宽心是福-Where-is-the-news-leading-us课件PPT.ppt

单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,1,Where is the news leading us?,Norman Cousins(1915-1990),2,Background knowledge,The authors political view,“Norman Cousins,(1915 1990),was an American political journalist,author,professor,and world,peace advocate,.”,-Wiki,“Cousins,longstanding,leadership as,a global peacemaker,is explored as well as,envisioning,a world within which peace and mutual respect could exist amongst all people&nations.”,“the,legendary,editor&author to explore,the power of belief,.”,-a 1984 forum at the,University of California,Berkeley,entitled“Quest for Peace,”Cousins recalled the long,editorial,he wrote on,August 6,1945,the day the,United States,dropped the bomb in,Hiroshima,.Titled“The Modern Man is Obsolete,”Cousins,who stated that he felt“the deepest guilt”over the bombs use on human beings,discussed in the editorial the social and political implications of the,atomic bomb,and,atomic energy,.He rushed to get it published the next day in the,Review,and the response was considerable,as it was reprinted in newspapers around the country,and enlarged into a book that was reprinted in different languages.,6,Background knowledge,His honor,Cousins received the,Albert Schweitzer,Prize in 1990.,(It is a prize given to people who made exemplary contributions to humanity and the environment.The prize was established in 1986 by an international grain,German,merchant,Albert Toepfer.It is named after noted humanitarian and physician,Albert Schweitzer,),Other prizes named after a person(known in the world),尤金,史密斯人道主义摄影奖,(Known in China,鲁迅文学奖、茅盾文学奖,),7,His combat with his disease,:,Told that he had little chance of surviving,Cousins developed a recovery program incorporating,megadoses(大剂量)of,Vitamin C,along with,a positive attitude,love,faith,hope,and laughter,induced by,Marx Brothers,films.,I made the joyous discovery that ten minutes of genuine belly laughter had an anesthetic effect and would give me at least two hours of pain-free sleep,he reported.When the pain-killing effect of the laughter wore off,we would switch on the motion picture projector again and not infrequently,it would lead to another pain-free interval.“,his dignity as a tough fighter against his disease,8,His notable quotes:,Death is not the greatest loss in life.The greatest loss is what dies inside us while we live,.,History is a vast early warning system.”,Question for discussion:,how does such background relate to the theme in the text?,9,Structure of the text,The text can be divided into two major parts,with the authors argument in the middle:,Part 1 from Para 1 to Para 8,Para 9 contains the authors position,Part 2 from Para 10 to Para 13,10,Part 1.,1.What is Cousinss purpose in the first 8 paragraphs?,2.Has he successfully led his readers to his conclusive argument?How does he do that?,3.His argument was presented in Para.9.Can you identify it?,The responsibility of the news media is to search out and report on important event-whether or not they come under the heading of conflict,confrontation,or catastrophe.,11,How does he bring out his view point successfully?,He begins with a question to two journalists:why are the news papers and the television news programs so disaster-prone?(para.3),He then judges their answers to be missing the point:he believes that it is not the responsibility of the journalists for the existence of negative news but.,He thinks the reason lies with the definition of the term“news”(para.4-6),12,The concept of news,Eruptive vs.non-eruptive,Disasters vs.human progress which happens only in bits and pieces.,To the author:human progress contains events worthy of coverage.(para.7-8),13,The last 4 paragraphs:,Cousins strengthens his viewpoint by citing examples of what he considers positive developments of the world(para.10),and calling attention,to the responsibility,journalists have for affecting the way people think and the role the media play in shaping the mind of the people.(para.11-13),14,Detailed analysis,Line 5:The purpose of the symposium,as I understood it,was to scrutinize the obligations of the media and to suggest the best ways to meet those obligations.,We need further information on this.,15,Professional Ethic Codes of the journalist,Public Trust,：,their first obligation is to the public,-Understand that any commitment other than service to the public undermines trust and credibility.,-Recognize an obligation to reflect the diversity of the community and guard against the over simplification of the issues and events.On the contrary,they should provide a full range of information to enable the public to make enlightened decisions.,-Not libel others.,不损坏他人名誉,(to be continued in the discussion of Text II),16,Line 15-16,He was just wondering why distortions are most reported.The news media seem to operate on the philosophy that all news is bad news.,Line 21,News is supposed to deal with happenings of the past 12 hours-24 hours at most.,Line 28,The most important ingredient in any civilization is progress,which is not eruptive and comes in bits and pieces.,17,Line 35-37(,Para.8),“An unrelieved diet of eruptive news depletes(exhausts)the essential human energies a free society needs.”,Paraphrase:A continuous amount of negative news reduces the human potential that a free society is in need of.,Question:Why?,18,Where is the negative news leading us?,An example:,the past two weeks,the world has witnessed the desecration of the bodies of American citizens in Iraq and seen the terrified faces of kidnap victims of Iraqi insurgents.On any given day,one can open the newspaper and see that some guy murdered his wife,a mother is lacking food in an urban ghetto or a study appears saying AIDS infection rates are skyrocketing.,19,I am a voracious,（贪婪的）,news reader,and,even I cannot take the saturation of violence,and other,depressing stories,in the news,any longer,.People that I have contact with have a perception that,the world is going down the toilet,（彻底没希望了）,but I believe its not as bad as it may seem.This saturation(,浸润，渗透，饱和,)of the news with violence and depressing stories is,a mischaracterization of the world that is poisoning the minds of our children,.They need to learn that for every bad and disheartening story,there are,truly uplifting ones,that go ignored every day.,20,Line 55(Para 11),We are only what we think we are,;we can achieve only those goals we dare to envision.News people provide us with the only picture we have of ourselves and of the world.,Different levels of understanding we/I and,think,21,1st:a religious understanding,Proverbs 23:7 states,“For as he thinketh in his heart,so is he.”“Life consists in what a man is thinking of all day,”said Ralph Waldo Emerson.Or,as the Buddha said in the opening line of the Dhammapada,（,句法经,）,(1:1):,“We are what we think.All that we are is the result of our thoughts.”,22,2,nd,level:a philosophical understanding,Ren,Descartes,(1596-1650),Descartes most famous statement is:,Cogito ergo sum,French,:,Je pense,donc je suis,;,English,:,I think,therefore I am;,OR,I am thinking,therefore I exist,.,He has been dubbed the Father of Modern Philosophy,and much of subsequent Western philosophy is a response to his writings,which continue to be studied closely to this day.,23,我思故我在,意思是：“当我怀疑一切事物的存在时，我却不用怀疑我本身的思想，因为此时我唯一可以确定的事就是我自己思想的存在”,24,3rd interpretation:,You are what you think you are:,The implied meaning:your attitude manipulate your way of doing things and your future achievements.,Your attitude influences how you relate yourself to the external world.,E.g.:Cousins own example of combating the serious disease:the power of belief,25,L 60(Para 12),The acquired culture is not transmitted in our genes.,The acquired culture(i.e.,the good life in a good society)can never be attained and possessed once and for all.It will not automatically be ingrained in our blood/our genetic system.,So,the wisdom of the good life in a good society needs to be transmitted through the media.,26,Para 13,Bernard de Chartres,(1080?-1167),suggested that we used history,boosting ourselves up on our experiences:“like dwarfs seated on the shoulders of giants”,Humanist and philosopher,head of the celebrated school of Chartres,in France,whose attempt to reconcile the thought of Plato with that of Aristotle made him the principal representative of 12th-century,Platonism,in the West.,27,Plato was the teacher of Aristotle.,Aristotle once said:“Plato is dear to me,but dearer still is truth”,吾爱吾师，吾更爱真理。,Aristotle refutes Platos Theory of Ideas on three basic grounds:,that the existence of Ideas,contradicts itself by denying the possibility of negations;,that his illustrations of Ideas are merely empty metaphors;,and that the theory uses impermanent abstractions to create examples of perception.,28,Bernard is a Platonist and yet the representative of a return to Nature which curiously anticipates the humanism of the early Renaissance.John of Salisbury(Metalogicus,iv.35)attributes to him two treatises,of which one contrasts the eternity of ideas with the finite nature of things,and the other is an attempt to reconcile Plato and Aristotle,.,standing on the shoulders of giants,(,Latin,:,nanos gigantum humeris insidentes,),This is a Western,metaphor,meaning“,One who develops future intellectual pursuits by understanding the research and works created by notable thinkers of the past,”;a contemporary interpretation.However,the metaphor was first recorded in the,twelfth century,and attributed to,Bernard of Chartres,.It was famously used by the,seventeenth-century,scientist,Isaac Newton,.,30,Central Concerns of Positive Psychology,积极心理学关注的主要问题,Positive,Psychology,Positive Institutions,Positive Individual Traits,Positive emotions,31,Authentic Happiness:,Using the New Positive Psychology to Realize Your Potential for Lasting Fulfil,l,ment,真正的幸福,32,Negative emotion always has the ability,to trump positive emotion,(Csikszentmihalyi),There seems to be an ideal ratio of positive to,negative 3:1 for human flourishing,(Barbara Fredrickson),33,The high prevalence worldwide of,depression,among young people,the small rise in life satisfaction,and the synergy between learning and positive emotion all argue that the skills for happiness should be taught in school.(Seligman,2009),