句子成分分析(课堂PPT).ppt

单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,句子成分分析,1,句子成分,主语,subject,谓语,predicate,宾语,object,表语,predicative,宾补,complement,定语,attribute,状语,adverbial,同位语,appositive,2,1.,I,met,my best,friend,Tom,at the station yesterday,.,主语,谓,语,定语,宾,语,同位语,状,语,3,1.,主语（,subject),：,主语是一个句子的主题，是句子所陈述的主体，一般,放于句首，可以是人，也可以是物指动作的执行者。,例,:,那个学生问了老师一些问题,.,The student asked the teacher some,questions.,主语,例,:,今天的天气非常好,.,The weather is very nice today.,主语,作主语的有：名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词、,the+,形容词和主语从句。,4,2.,谓语（,predicate),：,谓语一般是指主语的动作或状态，由动词或动词短语充当，位置一般放于主语后面。,例,:,他工作非常努力,.,He works very hard.,谓语,例,:,今天的天气非常好,.,The weather is very nice today.,谓语,例,:,他在字典里查出了这个单词,.,He looked up the word in the dictionary.,谓语,作谓语的有：及物动词或,不,及物动词短语。以及系动词,5,3.,宾语（,object),：,宾语在句子中主要充当动作的承受者，一般放于及物动词之后。,例,:,老师把灯关了,.,The teacher turned off the lights.,介宾,例,:,他们将不会伤害我们,.,They wont hurt us.,动宾,例,:,他在上个星期放弃吸烟了,.,He gave up smoking last week.,介宾,宾语,动宾,介宾6,宾语分为直接宾语和间接宾语,.,直接宾语指物,间接宾语指人,.,He gave,me,some books,.,间接,宾语,直接,宾语,Please pass,me,the book.,He bought,me,some flowers,.,作宾语的有：名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词、,the+,形容词和宾语从句,。,7,4.,表语：（,precative),表语主要用于表述主语的特征，状态，身份等。它位于连系动词后，构成系表结构。,连系动词,例,:,我是一个老师,.,I,am,a teacher.,表语,例,:,这种水果尝起来味道很好,.,This kind of fruit,tastes,very delicious.,表语,1.be,动词,(am,is,are,was,were),3.,感官动词,(look,smell,hear,feel),+,表语,2.,表状态变化的动词,(get/become/turn/keep/remain/stay),例,:,那个女孩变得非常担心,.,The girl,got,worried.,表语,作表语的有：名词、代词、数词、形容词、介词短语、表地点或方位的副词、不定式、动名词、分词和表语从句。,8,5.,定语,:(attribute),定语是用来说明名词（代词）的品质与特征的词，形容词通常作定语。,这是一节生动有趣的课,This is a,lively and interesting,class.,有一些难题要处理,There is something,difficult,to deal with.,前置定语,后置定语,It took him quite a little time to get familiar with the routes _ to the nest-shaped stadium.,花了很长时间他才熟悉通往鸟巢形的体育馆的路。,leading,9,定语,He is a,clever,boy.,They are building a,stone,bridge.,There are,54,students in our class.,Do you known,Bettys,sister?,He bought some,sleeping,pills.,There is a,sleeping,baby in bed.,His,spoken,language is good.,I met a friend on my way,home,.,(,形容词,),(,名词,),(,数词,),(,名词的所有格,),(,动名词,),(,现在分词,),(,过去分词,),(,副词,),10,作定语的有：,名词、形容词、副词、数词、介词短语、不定式、分词、动名词和定语从句，,若是词则多作前置定语，若是短语或定语从句则只能作后置定语。如,the polluted river,中的,polluted,和,the river polluted by chemicals,中的,polluted by chemicals.,11,.,状语,:(adverbial),状语是修饰动词，形容词，副词以及全句的句子成分；按用途分，可分为,时间，地点，原因，结果，目的，条件，让步，程度，方式，伴随状况,等。,表时间：,yesterday,today,tomorrow,Shall we go shopping,today or tomorrow,?,我们是今天还是明天出去买东西啊？,表地点：,in China,at the airport,I saw a student,in the classroom,.,我在教室里看见一个学生,12,表原因,:because,as,for,since,他因为生病所以今天没有去上学,Because he was ill,he didnt go to school today.,表结果：,to+do,v+ing,从句,那个男孩从树上掉下来了，头撞到地上了,The boy fell off the tree,striking his head,against the ground,.,表目的,:in order to,in order that,for the purpose,为了考入一个更好的学校，我必须更加努力,In order to get into a better school,I must,study even harder.,13,表条件,:,as/so,long as,if,unless,只要努力学习，你就会取得好成绩,As long as you study hard,you can get a,high mark.,表让步,:in spite of,despite,although,though,他虽然不认识我，但却帮了我,He helped me,although he didnt know me.,表程度,:very,enough,to some extent,那里的风景非常漂亮,The scenery there is,very,beautiful.,14,表方式,:like that,as,as if,不要那样看我,Dont look at me,like that!,表伴随状况：,老师走进教室，手里拿着一本书,The teacher came into the classroom,catching a book in his hand.,with,15,作状语的有：副词（短语）、介词短语、不定式、分词（短语）、名词短语和状语从句。状语说明时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、条件、让步、程度、方式、伴随情况等。其位置多位于句首或句尾，但表频率或程度的副词应位于句中,be,动词、情态动词和助动词之后，实义动词之前。地点和时间应按先小后大的顺序。,16,.,补语,:(complement),补语,主语补足语：,宾语补足语：,补充说明主语的动作或状态,补充说明宾语的动作或状态,我又累又困，就去睡了。,Tired and sleepy,I went to bed.,2,我发现那本书很有趣。,I found that book very,interesting.,主语补足语,宾语补足语,你的朋友来上学时心情很不好。,Your friend comes to school,very upset,.,作补足语的有：名词、形容词、介词短语、不定式和分词（短语）,17,8.,同位语,:(appositive),当两个同一事物的句子成分放在同等位置时，一个句子成分可被用来说明或解释另一个句子成分，前者就叫做后者的同位语。,我们有两个孩子，一男一女,We have two children,a boy and a girl,.,那人是我的老师，他从来都不骑自行车,The man,my teacher,never rides a bike.,I want this diary,itself,to be my friend.P 77,18,句子类型,1,、简单句：简单句只有一个主语（或并列主语）和一个谓语动词（或并列谓语动词）。如：,My brother and I go to school at half past seven in the morning and come back home at seven in the evening.,2,、并列句：并列句由并列连词或分号“；”把两个或两个以上的简单句连在一起构成。如：,It is late,so we must hurry.,3,、复合句：复合句中含有一个或一个以上的从句。如：,If we want to keep fit,we must always remember that prevention is better than cure.,从以上并列句和复合句的例句来看，我们不难看出它们实际上是由几个简单句通过并列连词或从属连词连接起来的。,19,简单句的五种基本句型,一,:,(,主谓,),二,:,(,主系表,),三,:,(,主谓宾,),四,:,(,主谓间宾直宾,),五,:,(,主谓宾宾补,),20,基本句型 一,:,(,主谓,),谓语,:,不及物动词,(vi.),没有宾语,形成主谓结构。,如,:We come.,(,不及物动词,),1.The sun,rose.,2.Who cares?,3.What he said does not matter.,4.They talked for half an hour.,5.The pen writes smoothly,21,基本句型二：,(,是系动词,),(,表语,),1.This,is,an English-Chinese dictionary.,2.The dinner,smells,good.,3.He,fell,in love.,4.Everything,looks,different.,5.He,is growing,tall and strong.,6.Our well,has gone,dry.,7.His face,turned,red.,22,连系动词有：,be,/seem,appear,(look)/keep,stay,remain,stand(still),lie(awake),/prove,turn out/look,feel,sound,smell,taste/become,grow,get,turn,go(mad,hungry,bad,wrong),come(true),fall(ill,asleep),run(mad,dry),23,基本句型 三,:,(,主谓宾,),此句型的,特点,是：谓语动词都是及物动词,必须,跟有一个宾语,即动作的承受者,才能使意思完整。,(,及物动词,),(,宾语,),1.Who,knows,the answer?,2.He,has refused,to help them.,3.He,enjoys,reading.,4.He,said,“Good morning.”,5.He,admits,that he was mistaken.,24,基本句型 四,:,(,主谓间宾直宾,),有些及物动词可以有两个宾语,e.g.,give/pass/bring/show,。,这两个宾语通常一个,指人,(,间接宾语,);,一个指物,(,直接宾语,),。,-Give me a cup of tea please.,-Give a cup of tea to me please.,give sb sth=give sth to sb,25,在此句型中，我们要掌握接动词不定式作宾语和接动名词作宾语的动词。,只接动名词的动词：,advise allow avoid admit advocate acknowledge consider deny delay enjoy excuse escape fancy forgive finish imagine,include,keep,miss,mind pardon practise permit risk resist stand stop,leave off,put off,insist on,cant help,dislike,只接不定式的动词,wish hope manage offer ask pretend decide learn desire agree care choose determine undertake expect threat promise seek,两者都接的动词：,没有区别,attempt,continue,intend,cant bear,propose,cant afford,fear,cease,略有区别,like hate love prefer;begin start,区别很大,want,need,require,deserve;,forget,remember,regret,try,mean,go on,26,(,及物,),(,多指人,),(,多指物,),She,ordered,herself,a new dress.2.He,brought,you,a dictionary.,3.I,showed,him,my pictures.,4.I,told,him,that the bus was late.,5.He,showed,me,how to run the machine.,27,基本句型 五,:,(,主谓宾宾补,),此句型的,特点,是,:,动词虽然是及物动词,但是只跟一个,宾语还不能表达完整的意思,必须加上一个,补充成分,来补足宾语,才能使意思完整。,宾语补足语,:,位于,宾语之后,对宾语作出说明的成分。,可以用作宾语补足语的有名词,形容词,不定式,动名词,分词,介词短语等。,We should keep the plants in the shade.,28,Exercises,(,一,),挑出下列句中的宾语,My brother hasnt done his homework.,People all over the world speak English.,How many new words did you learn last class?,Some of the students in the school want,to go swimming,how about you?,The old man sitting at the gate said he was ill.,29,(,二,),挑出下列句中的表语,-The old man was feeling very tired.,-The leaves have turned yellow.,-Soon They all became interested in the subject.,30,(,三,),挑出下列句中的定语,1.What is your given name?,2.I am afraid some people forgot to sweep the floor.,3.The man downstairs was trying to sleep.,4.I am waiting for the sound of the other shoe!,31,(,四,),挑出下列句中的宾语补足语,She likes the children to read newspapers and books in the reading-room.,He asked her to take the boy out of school.,She found it difficult to do the work.,They call me Lily sometimes.,I saw Mr Wang get on the bus.,32,(,五,),挑出下列句中的状语,There was a big smile on her face.,Every night he heard the noise upstairs.,He began to learn English when he was eleven.,The man on the motorbike was traveling too fast.,33,With the medicine box under her arm,Miss Li hurried off.,She loves the library because she loves books.,I am afraid that if youve lost it,you must pay for it.,The students followed Uncle Wang to see the other machine.,34,划分句子成分,You will tell your friend that youve got to school.,But as the moon gave far too much light,I didnt dare open a window.,3.Another time five months ago,I happened to be upstairs at dusk when the window was open.,4.The dark,rainy evening,the wind,the thundering clouds held me entirely in their power.,35,1.,You,will tell,（,your,）,friend,that youve got to school.,2.But,as the moon gave far too much light,I,didnt,dare open,a window.,3.,Another time five months ago,I,happened to be,Upstairs,at dusk,(,when the window was open,).,4.,The,(dark,rainy),evening,the wind,the thundering,Clouds,held,me,entirely,in their power,.,主语,谓语,间宾,定语,直接宾语,原因状语,主语,谓语,宾语,状语,36,1.There are so many people in the hall.,2.I found him out.,3.They made the girl angry.,4.They listened carefully.,5.The gas has given out.,6.The cake tastes nice.,7.He give me a book.,8.He stood quite still.,9.Have you read the story?,10.They built a house last year.,作业,37,A Lebanese who had left the country for Syria during the conflict between Israel and Hizbollah returns with her family following the ceasefire,at the Lebanon-Syria border in Magdel Anjar August 14,2006.,长难句分析,38,Even though there may be a tendency in some rare families to live extraordinarily long,the genetic influence that emerged from the studies of twins was significantly,less,than much of the public and many scientists think it is.,S+V+P,Josephine Tesauro,left,active and healthy at 92,is part of a study trying to determine why some people age better than others,even when they are closely related.,39,First put forward by the French mathematician Pierre de Format in the seventeenth century,the theorem had baffled and beaten the finest mathematical minds,including a French woman scientist who made a major advance in working out the problem,and who had to dress like a man in order to be able to study at the Ecolab polytechnique.,（,NMET2003.C,篇）,这个定理，先是由十七世纪法国数学家皮尔法特提出，曾使一批杰出的数学大师为难，包括一位法国女科学家，她在解决这个难题方面取得了重大的进展，她曾女扮男装为了能够在伊科尔理工学院学习。,简析：夹杂过去分词短语，现在分词短语，动名词及两个定语从句。,40,1They guess that racial differences in which dairy products are usually consumed,or in eating habitshaving small amounts of dairy products throughout the day,for instance,rather than a single large servingmay help explain the finding.,2.How could we possibly think that keeping animals in cagesin unnatural environmentsmostly for,entertainment purposes,is fair and respectful?,3.Human beings have agreed,in the course of centuries of,mutual dependency,to let the various noises that they can produce with their lungs,throats,tongues,teeth,and lips systematically stand for certain happenings in their nervous systems.,Homework,长难句分析,41,4.Just as social positions can be symbolized by feathers worn on the head,by gold on the watch chain,or by a thousand other things according to the culture we live in,so the fact of being hungry can be symbolized by a thousand different noises according to the culture we live in.,5.The fact that most of these young people have gone to Europeanized or Americanized societies makes it unlikely that they will hold as tightly to the value of duty as they would have if they had not left their countries.,42,翻译以下句子,1.,你的故事听起来很有趣。,You story sounds very interesting,.,2.,我感到有一点累。,I felt a bit tired.,3.,我妹妹是在农村长大的。,My younger sister grew up in the country.,4.,这家医院创建于,1950,年。,This hospital was set up in 1950.,5.,他因为车子开得太快而违反了交通规则。,He broke the traffic rule because he drove his car too fast.,43,6,、他拿出一瓶啤酒，很快将其喝光。,He brought out a bottle of beer and drank it up quickly.,7,、顺便问一下，她把钱付给你了吗？,By the way,has she paid you the money?,8,、下学期谁教你们生物？,Who will teach you biology next term?,9,、他总是把他的卧室收拾得干干净净,He always keeps his bedroom clean.,10,、什么促使你这样想的？,What made you think so?,44,