名词+冠词+代词(课堂PPT).ppt

单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,词汇与语法结构,名词,1,词类,词性,/,词类,英文缩写,例词,名词,n.,worker,radio,代词,pron.,we,his,数词,num.,seven,third,形容词,adj./a.,clean,happy,动词,v.,teach,sing,副词,adv./ad.,hard,clearly,冠词,art.,a(an),the,介词,prep.,about,from,连词,conj.,and,if,感叹词,int.,oh,aha,2,名词可以分为,专有名词,（,Proper Nouns,）和,普通名词,(Common Nouns,）。,专有名词是某个（些）人，地方，机构等专有的名称，如,Beijing,，,China,等。,普通名词是一类人或东西或是一个抽象概念的名词，如：,book,，,sadness,等。,1.,名词,3,1,）个体名词（,Individual Nouns,）：表示某类人或东西中的个体，如：,gun,。,2,）集体名词（,Collective Nouns,）：表示若干个个体组成的集合体，如：,family,。,3,）物质名词（,Material Nouns,）：表示无法分为个体的实物，如：,air,。,4,）抽象名词（,Abstract Nouns,）：表示动作状态、品质、感情等抽象概念，如：,work,。,*个体名词和集体名词可以用数目来计算，称为,可数,名词（,Countable Nouns,），物质名词和抽象名词一般无法用数目计算，称为,不可数,名词（,Uncountable Nouns,）。,普通名词又可分为下面四类：,4,名词分类表,5,1.1,名词复数的规则变化,6,以,y,结尾的专有名词，或元音字母,+y,结尾的名词变复数时，直接加,s,变复数：如：,two Marys,the Henrys,monkey-monkeys,holiday-holidays,比较：层楼：,storey-storeys,story-stories,2),以o,结尾的名词，变复数时：,a.,加,s,，如：,photo-photos,piano-pianos,radio-radios,zoo-zoos,；,b.,加,es,，如：,heroes;negroes;potatopotatoes;,tomato-tomatoesc.,均可，如：,zero-zeros/zeroes,1.2,其它名词复数的规则变化,7,3),以,f,或,fe,结尾的名词变复数时：,a.,加,s,，如：,belief-beliefs,roof-roofs,safe-safes,gulf-gulfs,；,b.,去,f/fe,加,ves,，如：,half-halves,knifeknives,leaf-leaves,wolf-wolveswife-wives,life-lives,thief-thieves,；,c.,均可,如：,handkerchief:,handkerchiefs/handkerchieves,1.2,其它名词复数的规则变化,8,1,）,child-children,foot-feet,tooth-teeth,mouse-mice,man-men,woman-women,注意：与,man,和,woman,构成的合成词，其复数形式也是,-men,和,-women,。,如：,an Englishman,，,two Englishmen.,但,German,不是合成词，故复数形式为,Germans,；,Bowman,是姓，其复数是,the Bowmans,。,2,）单复同形如：,deer,，,sheep,，,fish,，,Chinese,，,Japanese,li,，,jin,，,yuan,，,two li,，,three mu,，,four jin,但除人民币元、角、分外，美元、英镑、法郎等都有复数形式。如,:a dollar,two dollars;,a meter,two meters,1.3,名词复数的不规则变化,9,3,）集体名词，以单数形式出现，但实为复数。,如：,people,police,cattle,等本身就是复数，不能说a people,，,a police,，,a cattle,，,但可以说,a person,，,a policeman,，,a head of cattle,the English,，,the British,，,the French,，,the Chinese,，,the Japanese,，,the Swiss,等名词，表示国民总称时，作复数用。,如：,The Chinese are industries and brave.,中国人民是勤劳勇敢的。,4,）以,s,结尾，仍为单数的名词，如：,a.maths,，,politics,，,physics,等学科名词，为不可数名词。,b.news,是不可数名词。,c.the United States,，,the United Nations,应视为单数。,如：,The United Nations was organized in 1945.,联合国是,1945,年组建起来的。,d.,以复数形式出现的书名，剧名，报纸，杂志名，也可视为单数,如：,The Arabian Nights is a very interesting story-book.,是一本非常有趣的故事书。,1.3,名词复数的不规则变化,10,5),表示由两部分构成的东西，如：,glasses(,眼镜,),trousers,clothes,，若表达具体数目，要借助数量词,pair(,对，双,);,suit(,套,),等,;,a pair of glasses;two pairs of trousers,6,）另外还有一些名词，其复数形式有时可表示特别意思，如：,goods,货物，,waters,水域，,fishes,（各种）鱼,1.3,名词复数的不规则变化,11,1,）物质名词,a.,当物质名词转化为个体名词时。,比较：,Cake,is a kind of food.,蛋糕是一种食物。,(,不可数,),These,cakes,are sweet.,这些蛋糕很好吃。,(,可数,)b.,当物质名词表示该物质的种类时，名词可数。,This factory produces,steel,.,(,不可数,),We need various,steels,.,(,可数,)c.,当物质名词表示份数时，可数。,Our country is famous for tea.,我国因茶叶而闻名。,Two teas,please.,请来两杯茶。,1.4,不可数名词量的表示,12,2,）抽象名词有时也可数。,four freedoms,四大自由,the four modernizations,四个现代化物质名词和抽象名词可以借助单位词表一定的数量。如：,a glass of water,一杯水,a piece of advice,一条建议,1.4,不可数名词量的表示,13,名词作定语一般用单数，但也有以下例外。,1),用复数作定语。如：,sports meeting,运动会,students reading-room,学生阅览室,talks table,谈判桌,the foreign languages department,外语系,2)man,woman,gentleman,等作定语时，其单复数以所修饰的名词的单复数而定。如：,men workers,women teachers,gentlemen officials,1.5,定语名词的复数,14,3),有些原有,s,结尾的名词，作定语时，,s,保留。如：,goods train(,货车,),arms produce,武器生产,customs papers,海关文件,clothes brush,衣刷,4),数词,+,名词作定语时，这个名词一般保留单数形式。如：,two-dozen eggs,两打,/,（二十四个鸡蛋,),a ten-mile walk,十里路,two hundred trees,两百棵树,a five-year plan,一个五年计划,a seven-year-old child,1.5,定语名词的复数,15,名称总称,(,谓语用复数）一个人两个人,中国人,the Chinese,a Chinese,two Chinese,瑞士人,the Swiss,a Swiss,two Swiss,澳大利亚人,the Australians an Australian two Australians,俄国人,the Russians,a Russian,two Russians,意大利人,the Italians,an Italian,two Italians,希腊人,the Greek,a Greek,two Greeks,法国人,the French,a Frenchman two Frenchmen,日本人,the Japanese,a Japanese,two Japanese,美国人,the Americans,an American,two Americans印度人,the Indians,an Indian,two Indians,加拿大人,the Canadians,a Canadian,two Canadians,德国人,the Germans,a Germans,two Germans,英国人,the English,an Englishman,two Englishmen,瑞典人,the Swedish,a Swede,two Swedes,1.6,不同国家的人的单复数,16,在英语中有些名词可以,加,s,来表示所有关系，带这种词尾的名词形式称为该名词的所有格，如：,a teachers book,。名词所有格的规则如下：,1,）单数名词词尾加,s,，复数名词词尾没有,s,，也要加,s,，如,the boys bag,男孩的书包,mens room,男厕所,the teachers desk,讲台,2,）若名词已有复数词尾,-s,，只,加,，,如：,the workers struggle,工人的斗争,the teachers office,教师办公室,3,）凡不能加,s,的名词，都可以用,名词,+of+,名词,的结构来表示所有关系，如：,the title of the song,歌的名字。,1.7,名词的格,17,4,）在表示店铺或教堂的名字或某人的家时，名词所有格的后面常常不出现它所修饰的名词，如：,the barbers,理发店。,5,）如果两个名词并列，并且分别有,s,，则表示,分别有,；只有一个,s,，则表示,共有,。如：,Johns and Marys rooms,（两间）,John and Marys room,（一间）,6,）复合名词或短语，,s,加在最后一个词的词尾。如：,a month or two,s absence,1.7,名词的格,18,代词是代替名词的一种词类。,大多数代词具有名词和形容词的功能。,英语中的代词，按其意义、特征及在句中的作用分为：,人称代词、物主代词、指示代词、自身代词（反身代词）、相互代词、疑问代词、关系代词和不定代词,八种。,2.,代词,19,2.1,人称代词、物主代词、反身代词,20,2.1,人称代词、物主代词、反身代词,.,人称代词,人称代词不仅指人,人称代词的顺序,:,单数：,you,she and I;,复数,:we,you and they,.,物主代词表示所有关系的代词，也可叫做代词所有格。物主代词分形容性物主代词和名词性物主代词二种,*物主代词与冠词不能连用,.,反身代词,oneself,表示“我自己”、“你自己”、“他自己”、“我们自己”、“你们自己”和“他们自己”等的代词。,*与介词连用,by oneself=alone,独自地,for oneself,为自己,of oneself,自动地，自发地,to oneself,独占；独用,*与动词连用,be oneself,处于正常状态，显得自然,devote oneself to doing,enjoy oneself help oneself to sth.,自行取用,seat oneself=sit,就坐,come to oneself,苏醒过来,dress oneself in,穿着,.make oneself at home,不要客气,21,指示代词、相互代词,.,指示代词表示“那个”、“这个”、“这些”、“那些”等指示概念的代词。指示代词有,this,，,that,，,these,，,those,such,the same,等。,如：,That is a good idea.,那是个好主意。,1.that,those,可代表前面提到过的名词，以免重复。,The climate of South China is much better than,that,of Japan.,The population of China is much larger than,that,of India.,2.,当前面出现两个名词时，指代最前面的用,that,，较后面的用,this.,Health,is above,wealth,this,can not give so much happiness as,that,.,3.such,与可数,n.,单数连用，,such an),He is such an interesting man.,Its the same to me.,.,表示相互关系的代词叫相互代词，有,each other,和,one another,两组，但在运用中，这两组词区别不大。,如：,They love each other.,他们彼此相爱。,22,.,不是指明代替任何特定名词的代词叫做不定代词。常见的不定代词有,all,，,both,，,each,，,every,等，以及含有,some-,，,any-,，,no-,等的合成代词，如,anybody,，,something,，,no one,。这些不定代词大都可以代替名词和形容词，在句中作主语、宾语、表语和定语，但,none,和由,some,，,any,，,no,等构成的复合不定代词只能作主语、宾语或表语；,every,和,no,只能作定语。如：,-Do you have a car?,-,你有一辆小汽车吗？,-Yes,，,I have one.,-,是的，我有一辆。,-I dont know any of them.,他们，我一个也不认识。,.,疑问代词有,who,，,whom,，,whose,，,what,和,which,等。在句子中用来构成特殊疑问句。疑问代词都可用作连接代词，引导名词性从句（主语从句、宾语从句和表语从句）,如：,Tell me who he is.,告诉我他是谁。,.,关系代词有,who,，,whom,，,whose,，,that,，,which,，,as,等，可用作引导从句的关联词。,(,详见定语从句讲解,),23,1.,冠词是一个虚词，本身不能单独使用，也没有词义，它置于名词之前，来限定名词的意义。英语中的冠词可分为,定冠词（,the,），不定冠词（,a/an,）,和,零冠词三类。,The,gentleman,who is,a,European,is,an,expert in language teaching.,3.,冠词,24,3.1,位置,2.,多个限定词修饰一个名词时，冠词一般居首位。,a new bike a beautiful little girl,*,但少数结构特殊：,all/both/half+the+n.,such/quite/what+a(n)+adj.+n.,so/how/too/as+adj.+a(n)+n.,such a rich country=so rich a country/quite a rich country/what a rich country,=how rich a country/too rich a country,as rich a country as America,25,冠词,3.a,用于辅音音素开头的单词前；,an,用于元音音素开头的单词前。,都是指,音标,，不是指字母,an American family,a university student of physics,4.,第一次提到某人或某物时，一般用,a,或,an,。特指前文所提到的人或物要用,the,；指谈话双方都知道的人或物时要用,the,。,He planned,a game,which he called it“Lexico”.However,he was not completely satisfied with,the game.,26,冠词,5.,表“类别”时，不可数名词前一般不用任何冠词,;,复数可数名词前不用冠词；单数可数名词前可加,a,（,n,），（是以其中的一个来表示一类）也可加,the,（用来指出事物的整体，暗示与其他类事物区别开来）。,Modern people know more about health,have better food and live in cleaner surroundings.,Some people read books or watch TV while others have sports.,Have you seen a pen?I left it this morning.Is it a black one?I think I saw it somewhere.,Alexander Granham Bell invented the phone in 1876.,27,冠词,6.,当,n.,后面有后置定语时，前面多用,the,，特指某人或某物；但若指一类事物时（尤其是,下定义,的句子），前面则常用,a/an,。,In Hangzhou Mr.Green was so stuck by the beauty of nature that he stayed for another night.,A shoe factory is a factory where shoes are made.,7.,西洋乐器名称前用,the,，而中国民族乐器前不用冠词。,play the piano,Ah Bing played Erhu very well.,8.,序数词前一般用,the,。但有时用“,a,（,n,）,+,序数词”结构表示“又一”，“再一”。,the sixth floor a fourth time,28,冠词,9.,形容词或副词的最高级前一般要用,the,；副词前的,the,常可省略。但“,a(n)+,最高级”结构表示“非常,”,，“极其,”,。,John has three sisters.Mary is the cleverest of the three.,That was a most exciting game.,10.,表自然现象的,n.,前要用,the,；但其前有,adj.,修饰时，则常用,a/an,。,The wind is rising.Its a fair wind.,a west wind/a warm gentle wind,in,the,rain in,a,heavy/light/fine rain,11.“a+,不可数,n.”,常使抽象,n.,具体化为“一种”；通常抽象,n.,前不加任何冠词。,Knowledge is power.,Many people agree that a knowledge of English is a must in international trade today.,a big/great success,29,冠词12.,表三餐的,n.,前一般不用冠词；但若其前面有修饰性的词形容时，用,a/an,；如特指某餐时用,the,。,What did you have for breakfast?,Lets have a light supper.,This is a good lunch.,How do you like the breakfast?,13.,表季节，月份，星期的,n.,前一般不用冠词；但若表特指时可用,the,，表示具有某种特点时可用,a/an,。,August comes before September.,Its cold in winter.,This happens in the spring of 1992.,It was a hard winter.,30,冠词,14.,学科,n.,前一般不加冠词；但表特指时要加,the,。,She is a newcomer to chemistry but she has already made some important discoveries.,Whats the English for“,钢笔”,?,15.,表示西方节日的,n.,前一般不用冠词，但仅中国有的节日名称前常用,the,。,New Years Day May Day,Christmas Day/Eve April fools day,Easter Day Thanksgiving Day,Fathers Day,the Spring Festival,the Lantern Festival,the Mid-autumn Festival,31,冠词,16.,专有名词前一般不用冠词；但“,a,（,n,）,+,人名”可表示“一个名叫,的人”或“一个具有某名人特色的人”。若是由普通,n.,构成的专有,n.,，则其前多用,the,。,There is a Smith waiting for you at the door.,Everyone should learn from Lei Feng and try to be,a Lei Feng.,I came from the Peoples Republic of China.Im from China.,the World Health Organization,the Chinese Communist Party,the White House,17.,表示报纸的名称前常加,the,，但表示杂志的名称前常不加,the,。,The Times The New York Times,the Peoples Daily,Time New Scientist Reader,*,以专有,n.,起首，不用,the.,China Daily,32,冠词,18.,有些短语中用冠词与不用冠词含义不同。go to school go to the school,be in the hospital/go to the sea/in the church/go to the college/take the place(of)/at the table/a few people/a little water/the two of us/in the front of,19.,表“方位”的名词前要用,the,。,Benin(,贝宁,)is one of the smallest African states.It lies in West Africa on the Gulf,（海湾）,Of Guinea(,几内亚,),to the south of Burk in a Faso and Niger,between Togo on the east.,20.,在特指两者中“较,的那个人或物”时，要在比较级前加,the,。,Which is the larger country,Canada or Australia?,33,冠词,21.,在表“独一无二”的事物的名词前用,the,。,the moon/sun/sky/universe/world/earth,*a wonderful world,22.the,用于表示“越,越,”,的句型中。,The more you read,the more you get.,23.,表示“某一家人”，或“某一对夫妇”的复数姓氏,n.,前要用,the,。,the Smiths/the Whites/the Browns,24.,江河，山脉等专有,n.,前用,the,。,the Yellow River the Yangtze River,the Himalayas the Pacific Ocean,the Sahara Desert the English Channel,Taiwan island Mount Jolmo Lungma,Lake Michigan,34,冠词,25.the,与某些名词连用，表示一个民族，阶级或阶层。the Chinese the working class,26.,表示计量单位的,n.,前用,the,。,Pencils are sold by the dozen.,论打,I rented the house by the month.,按月,You can hire the car by the hour.,按小时,Gasoline is sold by the gallon.,加仑,27.,表示文娱，艺术活动的名词前用,the,。,the concert/movies/cinema/theatre,28.,在句型“动词,+,人,+,介词,+the+,人体部位”中要用,the,（而不用物主代词）。,On,一般用于,head,，,nose,等硬部位的名词前，,in,一般用于,eye,face,等软部位的名词前，,by,一般用于,arm,hand,等前，且前面的,v.,往往是,lead,catch,seize,take,等。,35,冠词,29.,某些固定短语中必须用,the,。,30.,某些固定短语中必须用,a/an,。,31.,名词前有形容词性物主代词或名词所有格，指示代词，,no,等作修饰语时，不用冠词。,32.,表示职位，尤指一人担任的职位的名词作表语，补足语或同位语时不用冠词。,33.,表示体育活动（尤指球类活动）和游戏的名词前不用冠词。,36,