实验动物使用者职业健康与安全.pptx

Click to edit Master title style,Click to edit Master text styles,Second level,Third level,Fourth level,Fifth level,*,*,按一下以編輯母片標題樣式,按一下以編輯母片本文樣式,第二層,第三層,第四層,第五層,*,*,*,按一下以編輯母片標題樣式,按一下以編輯母片本文樣式,第二層,第三層,第四層,第五層,*,*,*,實驗動物使用者職業健康與安全,Occupational Health and Safety,in the Care and Use Laboratory Animals黃彥智,國家實驗動物中心,Email:evannlac.org.tw,实验动物使用者职业健康与安全,第1页,演講目标,1.讓學員瞭解人員使用實驗動物之職業健康與安全風險評估,2.職業健康與安全應注意事項及適當防護方法,实验动物使用者职业健康与安全,第2页,職業健康與安全之定義,(,Occupational Health and Safety),Institutional employees,fellows,students and visitors who in the course of their work with,research animals,might be exposed to hazards that could adversely affect their health and safety.,All individuals have direct contact with animals,living tissues,body fluids,wastes,实验动物使用者职业健康与安全,第3页,從事動物實驗者可能遭碰到工作傷害,1.,Allergens,2.,Biological hazards-Zoonotic diseases,3.Physical and chemical hazards,4.Protocol related hazards,实验动物使用者职业健康与安全,第4页,職業健康與安全(,Occupational Health,and Safety),計畫設計及管理,(Program design and management),計畫(Programs):,1.Knowing the hazard,2.Avoiding and controlling exposures,3.Training and education,4.Rules and guidelines,5.Consistency,6.Record keeping and monitoring,7.Commitment and coordination,实验动物使用者职业健康与安全,第5页,職業健康與安全,(Occupational Health and,Safety),管理(Management):,1.Animal care and use,2.Research,3.Environmental health and safety,4.Occupational health,5.Administration and management,6.IACUC provide links among the five above,institutional functions.,实验动物使用者职业健康与安全,第6页,動物房過敏原,(Allergens in the Animal Facility),实验动物使用者职业健康与安全,第7页,動物房過敏原,(Allergens in the Animal Facility),主要過敏原,Rats and Mice,:,urine,protein,rat n 1A,(pre-albumin),rat n 1B,(,a,2-euglobulin),Mus m 1,(produced in liver and saliva and secreted in urine,100 times in serum,male 4 times female),Rabbits,:,Ag-1,fur,(glycoprotein,major)；,Ag-2,saliva、urine(minor),Cats,:,Fel d 1,produced in sebaceous glands of the skin and coats of the hair shafts,实验动物使用者职业健康与安全,第8页,实验动物使用者职业健康与安全,第9页,動物房過敏原,(Allergens in the Animal Facility),預防(Prevention):,1.Facility design:HEPA filter,filter top,air changes and HVAC etc.,(RH:5477%),2.Work practices,(Workers should be made aware of the risks and avoid exposure as much as possible),3.Personal protective equipment(Once a person develops allergic symptoms,surgical disposable masks,are usually not effective),4.Evaluation of the allergic workers(medicines or avoid exposure completely),实验动物使用者职业健康与安全,第10页,減少暴露於動物性過敏原方法,Ventilated,hood,biosafety,cabinet,dust/surgical,mask,Animal rooms should deliver at least,10 air changes per hour,Dont wear your street clothes when working with animals.Wear,protective clothing,.Reduce your skin contact with animals by,wearing gloves and long-sleeved lab coats,Wash your hands,frequently.Wash hands,face and neck before leaving the work area,Avoid touching your hands to your face,while working with animals and animal equipment,Keep cages and your work area,clean,实验动物使用者职业健康与安全,第11页,人畜共通疾病防治,(Control of zoonotic diseases in the animal facility),1.Engineering control(facility design),2.Animal quarantine and stabilization,3.Work practices and procedures,4.Personal protective equipment,5.Training and education,6.Role of the facility director and IACUC,7.Institutional policies and rules,实验动物使用者职业健康与安全,第12页,實驗動物病原分類,A:,人畜共通傳染病,B:實驗動物致死病原,C:,非致死但可引发實驗動物發生疾病或生理功效改變,D:實驗動物機緣性病原,E:非病原但可為實驗動 物微生物條件指標,实验动物使用者职业健康与安全,第13页,各種動物實驗可能風險,(Risks by animal species),Rodent,Wild rodent,Wild Mammal,Dog&Cat,Ruminant,Pig,Primate,Allergy,O,O,X,O,O,X,O,Campylo-bacter,X,O,O,O,O,X,O,Crypto-spridiossis,X,O,O,O,O,O,O,Enteric Bacteria,X,O,O,O,O,O,O,Physical injury,X,X,O,O,O,O,O,Rabies,X,X,O,O,O,X,O,specific,X,Hanta,X,Toxopl-asmosis,Q Fever,JE,TB,实验动物使用者职业健康与安全,第14页,人畜共通傳染疾病囓齒類,病原,媒介動物,人類症狀,傳染途徑,Hantavirus,大鼠,肌痛、頭痛,吸入、咬傷,LCMV,小鼠、倉鼠,似流行性感冒,接觸糞尿咬傷,Sendai virus,小鼠、大鼠、倉鼠,呼吸道症狀,空氣,鼠咬熱,囓齒類,肌痛、頭痛,咬傷,Salmonella,囓齒類,急性胃腸炎,食物飲水,錢癬,囓齒類,皮屑、掉毛髮,接觸,肺囊虫,囓齒類、兔,咳嗽、呼吸難,空氣,实验动物使用者职业健康与安全,第15页,Hantavirus(漢他病毒),实验动物使用者职业健康与安全,第16页,怎样在實驗室預防漢他病毒感染(I),Hantaviruses are a genus in the family,Bunyaviridae,which are,lipid-enveloped viruses,with a negative-stranded RNA genome.,They are susceptible to,most disinfectants,(e.g.,dilute hypochlorite solutions,70%alcohol,or most general-purpose household disinfectants).Limited studies with Hantaan virus have shown sensitivity to a,pH,of less than or equal to,5.,Infectivity has been reported to persist in neutral solutions for several hours at 37 C and,for several days at lower temperatures,as well as in dried cell-culture medium for up to 2 days,That is why one of,the most important ways to prevent transmitting HPS,is,to carefully wet down dead rodents and areas,where rodents have been,with disinfectant,and/or bleach.,实验动物使用者职业健康与安全,第17页,怎样在實驗室預防漢他病毒感染(II),Laboratory transmission of hantaviruses from rodents to humans via the,aerosol route,is well documented.Exposures to,rodent excreta,fresh necropsy material,and animal bedding,are presumed to be associated with risk.Other potential routes of laboratory infection include,ingestion,contact of infectious materials with mucous membranes or broken skin,and,in particular,animal bitesBiosafety Level 2(BSL-2)facilities,and BSL-2 practices are recommended for laboratory handling of,sera,from persons potentially infected with the agents of HPS.,实验动物使用者职业健康与安全,第18页,怎样在實驗室預防漢他病毒感染(III),Potentially infected tissue samples,should be handled in,BSL-2,facilities,Cell-culture virus propagation,should be carried out in,BSL-3,containment facilities,Large-scale growth of the virus,including preparing and handling viral concentrates,should be performed in,BSL-4,containment facilities,实验动物使用者职业健康与安全,第19页,LCMV(淋巴球性腦膜脈絡膜炎病毒),Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus(LCMV)is a member of the family,Arenaviridae,.It is another RNA virus.,Wild mice,laboratory mice and Syrian hamsters,serve as important natural transmitters to several species,including humans.,The virus is shed in,urine,saliva,and milk,during chronic,asymptomatic infections,.In infected mice,vertical transmission,the direct transmission of the virus from parent to offspring,is considered 100%efficient.,Two forms of natural LCM infection in mice-1.,asymptomatic,viremia,with viral shedding.-2.animals,appear normal until 7-10 months,of age when an immune complex glomerulonephritis develops.Then the mice become emaciated,with rough hair coat and hunched posture,and,die.,实验动物使用者职业健康与安全,第20页,怎样在實驗室預防LCMV病毒感染,The IFA and ELISA are the serologic tests most practical for routine screening.Because of the,possibility of viremia,and inadvertent human exposure to LCMV,an often used,safety measure is to heat the serum sample to,56C for 30 minutes,prior to testing.After this heat inactivation procedure,an ELISA can be done safely in a routine manner.,If LCMV infection is detected in a colony,the colony should be destroyed immediately,for public health considerations.,Cesarean rederivation,is not an option because of the potential for in utero transmission.,实验动物使用者职业健康与安全,第21页,人員醫療評估及預防醫學,What immunizations or screening programs should be included?,Tetanus(NLAC),Rabies?,Hepatitis B?(Anti-HBs),Other immunizations?,TB testing?,Serum banking?,实验动物使用者职业健康与安全,第22页,動物感染實驗使用規範,Animal biosafety level 14,普通標準操作程序,工作人員設限並恪守生物安全性手冊,洗手,禁食,個人防護設備並且不要穿戴到別區域,去污及高壓滅菌,動物房舍門需往內開且能自動關閉,虫害防制,实验动物使用者职业健康与安全,第23页,動物感染實驗使用規範,二級以上需求,人員接收處理病原訓練,進出實驗室需管制,受污尖銳物品需特別處理,操作過程需有防護櫃,動物房外張貼警告標誌,人員接種疫苗及搜集血清樣品,任何程序或政策改變時之額外訓練,空氣循環不能至其它動物房,動物房須有去污滅菌鍋,实验动物使用者职业健康与安全,第24页,動物感染實驗使用規範,三級以上需求,全部操作程序都必須在生物安全櫃或其它防護裝置下執行,動物籠在清洗前須滅菌處理,全部廢棄物丟棄前必須高壓滅菌處理,背扣式實驗衣鞋套或消毒池,動物籠含有過濾網,雙門走道或氣室,自動式洗手台或腳控制,動物房門自動關閉且密封,非再循環空調系統,实验动物使用者职业健康与安全,第25页,動物感染實驗使用規範,四級以上需求,完全隔離之建築物,滅菌後拋棄式動物籠,門上鎖須主管或授權人員管制進出,工作人員只能由更衣室及淋浴室進出該設施並穿著類似太空裝之安全防護,全部實驗衣物須高壓滅菌處理,雙門滅菌鍋煙薰室或氣室,門窗防碎且密封,專用非再循環空調系統，廢氣需經HEPA過濾及去污或燒燬處理,实验动物使用者职业健康与安全,第26页,物理性,、,化學性及研發時相關危害,(,Physical,Chemical and,Protocol related hazards),物理性危害(Physical hazards):,1.,Animal bites,scratches,kicks and related hazards,2.Sharp objects:needles,broken glass etc.,3.Flammable materials,4.Pressure vessels,5.Lighting,6.Electricity,7.UV radiation,8.Lasers,9.Ionizing radiation,10.Noise,11.Machinery,实验动物使用者职业健康与安全,第27页,放射性動物試驗-,依原委會規範,動物房設計及使用(獨立、不滲透材質、鉛版),動物飼養管理(SOP、器具清洗、廢棄物、動物組織或屍體、工作人員保護),建立可接收之污染程度範圍(實驗室、動物房、相關器材)並例行監測實驗區域及器材,(,2millirem/hr),使用隔絕板以減少放射線物質暴露、監測工作人員暴露劑量,正確處置放射線廢棄物,安全訓練及再教育,实验动物使用者职业健康与安全,第28页,物理性,、,化學性及研發時相關危害,(,Physical,Chemical and,Protocol related hazards),化學性危害(Chemical hazards):,1.Disinfectants,Pesticides,detergents,2.Anesthetic gas and chemicals,3.Chemical for preserving tissues,formaldehyde,4.Pharmaceutics,Material Safety Data Sheet(MSDS),实验动物使用者职业健康与安全,第29页,物理性,、,化學性及研發時相關危害,(,Physical,Chemical and,Protocol related hazards),研發時相關危害(Protocol related hazards):,1.Involving chemicals of unknown hazards,2.Involving chemicals:carcinogens,mutagens and potential hazards,3.Involving infectious agents:,Levels 1,2,3,and 4,4.Procedures and manipulation,实验动物使用者职业健康与安全,第30页,危害物質使用申請程序,PI 送繳使用申請表給 IACUC,申請使用危害物質,於動物實驗之程序,申請使用危害物質,於動物實驗之程序,IACUC,審核通過,實驗動物中心,安全計劃書,安委會,動物飼養管理,注意事項,員工安全訓練,PI 動物實驗,實驗動物中心,实验动物使用者职业健康与安全,第31页,實驗動物相關之環保管理,臭氣,：,氨氣、體臭,。隔離動物室、壓差、換氣次數、飼養密度、更換墊料,噪音,：,機器、大型動物,。工作分區、隔音建材、減少發音裝置、防撞片,污水,：,糞尿、清潔消毒劑,。截流設備、廢水處理,墊料,：最大量廢棄物。每日清運、堆肥、掩埋、焚化,動物屍體,：無害性、冷凍；感染性、滅菌後冷凍。掩埋、焚化,微生物病原,：封閉式房舍、空氣過濾、滅菌處理,实验动物使用者职业健康与安全,第32页,結論,職,業健康與人員安全之要件,危險物品標示及危險性評估,人員訓練,個人衛生及個人防護,設施及操作程序之監控(permissible exposure limits),牽涉危險性物品之動物實驗,人員醫療評估及預防醫學,動物廢棄物之處理,危機處理(意外、天災、人為)、緊急通知系統,实验动物使用者职业健康与安全,第33页,參考資料,洪昭竹，實驗動物中心職業健康與安全，92年度實驗動物飼養管理專題講座暨訓練課程講義，台北，,。,實驗動物管理與使用指南，中華實驗動物學會，,。,Animal Hazard Program Risk Assessment Questionnaire.Campus Health Service.The University of Arizona,.,Johns Hopkins Animal Care and Use Training：Occupational Health and Safety.The Johns Hopkins University,Baltimore,MD,.,Occupational Health and Safety in the Care and Use of Research Animals.National Research Council,National Academic Press,Washington,DC 1997.,Occupational Health and Safety Programs:AAALAC National Meeting,Seattle,WA,Oct 12-16,实验动物使用者职业健康与安全,第34页,实验动物使用者职业健康与安全,第35页,实验动物使用者职业健康与安全,第36页,实验动物使用者职业健康与安全,第37页,实验动物使用者职业健康与安全,第38页,实验动物使用者职业健康与安全,第39页,实验动物使用者职业健康与安全,第40页,实验动物使用者职业健康与安全,第41页,实验动物使用者职业健康与安全,第42页,实验动物使用者职业健康与安全,第43页,实验动物使用者职业健康与安全,第44页,实验动物使用者职业健康与安全,第45页,实验动物使用者职业健康与安全,第46页,