历史街区的景观改造研究外文资料翻译.docx

外文资料翻译
Study on Renovation of the Landscapes of Historical Blocks
Every c ityhas i tsown specialmemories， which are incarnatedin i t s landscapesof historiceblocks Washington Charterhas presentedthe so-f ar best definitionf historicabllocks: theyire the blocks with greathistorical valuesof a cityor a town, whether they are largeor sma11, in urban or in suburban Historical blocks are not only precious heritages of historical cult in material fo，rmbut also the linking nodes connecting the present with the past as well with the future of a c ity Whenpwei design a modern ciwe not only need to make the scient ific planning f or i,t由uftuiadtsiooishould pay much attention to its local and traditional features so that it can not be ne among the landscapesof modern cities Therefore it is significantto make studies on the protection and development of historical blocks
1 The Present Status of Historical Blocks in China
Since 21th centurChina has entered a fast developing, paaidicmlany sequelaeresultedfrom rebuildingin largescaleare witnessed. Theold city blocks are usually important areas with clusters of buildings and high busin value which are favored by the real estatedevelopers. AuthorizebJy the policies many localgovernments implement " the Projectof Old Block Reconstruction" in large scale and allow the developing rights to the real es developers The demolishment and reconstructiouertainlycause the traditional style to disappear and traditional culture cannot be inherited be the old cityblocks usuallyreflecthe traditionaclitylifestyleand traditional culture . Theaterialcivi l izatiallows people enjoy the convenienceof the modern society resulted f rom new technologies
and new material,s but makes them away from the comfortsand leisure
which is resulted from the decl ine of spi.ritNowaLctaye, the residential houses and historical blocks which bear the memories of old c ity are gradual passing into obl iyitchie traditiona l culture and life style can hardly survive tl modern building.s
2 The approaches to rebuilding the historical blocks
The landscapesof historicd)llocksare the most importantbearerof the historica l valuThe values of historica l Gultsiheential cul,tcourtyard culture and the architectuiceiltureire mainly incarnatedn such substantial hards capesSuch historical blocks endow people a f eeling of spacteheind s ite layout of all,ey±e distribution of cour,tytduedsstyle of buildingd their designs should show a historicafleel in.g The historicatilocks cons i s tof ancient architectures ( including public ancient buildings and private residen houses) publ ic infrastruct,ug-esdens and service bui ldin^lsc [ 3 ] Made of wood that is apt to,dtheyancient architectures in China differ from those of Westerns which are made of stonesor bricksso thatthe ancientChinese architectures need f requent repaiThnghistorical blocks usually located in the central areas where are densely popheavedy buildings clustered they are " the gold areas" f or the real estateAdmvngoaerthe maximum prof i,t the developers usua l ly do not care about their historica l culture and va in theirreconstructi.onIn addition the historicaHlocks are not properly protected and repaired because of the shortage oltfusdsn crucial task to rebui ld the substantial landscape in the protection of hi.storica l blocks
2-1 The repairs f or old buildings The main-body buildings in the historic blocksareusual lyconsistof theoldarchitecturwhich are themost ancient Chinese-stylleuildingexcepta few. They were bui ltwithwood , bricks stones and eartdominating in wood The fol lowing steps should be adopted f or the reconstruction of ancient buildings in the historical blocks:
2-1-2 To make a survey of the data of the ancient building and identify historicavlalue.There are many culturalrelicsand historicabluildingswith high historicavlalue. A thorough survey f or the ancientarchitecturblocks must be conducted bef orethe implementationof theirreconstructioso as to make certaiiwhether the culturafelicand historica^luildingsexist. IfUch relics or buildiengisst in tbibocks theiicovering areas shoibled marked; they must be protected and repaired according to the law of relic protection When a survey f or historicalel icshas been completed, the investigations on the other old builiddhgd;ing their bui lding yset呀le design and even theirdamage , should be made and the data be recorded according to which the endangered buildings and old buildings were respectivelydentified. Tlfaormer should be reconstructednd the lattebe repaire.d
In recent years, influencedby the tide of reconstructioonf old and endangered blocksmany old buildings which can be still used are demolished and rebui.l t According to the " the theory of organic renewal" establ ished by professor Wu Liangyong i t is necessary to dist inguished what the endangered buildings and what the old buildings are; and the endangered should be saved rebui,tbut the old be repairede endangered buildings ref er to those whose bearing components are in danger and have no bearingthbilutyding may f a l ldown at any t ime, so they are out of utilization safetywhile the old bui ldingref erto thosewhose bearingcomponents have been not renewed f or long t ime but their bearing ability is still in good Ictoiidji tthaen first step to distinguish what the endangered and what the old are beforethe reconstructioand repairingf the historical blocks
2-1-2 To repairor rebui ldthe differenold bui ldingin differenways according to their own status
(1) Culturalbui lding.s The repairingf cultura buildingsmust be implemented accordingto the law of culturarelicprotection observingthe principle of " Priority f or prcftieicsttinsgaviiigeasonably uti l iza,tionictly managing" , the structural components should not be changed aswhdleibly the newly-supplemented ones should be marked their da,te^eipIL insieig the old as its originals hold
(2) Old buiIdings.The repairing and maintaining as well as inner rebuiIdi can be conducted for those old bui ldingswhich are out of repairfor a long
time The repair should not make their style and shape and structure changed reachingthe aim of repairingthe old as itsoriginalhold. Many the old traditionresidentibhi ldinghave been in use for l ivingipartmentsthough their layouts do not meet the requirement of modeTlnedefere the new requirement of owners should be taken into account and the inner structures c be adjusted and rebuilStince the volumetric rawater supply and drainage system, privacyal lcannotmeet the requirementof modern life the interior rebuilding i s mainly concentrated on replenishing the f unctional equipment The rebuilding is aiming at meet ing the requirement,of owners improving theirlivingqualit,y but unchanging the styleand featureof the building.s
(3) The endangeredbuildings. These of such bui lding,s both for l iving and for other purposehould be avoid.ed If they have landscape vatilw should be protected through technical measures and replacing the components. Otherwise they should be rebui l accordingto theirstyleand
f eatures which also should be in agreement with their neighborhood
(4) Those to be newly-bui lt. Theyhouldbe in accordwith thosein the neighborhoodboth in styleand f eature. Sucbui ldingsire clusteredntotwo
kinds, the newly-rebui 11 and the newly-developed. The f ormer should maintain the style and f eature of the .orLjgidiatlhe latter can be properly improved theirvolumetricratioand layout except f or being in agreement with their neighborhood.
(5) The buildingnegativelynfluencinghelandscape Many historical
buildings are negatively influenced by the modern buildings which, mainly high storeyedbui lding,s the architecture levationre out of agreement with the landscape influencinthe sky-l inemd the background environment Itis necessary to make elevat ional rebui lding of the buildai理snegiailchvely influence the landscapFor example the surrounding buildings of the Temple of Zhuge Liang were rebui lin the styleof residentiabuildingsin western
Sichuan 11 i s suggested that the nhiilgtli storey bui Idings in the historical blocks be dismantledexcept those which have specialreasons f or their existence The reconstruction and repairing of historical blocks should be kep in agreement of their style and feature which are the reasons for making peop have a feeling of history and place because the historicalenvironment composing of such bui ldcil^usters. Living equipment should be supplemented to the old buildings in historical blocks to meet the requirement of the own l iving. Igeneral the repairingnd reconstructiof theold bui ldingshould observe the principle of enhancing their f unction and remaining their style 2-2 Thereconstruct ion of the inf rastructures The briicsctlQsrflGaanied though the fol lowingtwo ways: ① Formed in overal lplanningand gradual ly improved. Such historical blocks were built according to their overall plannin which might be carried out by the ancient loca l government. In,anheent t ime planningof the blocks before theirconstructiomight be conducted if the economy was prosperous. The blocks in many northerncitiesare such examples.Some of them centerabout the privategardeningresidence.s The planners of such blocks were the majors in the loca l IecQHI^miy^nt time the planning of a block was carried out according to Chinese geomancy ( Fengshui). The layout and infrastructures of historical blocks canno meet the requirementof modern people thoughtheywere fullyconsideredin planning.② Formed spontaneously Some historicablocks f ormed
spontaneously centering about the temples, monasteries, even a spontaneously-f ormed residential c l iSsithr kind of bocks usua l ly f ormed in agreement with the naturalgeographyi with densely-clustererdesidential buildingisdebunching layout of which little was taken into account of the publi infrastructu.reTshere are two problems about the public infrastructures in the historicabllocks First they cannot meet the requirementof modern life; secondithey are usually out of repair and maintaining so that they are out of because of serious dam.agFeurthermoreithere problems about the water supply and drainagesystem in the historicablocksithe residentsin the blocksface with difficultien water supply as wel l as drainage Safety problem also plagues the res idents in the historicalMhhyckttached buiIdings to the originalresidentiaHui Idingswhich are densely clusteredind in want of fire-fighting system cause the blocks to be. iTihelafingelrowing principles should be adhered for the infrastructure reconstruction of the historical bloc
(1) To avoid heavy reshaping and change as less asTlposbnibleings in the historica：)llocksneed protectingo thatthe heavy reshapingcould be avoided when the inf rastructuraeise innovated. Thestructurafleaturesof the
buildings should be taken into account when the pipeline systems, are installed changing the original structure of the historical buildings as less as possibl
(2) To remain the original style and f eature The pavements of the histor i blocks have values of s ight-seeingheavy loss wi11be caused if they are
rebuil.t The construction of water supply and drainage systems will seriously get the roads destr.oyedf they must be reconstructthen original material s should be preserved during the reconstruction.The newly-selected materials wi be in agreementswith theoriginafeatur.e For example, the wel l coversare designed as pseudo-antiquein many historicatllocks, creatinghistorical feelin.g
2-3 Reshaping green landscapes There are the well-des ignedgreen landscapesin many historicd)llocks. Theyare establ ishedn the basi sof the fol lowing historical rea①The historical blocks are the developed business centersin a certainregions In such blocks, many rich men bui lttheir residencesin which gardens were theirimportantparts. Theswell-designed, fine-management gardens have high sight-seeinv alueThey were wel l
preserve,d protected and even expanded though their owners were different in differenhistoricasltages ②The green landscapein historicatilocks are usually well-protecteadnd not destroyedbecause many people believe on geomancy so thatmany ancienttreessurvived. Unlikehe historicablui ldings requiring' requentrepairand rebui lding the greeningtreescan surviveand growth without any care provided thattheircircumstancesiave not heavi ly damaged so that many ancient trees survived in suchlibltehiksconst ruction of modern cities many realestatedevelopersignorethe value of greening landscapes in the historical, bdeomklsished many historical gardens to bui Id houses and office buildii^eading to the consequence that many ancient trees disappeared The renovation of gardening landscapes in the historica l blocks should observe the fol lowing principles
(1) Takingthe protectioifirs,t tryingto remain the originalstyleand featur.e Such gardeninglandscapesusual lydominate in ancientwood , they have a long history with a certain ancienEorelhcshistorical gardens with the value of cultural ,rtehleicrs redressing should be conducted according to the law of cultural relic pro.tecAiofior the redressing of the inher ited common green landscapes some restinfacilitiean be bui l tin the areaswhi le the original style and f eature should be .reThL&nmalterials and the techniques
in the classic garden construction should be applied during redressing the gar landscape.s The protection should be put first during redressing the gardens i the historical bl,oreisaining the original style and f eature with change as less as possib.le The ancient wood should be carefully pr.otected
(2) The renovationof the recently-buigreen landscapes There are usuallyrecently-builteeninglandscapesin the historicillocks Some of them are disagreed with the landscapehe blocks Squares are built with modern materials so that the c i ties could look uicortsliodDxthe historical circumstanceto disappea.r Therefore such kind of green landscapesneed rebui lding If the landscapes have the use svachueis sma11 squa，rgreens
etc. their functions could be stil,l bmlsulrleelir structure materials and style should be adjus teThe style of the design in details should agree with that ol the historicabllocks;both the originainaterialand the modern material,s which can show the historica l style and f eature of ctctue bdoedasouraged to be applied in the reconstruDuiong the reconstruction of the historical blocks s ince many modern buildings wi11 be demolished or thebiatitched green should be also repl.anted
(3) The newly-bui llandscapesin the historicabllocks The inher ited garden landscapescannotmeet the requirement of the businessand residence purposes,while the newly-built garden landscapes need rebuilding so that they can meet the demands of busi,netosur resting and l iving f or the people addition the historicablocks usual lystand among the modern bui Iding clusters thereforbufferzones between the modern buildingsand historical blocks should be built so that t