Lecture-31-Subordination-语法教程-(课堂PPT).ppt

单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,Chapter 31 Subordination(I),Teaching contents,1.Coordination and subordination,2.Subordinate clauses(finite),Nominal clauses,Relative clauses,Adverbial clauses,3.Some few notes on adverbial clauses,并列和从属是两种不同的连接手段。,eg.The rain stopped.,The sun came out.,The rain stopped,and,the sun came out.,When,the rain stopped,the sun came out.,从句 主句,从属：把次要思想置于结构上的从属地位，从而突出句子的主要思想。,1.Coordination and subordination,Subordinators,从属连词,Subordinate clauses,are generally introduced by,subordinators,which,in terms of,word formation,构词法,can be classified into.,simple subordinators,简单从属连词,complex subordinators,复杂从属连词,correlative subordinators,关联从属连词,marginal subordinators,.,边际从属连词,after,although,because,before,directly,for,if,immediately,lest,like,since,that,though,till,unless,until,when(ever),where(ver),whereupon,while,whilst,etc,Also known as,one-word subordinators,Simple subordinator,简单从属连词,Also known as,“,multi-word subordinators,”,Some of these end in,“,that,”,assuming that,but that,considering(that),except(that),excepting(that),for all(that),given(that),granted(that),granting(that),in that,in order that,insofar that,in the event that,now(that),provided(that),providing(that),save that,seeing(that),so(that),such that,supposing(that),Complex subordinators,复杂从属连词,Complex subordinators,复杂从属连词,Some of these end in,“,as,”,according as,as far as,as long as,as soon as,forasmuch as,inasmuch as,insofar as,insomuch as,Others include:,as if,in case,as though,Correlative subordinators,关联从属连词,Subordinators of this group are composed of,two correlative words,as as,as so,not so as,such as,the the,etc,barely/hardly/scarcely when,more/(-er)/less than,no sooner than,whether or,Marginal subordinators,边际从属连词,free lexical combinations,.,This group is sometimes hard to distinguish from complex subordinators.,even if,if only,just as,only if,every time(that),the instant(that),the moment(that),due to the fact that,in the sense that,for the reason that,by reason that,for fear(that),in spite of the fact that,in the light of the fact that,on account of the fact that,on the grounds that,regardless of the fact that,2.Subordinate clauses(finite),限定从属从句,Structurally,subordinate clauses may be finite,non-finite,or verbless.,A finite subordinate clause is one whose,predicator is,a finite verb phrase,.,Nominal clauses(,名词性分句，主,/,宾,/,补,/,同位,),Relative clauses(,关系分句，定语从句),Adverbial clauses(,状语分句，状语,),Nominal clauses,名词性分句,Also known as,“,noun clauses,”,It can perform most functions of NPs,Usually,introduced by,“,that,”,or by a wh-word such as,who,what,which,where,when,how,why,etc.,Nominal clauses can,function as,subject,object,subject complement,appositive(,同位语,),and prepositional complementation(,介词补语,),Nominal clauses,名词性分句,It,is quite clear,that,the crime was done deliberately,.,I cant,imagine,what,made him behave like that,.,The mystery,is,whether,he ever went there at all,.,My original,question,why,he did it at all,has not yet been answered.,You must give it back,to,whoever,it belongs.,(subject),(object),(subject complement),(appositive),(prepositional phrase),主语从句,the subject clause,你所说的话是正确的。,What you said,is quite true.,我们在什么地方做这个实验还在讨论。,Where we shall do the test,is still under discussion.,大家对他怎样完成这项工作的都很感兴趣。,How he managed to finish the job,is of interest to us all.,为什么早晨的太阳看上去比中午的太阳大，这事很有趣。,Why the sun in the morning looks bigger than the sun at noon,is very interesting.,Fixed Patterns of,Subject Clause,Fixed Patterns of,Subject Clause,Fixed Patterns of,Subject Clause,表语从句,the predicative clause,这就是她昨天请假的原因。,That,is,why she had a day-off yesterday,.,问题在于我们能不能在明天晚上以前完成这项工作。,The question,is,whether we can finish our work by tomorrow evening.,看起来天要下雪。,It,looks,as if it is going to snow.,事物并不总是如其表象。,Things,are,not always,as they seem to be.,宾语从句,the object clause,我知道他很友好而且好客。,I,know,that he is friendly and hospitable,.,我问他是否确信知道自己在做什么？,I,asked,him,if he is sure what he is doing,?,历史语言学家研究语言是如何随着时间的推移而发展的。,Historical linguists study how languages evolve over time.,宾语从句,the object clause,同位语从句,the appositive clause,签订了合同这件事本身很重要。,The fact,that the contract was signed,was important.,我不相信他杀了他女儿的谣言。,I dont believe,the rumor,that he has killed his daughter,.,我们听到我们中国运动员赢得了许多金牌的消息非常激动。,We were very excited at,the news,that our Chinese athletes won many gold medals,.,同位语从句,the appositive clauseor,定语从句,the object clause,对约翰昨天告诉的消息我俩都不感兴趣。,Neither of us showed any interest in the news,that,John told us yesterday.,听到暑假将要在大连度过的消息，我们非常高兴。,We are delighted at the news,that,we are going to spend our summer vacation in Dalian.,状语从句,Adverbial clauses,1.,时间状语从句；,(adverbial clause of time),2.,地点状语从句；,(adverbial clause of place),3.,原因状语从句；,(adverbial clause of cause),4.,条件状语从句；,(adverbial clause of condition),5.,让步状语从句；,(adverbial clause of concession),6.,目的状语从句；,(adverbial clause of purpose),7.,结果状语从句。,(adverbial clause of result),8.,方式状语从句；,(adverbial clause of manner),1.,时间状语从句,(adverbial clause of time),not until,as soon as,the moment(that),等我做完作业我才和你一起去。,I wo,nt,go with you,until,I finish my homework,.,我们一到家，电话就响了。,As soon as we got home,the telephone rang.,我一看见她就立刻认出她来了。,I recognized her,immediately I saw her,.,她一来到我就要见她。,I want to see her,the moment that she arrives,.,1.,时间状语从句,(adverbial clause of time),directly,no soonerthan,hardlywhen,老师一进来，大家就静了下来。,Directly the teacher came in,everyone was quiet.,他刚到机场，飞机就起飞了。,Hardly,had he reached the airport,when the plane took off,.,这些话刚一出口，他就意识到自己本来应该保持沉默。,No sooner,had the words been spoken,than,he realized that he should have remained silent.,2.,地点状语从句,(adverbial clause of place),Where,wherever,everywhere,anywhere,有志者事竟成。,Where there is a will,there is a way.,这些天你可以去你想去的地方。,You can go,wherever you like,these days.,他们每到一处，都受到热烈的欢迎。,Everywhere they went,they were warmly welcomed.,你喜欢哪儿我就带你去哪儿。,Ill take you,anywhere you like,.,3.,原因状语从句；,(adverbial clause of cause),now that,seeing that,considering that,in that,你驾驶考试既已及格，就可以独自开车了。,Now that youve passed your test,you can drive on your own.,由于天气不好，我们要呆在家里了。,Seeing that the weather is bad,well stay at home.,考虑到他只学了一年，他的英文讲得相当不错了。,Considering that hes only been learning English a year,he speaks it very well.,广告不同于其他交际形式，因为登广告的人要为其所提供的信息付费。,Advertisement is distinguished from other forms of communication,in that,the,advertiser pays for the message to be delivered.,4.,条件状语从句,(adverbial clause of condition),如果我能存下足够的钱，我就买台计算机。,I,ll buy a computer,if I am able to save up enough money,.,除非天气不好，我的父亲晚上总是去散步。,Unless the weather was bad,my father always used to take a walk in the evening.,假如你有一百万英镑,-,你怎么花呢？,Suppose you had a million pounds,how would you spend it?,假如你为我负担费用，我就同意去。,I will agree to go,providing that my expenses are paid,.,5.,让步状语从句；,(adverbial clause of concession),他们虽然没有得到官方的支持，但仍继续奋斗。,Though they lack official support,they continue their struggle.,即使我再次失败，我也绝不会放弃实验。,Even if I failed again,I will not give up the experiment.,尽管她有时很恼人，但我还是喜欢她。,I like her,even though she can be annoying,.,5.,让步状语从句；,(adverbial clause of concession),5.,让步状语从句；,(adverbial clause of concession),6.,目的状语从句；,(adverbial clause of purpose),她要七点钟备好茶点，这样她八点以前就可以出门了。,She wanted tea ready at seven,so she could be out by eight,.,他们动身很早，以便能按时到达。,They started early,so that they might arrive in time,.,他们在杭州停了下来，以便游览西湖。,They stopped at Hangzhou,in order that they could go around West Lake,.,7.,结果状语从句,(adverbial clause of result),她说话如此之快，竟没有人听出来她在讲什么。,She spoke,so,fast,that nobody could catch what she was saying,.,他讲了个很有趣的故事，以至于我们都笑了起来。,He told us,such,a story,that we all laughed,.,突然下起了大雨，因此几乎无法继续开车。,Suddenly it began to rain heavily,so that it was almost impossible to carry on driving,.,8.,方式状语从句；,(adverbial clause of manner),你怎么不听我的话赶乘末班公共汽车呢？,Why didnt you catch the last bus,as I told you to,?,她各种音乐都喜爱，和我一样。,She enjoys all kinds of music,as I do,.,她和我一样，各种音乐都喜爱。,Like me,she enjoys all kinds of music.,Assignment:,Finish all the exercise in chapter 31,Do the Tem 4 items and check the answer.,