics,weaknesses,for his own political ends.He denounced the reparations.He made a special appeal to Germans who saw their savings disappearing,first in inflation and then in the depression.He promised a way out of economic hardship and the reassertion of Germanys claim to status as a world power.,Hitler as Chancellor.,AdolfHitler became chancellor of Germany in January 1933 by legal,constitutional,and democratic means.The Nazi party received its heaviest support from farmers,small businessmen,civil servants,and young people.In the elections of 1930 and 1932 the voters made the Nazi party the largest party in the countryalthough not the majority one.,IV.,AGGRESSION,AND,CONQUEST,Hitlers,foreign,policy,and,Appeasement,at,Munich,The Blitzkrieg,The,fall,of,France,The,Battle,of,Britain,Destruction,of,Europes,Jews,Rearmament.,Hitler,greatly escalated the secret rearmament of Germany begun by his Weimar predecessors in violation of the Treaty of Versailles.He withdrew Germany from the League of Nations and from the World Disarmament Conference,signaling a new direction for German foreign policy.In 1935,he publicly renounced the Treaty of Versailles and declared that Germany was rearming.,Propaganda,Racism,and Culture,To,reinforce his personal power and to sell his,program,for,the total state,Hitler created a Ministry of Propaganda under Joseph Goebbels(18971945),a former journalist and Nazi Party district leader in Berlin.Goebbels was a master of manipulating emotions in mass demonstrations.Flying the flag and wearing the swastika signified identification with the Nazi state.With his magnetic appeal,Hitler inspired and manipulated the devotion of hundreds of thousands of those who heard him speak.,Hitlers Foreign Policy and Appeasement,For,Hitler,a war against the Soviet Union for,living,space,was inevitable.It would come,he told some of his close associates,in the years 19431945.However,he wanted to avoid fighting anew the war that had led to Germanys defeat in 19141918.In World War I,Germany fought on two fronts,and German soldiers,civilians,and resources were exhausted.In the next war,Hitler wanted to avoid fighting Great Britain while battling Russia.He convinced himself that the British would remain neutral if Germany agreed not to attack the British Empire.,the,Campaign Against Czechoslovakia.,Encouraged,by his success in annexing Austria in 1938,Hitler provoked a crisis in Czechoslovakia in the summer of the same year.He demanded“freedom”for the German-speaking people of the Sudetenland area of Czechoslovakia.His main objective,how-ever,was to smash the Czech state,the major obstacle in central Europe to the launching of an attack on living space farther east.,Western statesmen did not understand Hitlers commitment to destroying Czechoslovakia or his willingness to fight a limited war against the Czechs to do so.Britain,seeking to avoid war,sent Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain(18691940)to reason with Hitler.Believing that transferring the Sudetenland,the German-speaking area of Czechoslovakia,to Germany was the only solutionand one that would redress some of the wrongs done to Germany after World War IChamberlain convinced France and Czechoslovakia to yield to Hitlers demands.,Appeasement at Munich.,Chamberlains,actions were the result of British self-interest.British leaders agreed that their country could not afford another war like the Great War of 19141918.Defense expenditures had been dramatically reduced to devote national resources to improving domestic social services,protecting world trade,and fortifying Britains global interests.Britain understood well its weakened position in its dominions.In the British hierarchy of priorities,defense of the British Empire ranked first,above defense of Europe,and Britains commitment to western Europe ranked above the defense of eastern and central Europe.,War in Europe.,Hitlers,war,the war for German domination of Europe,had begun.But it had not begun the way he intended.Great Britain and France,true to their alliance with Germany on 3 September 1939,even though they were unable to give any help to Poland.In the six months after the fall of Poland,no military action took place between Germany and the Allies,because Hitler postponed offensives in northern and western Europe due to poor weather conditions.,The Fall of France.,The,French could have pinched off the advance of the overextended panzers,but the French army,suffering from severe morale problems,collapsed and was in retreat.On 17 June 1940,only weeks after German soldiers had stepped on French soil,Marshal Henri-Philippe Ptain,the great hero of the battle of Verdun in World War I,petitioned the Germans for an armistice.Three-fifths of France,including the entire Atlantic seaboard,was occupied by the German army and placed under direct German rule.In the territory that remained unoccupied,Ptain created a collaborationist government that resided at Vichy,a spa city in central France,and worked in partnership with the Germans for the rest of the war.Charles de Gaulle(18901970),a brigadier general who was opposed to the armistice,fled to London,where he set up a Free French government in exile.,Battle of,Britain,Shortly,after the withdrawal of British forces from,European,continent,in,Dunkirk evacuation,(late Mayearly June 1940),Germanys armoured forces completed their,blitzkrieg,invasion of France.The French government collapsed on June 16 and was replaced by a regime that immediately sued for peace.This left the British suddenly alone in their“island home”as the last,bastion,against“the menace of tyranny,”in the words of,Winston,Churchill,.,The Destruction of Europes Jews,In,1933,when Hitler and the Nazis came to power,they,did,not have a blueprint for the destruction of Europes Jews.The anti-Semitic policies of the Third Reich evolved incrementally in the 1930s and 1940s.After 1938,German civil servants expropriated Jewish property as rightfully belonging to the state.When the war began,Jews were rounded up and herded into urban ghettos in Germany and in the large cities of Poland.For a time,the German foreign ministry considered the possibility of deporting the more than three million Jews under German control to Madagascar,an island off the southeast coast of Africa.Until 1941,Nazi policies against the Jews were often uncoordinated and unfocused.,V.,ALLIED,VICTORY,The,Patriotic,War,of,the,Soviet,Union,The,U.S.,enters,the,war,Winning,the,war,in,Europe,Winning,the,war,in,the,Pacific,The Soviet Unions Great Patriotic War,Hitler,had always considered the Soviet,Union,Germanys,primary enemy.The 1939 Non-Aggression Pact with Stalin was no more than an expedient for Hitler.He rebuked a Swiss diplomat in 1939 for failing to grasp the central fact of his foreign policy,:,Everything I undertake is directed against Russia.If those in the West are too stupid and too blind to understand this,then I should be forced to come to an understanding with the Russians to beat the West,and then,after its defeat,turn with all my concentrated force against the Soviet Union.,German Offensive and Reversals.,Hitlers,invasion of Russia involved three million soldiers from Germany and Germanys satellites,the largest invasion force in history.It stretched along an immense battlefront from the Baltic Sea to the Black Sea.Instead of exclusively targeting Moscow,the capital,the German army concentrated first on destroying Soviet armed forces and capturing Leningrad in the north and the oil-rich Caucasus in the south.In the beginning,the German forces advanced rapidly in a blitzkrieg across western Russia,where they were greeted as liberators in Ukraine.The Germans took 290,000 prisoners of war and massacred tens of thousands of others in their path through the Jewish settlements of western Russia.,The United States Enters the War,Victory,still eluded the Allies in western Europe,where,another,nation,the United States,had now entered the fray.Although a neutral power,the United States began extending aid to the Allies after the fall of France in 1940.Since neither Britain nor the Soviet Union could afford to pay the entire cost of defending Europe against Hitler,the U.S.Congress passed the Lend Lease Act in 1941.This act authorized President Roosevelt to provide armaments to Great Britain and the Soviet Union without payment.America became“the arsenal of democracy.”The United States and Britain sent 4,100 airplanes and 138,000 motor vehicles,as well as steel and machinery,to the Soviet Union for the campaign of 1943.In all,the United States pumped$11 billion worth of equipment into the Soviet war effort between 1941 and 1945.Stalin later told Roosevelt that the Soviet Union would have lost the war with Germany without the help of the Americans and the British.,Winning the War in Europe,The,Allies did not always have the same strategies,or,concerns,.President Roosevelt and Prime Minister Churchill had already discussed common goals in the summer of 1941 before U.S.entry into the w