Part-I专业英语翻译基础整套课件电子教案整本书课件全套教学教程.ppt

单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,*,第一章专业英语翻译的语言特点,1.1,专业英语的词汇特点,1.2,专业英语的语法特点,1.1,专业英语的词汇特点,1.1.1,专业词汇词义专一,在普通英语翻译中，一词多义和一义多词现象非常普遍，但在专业英语翻译中对用词的要求极为严格一个概念通常有其特定的表达，翻译时不能按其字面随意译出。,1.1.2,合成术语信息量大,事实上，人们不可能给每一个新出现的概念都用一个新单词去命名，在大多数情况下，是采用原有的单词构成词组来表示新的概念。因此，合成法,(compounding),正发挥着它在构词中的主导作用。,下一页,返回,1.1,专业英语的词汇特点,一般认为，合成法主要用以构成复合名词。复合名词是由两个或多个名词，有时还可以加上必要的形容词、分词等构成。复合名词具有构词能力强，语言简练，信息量大，语义单一，能客观、准确地传递信息等特点。,1.1.3,缩略词使用广泛,大量使用缩略词是专业英语文章的特点之一，缩略词一般是专用词汇术语、物理量等单位的缩写或一些政府机构、学术团体、科技期刊和文献等的简称。,上一页,返回,1.2,专业英语的语法特点,1.2.1,长句较多,.,多由复合句构成,道桥英语属于科技文体，长句占有很大比例，长句翻译要依据原文的句子结构，分清层次及逻辑关系，再按照汉语特点译出原文。长句翻译法通常有顺译法、倒译法和分译法等。,1.,顺译法,如果英语中的从句很长，但表达顺序和汉语大体相同，这时可采取顺译法，即,:,基本按照英语的语序，把长句拆分成汉语中的短句。,上一页,下一页,返回,1.2,专业英语的语法特点,2.,倒译法,如果英语的表达不符合汉语的表达方式，比如英语句子一般先讲主句，然后再使用从句或分句补充细节,;,或者先交代结果，再讲明原因，那么译成汉语时，可采用倒译法。,3.,分译法,有些英语长句，含有较长的定语从句、同位语从句以及较长的短语修饰语，在排列次序及表达方式上与汉语差别很大，这时可以考虑打乱原文的结构，将修饰语句单独译为一句或几句，并通过恰当的概括性词语把它们同主语连接起来，也就是运用了翻译过程中的“得其意而忘其形”的手法，使句子的眉日更加清晰，更符合汉语的表达习惯。,下一页,返回,1.2,专业英语的语法特点,1.2.2,被动语态频繁使用,.,多译成主动形式,1.,译成汉语的主动句，原句中的主语仍作主语,当原文中的主语为无生命的名词，且句中没有由,by,引导的行为主体时，原句中的主语仍作主语。,2.,译成汉语的主动句,.,原句中的主语在译文中作宾语,将英语句中介词,by,后面的宾语，即动作的发出者译成汉语的主语，原句的主语译成宾语放在动词“使”、“让”等之后。,上一页,下一页,返回,1.2,专业英语的语法特点,3.,译成汉语的主动句，加入具有广泛意义的词作主语,某些带宾语或宾补的动词用于被动语态，翻译时，需要在其前加上“人们、大家、有人”等具有广泛意义的词作主语，原来的主语译成宾语。,4.,译成汉语的被动句，强调被动动作的句子,强调被动的动作应由汉语的完全被动语态去翻译即由“被”和与“被”意义相同的“用”、“中”、“由”、“把”等被动助词来表达。,上一页,下一页,返回,1.2,专业英语的语法特点,1.2.3,定语从句逻辑关系较复杂,.,汉译时多调整语序,1.,前置法,对于较短而具有描述性的定语从句，可将其译成“的”字结构放在被修饰词前。,例,8 The smallest stress that produces a permanent deformation is known as the elastic limit.,译文,产生永久变形的最小应力称为弹性极限。,上一页,下一页,返回,1.2,专业英语的语法特点,2.,分译法,对于定语从句过长，语法关系比较复杂的句型，翻译时通常采用“分译法”，即把定语从句译成主句的并列句，放在主句之后。,例,9 The first big bridge in Australia was the Hawkesbury River railway bridge,，,whichwas built by an American company to link Sydney with Newcastle in 1889.,译文,澳大利亚第一座大桥是连接悉尼和纽卜斯尔的霍克斯伯里河铁路桥，它于,1889,年由一家美国公司承建。,上一页,下一页,返回,1.2,专业英语的语法特点,3.,融合法,把原句中的主语和定语从句融合在一起，它需要改变句子结构，用原句的主语作主语部分，原句中的定语从句作谓语部分，译成一个独立的句子。,例,10 Soft-rock tunneling has as its main characteristic the tunneling process which needsno explosives.,译文,软岩隧道施工的主要特点是在施工过程中不需要使用炸药。,上一页,下一页,返回,1.2,专业英语的语法特点,1.2.4,常使用,It,结构,.,表示非人称的语气和客观态度,1.,形式主语句,在这样的句子中，占有主语位置的词不是句子的真实主语，而是代替其真实主语的形式主语,it,。在翻译时，可译成无人称句、用真实主语代替形式主语句、主表倒置,(,即把真实主语译成表语，而把原句表语译成“,的是”判断结构作主语,),等方法。,例,11It is estimated that about one third of all accidents happen when it is dark,，,although obviously there is more traffic during daytime.(,无人称句译法,),译文,尽管自天的交通明显繁忙，但据估计，大约有三分之一的事故发生在晚上,上一页,下一页,返回,1.2,专业英语的语法特点,2.,形式宾语句,形式宾语,it,可代替句中的真实宾语，而,it,后面的说明语,(,多为形容词,),在逻辑上是主表关系它的翻译方法和形式主语句基本相同。,例,14The magnitude of such a system makes it even more imperative that sound engineering principles based on all of the best available data be used to ensure the most economical design.(,无人称句译法,),译文这一系列的宏大，使人们更加迫切地采用可靠的工程原理,(,建立在所有最合理数据基础之上的,),，以保证设计最经济。,上一页,返回,第二章专业英语翻译的基本知识,2.1,专业英语翻译标准,2.2,专业英语翻译技巧,2.1,专业英语翻译标准,2.1.1,专业英语翻译以“信”求实,翻译标准中的“信”就是必须要忠实、正确地传达原文的内容，尤其是对专业英语的翻译尤为重要。因为专业文章的任务在于准确而系统地论述专业技术问题。,2.1.2,专业英语翻译以“达”求通,翻译标准中的“达”，就是要求译文要表达通畅、明了、易懂。具体地落实到翻译中，就是要考虑到汉语的行文习惯和表达，用词避免逻辑不清、文理不通、晦涩、涩生硬、生搬硬套，这样才能表达原作的思想。,返回,2.2,专业英语翻译技巧,2.2.1,理解过程的技巧,1.,阅读全文,.,领略大意,2.,解析句子结构,.,明辨逻辑关系,3.,结合上下文,.,判断词义,2.2.2,表达过程的技巧,1.,准确贴切,.,简洁流畅,2.,表达所运用的翻译方法,下一页,返回,2.2,专业英语翻译技巧,2.2.3,核实过程的要求,在核实过程中，要注意以下几个方面,:,(1),人名、地名、日期、方位和数字的翻译,;,(2),译文的词与句有无遗漏,;,(3),译文中句子修饰成分的位置,;,(4),有无错别字,;,(5),标点符号有无错误等。,上一页,返回,Part I,专业英语翻译基础,第一章专业英语翻译的语言特点,第二章专业英语翻译的基本知识,Part II Introduction of Civil Engineering,Unit2-1Civil Engineering,Unit 2-2 Civil Engineering Materials,Unit 2-3Concrete Cracking,Unit2-4 Design Principles of Prestressed Concrete,Unit 2,一,5 Contract for Civil Engineering Construction,Unit2-1Civil Engineering,Civil engineering is defined as a general discipline of science and technology to build all engineering construction and facilities.It includes all construction objects,，,i.e.buildings,，,transportation facilities,，,infrastructures,，,etc.,，,and materials as well as profession required during the processes of design,，,construction,，,and maintenance.,下一页,返回,Unit2-1Civil Engineering,Civil engineering is the broadest disciplines in engineering fields,，,extending across many technical specialties that are not independent but interact with each other.Over the past couple of decades,，,the broad field of civil engineering has been specialized in a number of areas.Major specialties within civil engineering are:,Structural engineering;,Water resources engineering,Environmental engineering;,上一页,下一页,返回,Unit2-1Civil Engineering,Transportation engineering;,Surveying engineering;,Geotechnical engineering.,Structural Engineering Structural engineering deals with the design and construction of all types of structures including buildings and bridges(Shown in,Fig.1,and,Fig.2,).The job of structural engineers is to create the new designs or to evaluate and improve the load resistance capabilities of existing structures which may have been damaged during an earthquake.,上一页,下一页,返回,Unit2-1Civil Engineering,The structural engineer must be knowledgeable about the behavior of deformable bodies,，,about the sources,，,magnitudes and probability of occurrence of applied loads,，,about material properties,，,design philosophie and governmental design codes,，,and about computer programming and usage.,上一页,下一页,返回,Unit2-1Civil Engineering,Water Resources Engineering Water resources engineering covers the planning,，,management,，,design and operation of water supply and distribution systems,，,flood control and flood hazard mapping,，,hydrologic and hydraulic aspects of environmental problems.San Xia Dam is a famous water resources engineering in China.Shown in,Fig.3,.,上一页,下一页,返回,Unit2-1Civil Engineering,Water resources engineering usually deals with the application of fluid mechanics principles to water flow problems,，,but may also include fluids ranging from blood to magma.Some problems encountered in water resources engineering include:floods,，,sediment transport,water supply,，,wave forces,hydro-machinery,，,and the protection or restoration of surface and ground water resources.Engineers in the hydraulics/hydrology area may spend their time with applied mathematics,，,laboratory experimentation,，,or field construction and testing.,上一页,下一页,返回,Unit2-1Civil Engineering,Environmental Engineering,Environmental engineering is concerned with air pollution,，,water pollution,，,solid waste management,，,radiological hazard control,，,pesticide hazard control and water supply.Environmental engineers design systems such as,，,water treatment/distribution systems and wastewater treatment facilities to provide safe drinking water and to prevent and control pollution in water,air,land,，,and ground water.Shown in,Fig.4,.,上一页,下一页,返回,Unit2-1Civil Engineering,Transportation Engineering Transportation engineering is concerned with the movement of people and goods by means of a system of fixed facilities and a control system that permits movement in geographical space in an efficient and orderly manner.,Transportation engineers focus on the planning,，,design Systems Construction and management of transportation systems.These consist of the facilities,，,vehicles,，,control mechanisms,，,and policies that are combined to permit the efficient conveyance of people and goods.Shown in,Fig.5-Fig.7,.,上一页,下一页,返回,Unit2-1Civil Engineering,Surveying Engineering Surveying engineering is involved in the precise measurement of the earths surface to obtain reliable in formation for locating and designing engineering projects.Even before a design is completed,，,and as construction progresses,，,teams of surveying and mapping engineers are at work Modern surveying and mapping engineer use electronic instruments and even satellites to measure the dimensions of the project.Shown in,Fig.8and 9,.,上一页,下一页,返回,Unit2-1Civil Engineering,Geotechnical Engineering Geotechnical engineering is a discipline of civil engineering that deals with soil,，,rock and underground water,and their relation to design,，,construction and operation of engineering projects.,Geotechnical engineers analyze the properties of soil and rock that support and affect the behavior of structure,，,pavements and underground facilities,上一页,下一页,返回,Unit2-1Civil Engineering,They evaluate the potential settlements of buildings,，,the stability of slopes And fills,，,the seepage of ground water and the effects of earthquakes.,They take part in the design and construction of earth structures(dams,，,levees Etc.)foundations of buildings and structures such as offshore platforms,，,tunnels,，,and dams,，,and developing excavation techniques and construction methods for tunnels and other works.,上一页,下一页,返回,New Words and Expressions,discipline n.,训练,;,纪律,;,专业,;,学科 训练,:,惩罚,facility n.,容易，灵巧，设施,;,设备装备,specializev.(,使,),特殊化,;,专门研究，专门从事,(in);,特加指明，列举，逐条详述,specialtynn.,特性，性质,;,专门研究,;,专业,;,专长,;,特产,;,特点,;,细节,;,特别事项,surveynn.,纵览,;,视察,;,测量,;,俯瞰,;,调查,geotechnical adj.,地质的,;,土工的,;,岩土的,;,土力的,evaluate vt.,对,估价,.,对,作评价,上一页,下一页,返回,New Words and Expressions,magnituden.,大小长,(,度,);,尺寸，幅度,;,巨大,;,重要性,property n.,财产,;,所有物,(,不可数,);,地产，房地产,;,财产权,distribution n.,分配，分发,;,配给,;,配给物,;,分配装置,;,配给方法,;,mappingn.,绘图，测绘,;,测图,;,定位，作图,;,数映象，映射,hydrologyn.,水文学，水文地理学,magman.,稠液,:,乳浆剂,:,岩浆,:,浮悬液,上一页,下一页,返回,New Words and Expressions,radiological adj.,放射线学的,;,放射线的,;,放射性的,;,辐射的,dimension n.,尺寸,(,长，宽，高,),，尺度，线度,undergroundn.,地下,:,地铁,:,地道,:,秘密活动,adj.,地下的,;,秘密的,adj.,在地下,:,秘密地,pavementn.,路面,;,人行道,;,铺面路,;,铺路材料,settlement n.,安顿,;,解决，处理,;,结算,;,殖民，殖民地,;,沉降,seepagen.,渗出，渗出量,;,渗出现象,;,渗滤,;,渗漏,上一页,下一页,返回,New Words and Expressions,levee n.(,国王或贵族起床后的,),早朝，接见,;,大堤,excavationn.,开凿,;,开挖,;,挖掘,;,穴，洞,sediment transport,沉积物运移,:,泥沙流移,:,输砂,:,沉积物运输,focus on,集中,(,在,),上一页,下一页,返回,Unit2-1Civil Engineering,financial adj.,财政的，金融的,outcome n.,结果,;,成果,;,后果,;,结局,analysis n.,分解，分析,;,梗概，要略纲领,;,数解析，解析学，分析学,alternativen.,取舍，抉择，可供选择的事物,credit n.,信赖,:,荣誉,:,赞扬,:,贷款,:,信用证,implementation n.,执行,.,履行,落实,investor n.,投资者,.,投资方,creditorn.,债权人,;,贷方,上一页,下一页,返回,Unit2-1Civil Engineering,intangibleadj.,触摸不到的,;,无形的,;,不可捉摸的,;,难以确定的,tolln.,通行费，代价，钟声,vt.,征收,.,敲钟,.,鸣钟,vi.,征税,.,鸣钟,deterrencen.,制止,:,威慑,:,阻止,aggregate vt.,结合,;,集结,;(,使,),聚集,;,共计,上一页,下一页,返回,Unit2-1Civil Engineering,Exercises,1.Fill in the blanks with suitable words or expressions from the list given below,，,changing the form when necessary.,1._engineering deals with the design and construction of all types of structures.,2.The broadest disciplines in engineering fields is_,3.Even before a design is completed,，,teams of_ engineers are at work.,4._engineers analyze the properties of soil and rock that support and affect the behavior of structure.,上一页,下一页,返回,Unit2-1Civil Engineering,5._engineering is concerned with air pollution,，,water pollution,，,solid waste management,，,radiological hazard control,，,pesticide hazard control and water supply.,6.The movement of people and goods are studied by_engineering.,7._ engineering deals with flood control and flood hazard mapping,，,hydrologic and hydraulic aspects of environmental problems.,上一页,下一页,返回,Unit2-1Civil Engineering,11.Write T in front of a statement if it is true and write F if it is false according to the text.,1.Structural engineering is the broadest disciplines in engineering fields.,2.Survey engineers take part in the design and construction of earth structures and foundations of buildings.,3.Transportation policies can make the conveyance of people and goods more efficient.,4.Environmental engineering includes all construction objects,，,i.e.buildings,，,transportation facilities,，,infrastructures,，,etc.,上一页,下一页,返回,Unit2-1Civil Engineering,III.Translate the following sentences into Chinese.,1.Structural engineering includes all structures built according to scientific principles,，,from irrigation and drainage systems to rocket-launching facilities.,2.Civil engineering is the broadest disciplines in engineering fields,，,extending across many technical specialties that are not independent but interact with each other.,上一页,返回,Unit 2-2 Civil Engineering Materials,Civil engineering materials can be natural and manmade.They contain rock,metals,，,timber,concrete,，,bitumen,，,soil,，,polymers,，,bricks and blocks,，,etc.Besides these traditional materials,，,new types of constructional materials are also investigated and developed and will be applied gradually.,Now green civil engineering materials and The even eco-materials for civil engineering are recommended based on consideration of sustainable development.,下一页,返回,Unit 2-2 Civil Engineering Materials,This has the benefits of reducing energy,，,saving resources and protecting the environment,，,doing minimum harm to human health.,Timber Timber is known as one of the oldest civil engineering materials(,Fig.1,).In addition to its usefulness as a structural material,，,timber has also fulfilled a role in temporary structures.Although timber is a kind of sustainable resource,，,the consumption speed of forests must be slowed down because of the relative slow ness of tree growth.,上一页,下一页,返回,Unit 2-2 Civil Engineering Materials,Strength of timber is affected by factors such as density,，,moisture,content and grain structure as well as by various defects.Density is almost certainly an indication of strength:the more dense the timber has,，,the stronger it is.There is optimum moisture content and an excessively dried-out timber may have a lower strength.Grain structure and continuity are of significance in a strength context and any disruption due to growth defects or seasoning defects will induce a reduction in strength.,上一页,下一页,返回,Unit 2-2 Civil Engineering Materials,Metals Metals consist of ferrous metals and nonferrous metals.The ferrous metals mean iron and alloys made mainly from iron,，,while the nonferrous metals include all the other metals and their alloys.,The properties of metals which make them unique among constructional materials are high tensile strength,，,the ability to be formed into plate,，,sections and wire,，,and the weldability.,上一页,下一页,返回,Unit 2-2 Civil Engineering Materials,Other properties of metals are electrical conductivity,，,high thermal conductivity and metallic luster,，,which are of importance in some circumstances.Perhaps the greatest disadvantage of the common metals,，,and steels in particular,is to protect them from corrosion moist conditions and atmosphere.,上一页,下一页,返回,Unit 2-2 Civil Engineering Materials,Concrete Concrete is a man-made composite the major constituent of which is natural aggregate(such as gravel and sand)and binding medium(such as cement paste,，,bitumen and polymers).The binding medium is used to bind the aggregate particles together to form a hard composite material.(,Fig.4,),上一页,下一页,返回,Unit 2-2 Civil Engineering Materials,Normal concrete has a comparatively low tensile strength and for structural applications it is normal practice either to incorporate steel bars to resist any tensile forces(steel reinforced concrete)or to apply compressive forces to the concrete to counteract these tensile forces(prestressed concrete or