听力理解——对话.doc

听力理解——对话（全面版）资料
听力理解——对话
对话的常考题型
1． 主旨要义题：问对话讨论的是什么。
a. 尽量在脑海中描述出正进行的对话：对谁在进行对话，在哪里进行对话做一定的假设；
b. 尤其注意听一些关键词，被重复的词等等；
c. 对所听到的内容进行归纳，什么是中心思想；
d. 特别注意提问句，因为对话通常是一问一答，答的内容通常是围绕问题展开的。
常见的就对话主题而提的问题有：
What is the main topic of the conversation?
What are the speakers mainly discussing?
What is the subject of this conversation?
What is the main idea of the conversation?
Which of the following best summarizes the conversation?
2． 身份职业题：问说话者的身份、职业以及两者的关系等。
常见的就身份、职业及人物关系而提的问题有：
What is the person’s probable vocation/job?
Who are the speakers?
What is the relationship between the two speakers?
Who is the woman/man speaking to?
常见的身份、职业及其相关的词语和句子：
Customer and shop-assistant (salesgirl)
for sale on sale discount 30 percent off
selling season size style fashion
in stock out of stock price change
refund warranty deliver交付 sales slip销货单,销售发票
What can I do for you? I’m looking for…
I’d like to have … How much …?
Professor/teacher and student
course assignment credit tuition
freshman sophomore junior senior
undergraduate postgraduate register graduate
graduation ceremony term paper mid-exam final
summer course grade semester/term quiz
vacation scholarship
Customer and waiter/waitress
menu order dessert main course
delicious taste reservation bill
Can I help you, sir/madam? Are you ready to order?
May I take your order now? I’d like to try…
Can I have my bill, please? How would you like your beef?
Doctor and patient
headache stomachache backache catch a cold
flu running nose fever run a temperature
symptom examination check-up take one’s temperature
X-ray indigestion blood pressure infection
diagnose prescribe(prescription) medicine pill
tablet give an injection operation recover
What’s the matter with you?
Postman and customer
parcel/package postcard stamp telegram
postage airmail registered letter
Bank clerk and customer
deposit withdraw draw out savings
account account number open an account balance
cash traveler’s check cash a check interest rate
Airport staff and traveler
check in check out first class economy
Single/return flight number reservation book a ticket
Confirm/confirmation arrival departure delay
Boarding card boarding gate take off transit
Librarian and student
Library card periodical journal magazine
Catalogue call number due renew
Overdue over-due time
Hotel staff and customer
lobby front desk reservation reception desk
receptionist check in check out single room
double room rate key card Room Service
3． 地点方位问题：问对话发生的地点与场景。
School: assignment, lecture, paper, exam, campus, dorm, grades
Bank: account, cash, check, deposit, savings
Hospital/Clinic: prescription, symptom, temperature, cold, fever, stomachache, pain, trouble
Restaurant: menu, soup, drink, beverage, dish, beef, chicken, order, bill
Airport/Station: train, coach, car, timetable, take off, passenger
Post Office: parcel, package, stamp, letter, airmail, regular mail, postage, rate
关于地点的提问形式通常为：
Where does/did the conversation probably take place?
Where are the man and woman speaking?
Where are the speakers now?
Where will the man/the woman go?
Where is the man/the woman?
4． 时间数字计算体：对对话中出现的一些时间和数字进行提问，通常要经过一些简单的运算。
听力试题所涉及的数字包括：年代、时间、年龄、距离、速度、价格、数量等，要求回答对话或某事在什么时间发生；或某人在什么时间做某事；或价格、数量等。在做数字计算题时，考生除了应该听清具体的数字，还应该注意表示倍数、百分率等的量词，例如： double, half, dozen, couple, thirty percent, three times, decade, century等等。同时，还要注意与数字有关的词，例如：more, less, before, ago, later等等。此外还要注意文中较长的数字。
此类问题的提问形式通常为：
When/ At what time did the conversation/dialogue take place?
When is the man/ the woman going to…?
How much/How many…?
How long…?
How often…?
另外，当对时间进行提问时，也可能不用数字而用表示时间的短语来表示，考生应注意以下几点：
a. 根据表示时间的关联词来判断事件发生的时间，如：before, after, when, while, then, until, later, right away, immediately, as soon as possible等。
b. 掌握年、月、日、星期等时间的表达方法。注意一些表示时间的词，如 quarter, a couple of days, twilight, eve, fortnight(two weeks), dawn(daybreak), dusk(time just before it gets quite back)等。同时注意英、美不同的时间表达方式，如：2：15读作 a quarter past two(英)或 two fifteen（美）；2：30读作 half past two(英) two thirty（美）等。
c. 有时候，文中通过从句或短语表示时间，而不出现具体表示时间的数字或表示时间概念的单词，这种情况也要引起注意。例如：“Aren’t you glad the semester’s over?”可以判断出时间为“at the end of the semester”。
d. 从选择项看到时间和数字题型后，要集中精力获取时间和数字的信息。把听到的表示时间的数字顺序记下来，并理解各项数字之间的关系。这样做是因为文中有时不仅仅出现一个表示时间的数字。如果单靠听而不做任何记录，最后很容易混淆数字间的关系，无法正确回答问题。
e. 听的时候注意近音的干扰要能准确区分：-teen /′ti:n/和/ti/。它们的区别不仅在于一个是长元音/i:/，另一个是短元音/i/；而且/′ti:n/是重读音节，而/ti/不重读。
f. 时间推算也是对话题目中的考点，同学们要学会英语中表示时间提前或推后的方法，如：提前或提早5分钟 five minutes ahead of time; five minutes ahead of schedule; five minutes early; early by five minutes.推迟或吃到5分钟 five minutes later; five minutes behind schedule; late by five minutes; be delayed/postponed for five minutes.
g. 为了快而准地对数字有所反应，同学们要熟悉一些单词和表达方式：
时间：five o’clock sharp (5点整)；on the dot(整点)；the day before yesterday(前天); the day after tomorrow(后天);this time next week(下周此时); a fortnight(两周); weekly(每周); monthly(每月)；quarterly(每季)；yearly/annually(每年); a decade(十年)；B.C.(公元前)。
数字：one half/ a half; one and half; a quarter/ one fourth; five sixths; zero point five(0.5); one point five two(1.52); a couple of; million; billion。
货币：a dollar/ a buck; five cents/ a nickel; a dime; a quarter/twenty-five cents; a pound; penny。
有关计算的表达：plus/add/addition（加）; minus/take off（减）; ,multiply（乘）; divide（除）; double（翻倍）; triple（增加倒三倍）; two more（多两个）; three less（少三个）; half the price（半价）; thirty percent off/ discount of 30%（打七折）; at 15% discount（打八五折）。
5． 事实推理题：对对话中出现的一些细节进行提问，或者要求考生通过所听到的细节进行推理。
a. 以事实为依据的问题要求考生回忆对话中的细节；尽量从上下文中推测不熟悉的单词的含义；在听的过程中尽快浏览各项选择，以便预测一些问题；并对听到的信息进行分析、判断。
对事实的提问形式有：
What does sb. do
What is sb. going to do?
What/Which of the following is not mentioned in the dialogue?
What does the speaker/listener seem most concerned about?
What does the conversation say about…?
Why does sb. do sth.?
What is the purpose of …?
What is the cause of …?
b. 推理引申问题要求考生推测出某些细节的结果或对某些细节进行比较。
引申问题要求应试者推测出某些细节的结果或对某些细节进行比较。回答引申问题时应特别注意对话的最后部分。在听的过程中尽快浏览各选择项，以便做出某些预测；运用常识猜测某个细节可能有的结果。
常见的引申问题有：
It can be inferred from the conversation that…
The man/woman most probably…
What will the man/woman probably do next?
What can be concluded from the dialogue/conversation?
What does the speaker mean?
6． 观点态度题：问说话者对某事或者某话题的看法和观点。
对话中经常涉及到一方对另一方或某一事件、观点、言论、行为的态度和反应，或赞成或反对，或满意或失望，喜怒哀乐等各种情绪。此类题目的解题方法有：
a. 语音语调。英语中，语调主要有升调、降调两种，另外还有升降调和降升调。不同的语调表达不同的含义。例如，陈述句用升调表示说话者抱有迟疑、犹豫的态度；用降调表示肯定。反意疑问句如果反意部分是降调，就表示肯定，希望得到赞同或支持；反之，则表示征求对方的意见或不耐烦。
b. 提示词和关键词。考生可以根据一些提示性的语言或一些相关的词语进行判断，如 I think…; It seems to me that…; As far as I’m concerned, I could say…; It is/sounds true that...同时还要注意表示否定、转折和虚拟等含义的指示词。如，I’d be sacked if I accepted your offer.所表达的是拒绝。
c. 从字里行间判断。录音材料的内容、材料中不会直接说明态度，但在字里行间会有渗透，考生在听懂对话的基础上，依据语气，充分理解其言外之意和所反映出来的态度。
常见的就语气而提问的问题有：
What is the man’s/woman’s attitude toward the conversation?
How does the man/woman feel?
The man’s/woman’s feeling toward the subject can be best described as…?
提高对话的听力技巧及策略
一、 利用考试间隙，预读考题
二、 掌握出题形式，抓住听的重点
三、 把听到的内容做一定的语言代换也是出题的考察意图之一
1、 同义词或近义词
You will hear: We’ll leave for airport as soon as I finish typing the article.
Correct choice: We’ll go to the airport immediately after I complete the typing of this article.
2、 反义词选择
You will hear: I was compelled to stay in the hotel.
Correct choice: I was not allowed to leave the hotel.
3、 同类词或下义词选择
Scarlet, crimson, red是同类词；cabbage和carrot都归属于vegetable。
4、 句子成分转换选择
You will hear: Motorcycles are more dangerous than bicycle.
Correct choice: Bicycles aren’t as dangerous as motorcycles.
四、注意语言功底的积累
听力对话的场景及相关词汇归纳
听力对话部分都是一个个场景，即生活中的某个片断。在毫无准备的情况下，让考生去判断对话两人短短几句话的内容，无疑是很难的。所以我们应对听力对话的一个首要办法就是在头脑中“预存”一些考试常用的场景，看到或听到几个关键词就能迅速反应出可能是属于哪个场景的，这样理解其对话内容来就容易多了。
四级听力对话的场景总结出来基本上有三类：学校生活（最多），公共场合，日常生活如：学习选课场景、打工场景、天气场景、看病场景、图书馆场景、论文场景、租房场景、出行场景、餐馆场景、减肥场景、丢东西捡东西场景、电脑场景、度假场景、选校场景等等。
场景词汇的概念：某个场景所经常使用或专门使用的词汇。我们一听到或看到这些词汇马上就能与特定场景联系起来，从而迅速进入状态，更好的理解对话内容。甚至有时可以从选项中的场景词汇推断对话的场景，可能谈到的内容方向，以及可能问什们问题。
对场景词汇的掌握应到什么程度：听力对话中的词汇都是比较简单的，因此最起码应该全部认知。在此基础上，应该对这些词的发音十分熟悉，做到一听到马上能做出反应。所以对这部分词汇的要求要比词汇题、阅读题的高，要会读会听。
1.学校场景：新生入学报到场景、课程设置及规定介绍场景、家庭作业分析场景、课堂演示场景，师生咨询场景，评论老师
⑴选课：
course 课程 take courses 选课 required courses/ compulsory courses 必修课
elective courses/ optional courses 选修课 specialized course专业课 basic course基础课
credit 学分 major 专业  
关于学科的单词

literature文学  
math/mathematics 数学              
philosophy哲学
history历史                  
art艺术
sociology社会学              
linguistics语言学
psychology心理学            
engineering工程学
architecture建筑学            
business商务
law法学                    
economics经济学
marketing 市场营销
finance 金融学                
accounting会计学
banking银行学              
biochemistry生物化学
例句：
1)        I’m thinking of five courses next semester.
Wouldn’t four be wiser?
2)        You took an optional course this semester, didn’t you?
⑵讲课、听课、听讲座、评论老师：
attend a lecture上课        
miss a class缺课 (可能会涉及到生病看病场景)
cut a class/ play a truant 旷课            
lecture 演讲
handout 上课老师发的印刷品，阅读材料
class list 学生名单
catch sb’s words 听清某人的话（可能涉及到同意不同意他的观点的讨论）
follow sb 能跟上某人的思路，能听懂某人的话
confused 迷惑的，不懂的 confusing 让人摸不着头脑的
schedule=school timetable课程表
例句：
1)        She becomes nervous when it comes to learning mathematics.
2)        Do you mind if I borrow your notes?
3)        I can’t leave now. I have an appointment with my professor at three o’clock.
4)        Weren’t you nervous when the professor called on you in the class?
 I’d say I was shaking all over.
5)        My teacher thinks I’m making progress.
6)        I find the lessons well worth the time and trouble.
7)     I’d better read one of the articles for our political science class.
8)     Would you like have a copy of professor Smith’s article?
Thanks, if it’s not too much trouble.
9)     It seems like the more the professor talks, the less I understand.
10)        The topic was interesting, but the lecture was much more difficult to follow than I had expected.
11)        Why don’t you come in office hours?
12)        Professor White’s presentation seemed to go on forever. I was barely able to stay awake.
 How could you sleep through it? It was one of the best that I have ever heard on this topic.
 It’s very important to the mission we are going to carry out.
⑶作业
a.书面作业（论文，报告）
assignment/homework 作业 project 研究课题 （直接理解为“作业”即可）
paper/thesis/article 论文 term paper 学期论文 essay 短论文，文章

survey 调查 investigation 调查 research 研究，查询资料，可能会涉及到library图书馆场景
report 报告deadline 最后期限 meet the deadline 按时完成rewrite 重写，改写
revise 修订，修改写论文的步骤及可能出现的情况：第一步，选题topic，选题难，范围广。第二步，查询资料research，图书馆场景。第三步，打出论文。typewriter 打字机，computer 计算机，printer 打印机，laser printer 激光打印机，laptop 笔记本电脑。论文没打完，typewriter/computer坏了break down ，或者typewriter需要新的色带ribbon或者printer没墨ink了。
b. presentation 口头演讲，口头报告, 针对某一专题进行的发言：
同义词：report, speech, address。
考点：I. 着装正式 formal clothes（考试中另一个考到着装正式的考点是interview面试）
穿便装 wear casual clothes (sportswear, sports suit, jeans, jacket)
         II. 演讲人的内心感受：nervous紧张的 calm 平静的，镇定的 cool 冷静的
c. reading assignment 阅读作业：
文科学生reading list读书清单。抱怨需要读的书多。

professor 教授
associate professor副教授
tutor 导师
lecturer 讲师
teaching assistant助教TA
dean 系主任
president 大学校长
faculty/teaching staff 教职员工的总称

例句:
1)     Tom looks awfully nervous, doesn’t he?
I’m afraid he’s not used to making speeches.
2)        If I were you though, I’d rewrite the last two paragraphs to make it better.
3)        But you have to revise some parts of it, I’m afraid, if you want to get it published.
4)        How are you getting on with you essay, Mary? I’m having a real hard time with mine
After two sleepless nights, I’m finally through with it.
⑷校园生活：
campus 校园 on campus 在学校
tuition/tuition fee学费                
canteen 餐厅
dining hall 食堂
cafeteria 自助小餐厅
accommodation 住宿
dorm/dormitory 宿舍
dormmate  / roommate   同宿舍的人
boarder住宿生              
commuter 走读生
laboratory/lab 实验室
after-school activities课外活动
student union 学生会
society 学生社团
club 学生俱乐部
parking lot 停车场
parking regulations 停车规定
shopping mall 购物中心
teaching building 教学楼/教室楼
lecture theatre 大教室/阶梯教室
administrating office/admin office 行政办公室

apple pie 苹果派（好吃）
在考题中形容apple pie好吃的句子举例如下：
(1) Even my mother's can't match this.
(2) I took the last one, and it was out of the world.
(3) You wouldn't have to force me to take another helping.
(5)考试、毕业：

semester/term学期            
examination/exam/test 考试
midterm （examination） 期中考试
final examination 期末考试
quiz小测验    
open-book exam开卷考
pop test抽考                
oral/written exam 口试/笔试
review 复习
go over one’s note 复习笔记
stay up熬夜
bring sb. up to date 帮某人赶上功课
draw near/approach （考试）临近
school record 成绩单
pass/ fail/ make up an exam 通过/未通过考试/补考
mark/score/grade分数 ，成绩  
full marks 满分 
scholarship/ fellowship奖学金
department 系，部
graduate school 研究生院
undergraduate 本科生（在校大学生）
postgraduate/graduate student 研究生
degree 学位
Bachelor’s degree 学士学位
Master’s degree硕士学位              
Doctor’s degree博士学位 （PhD）
diploma=graduation certificate毕业证书
graduation ceremony=commencement毕业典礼 drop out (of school) 辍学              
quit school退学
expel sb from school开除

例句：
1)     I am worried about those classes I missed when I was sick.
2)     I’ll try to bring you up-to-date on what I’ve done.
3)     I heard you’ve got full marks in the math exam. Congratulations.
4)        I failed in the physics exam again in spite of all the efforts I made.
5)        Should he do that when the final exam is drawing near?

(6)打工、找工作场景
a.搜集工作信息，来源如下：classified ad 分类广告  help and wanted section 供求关系版
      bulletin board 公告板  flier 传单
b.打 确认工作是否还有空缺vacancy, position available
申请某个公司或职位 apply for/to fill in/ fill out/ fill up application form 填写申请表 application letter 申请信
公司招聘雇员 recruit employees
c.准备工作简历resume
d.面试interview：需携带证书certificates；需出示身份证明identification；判断你是否具有 qualification；出示推荐信reference letter
自己能胜任 fit for/ qualified for/ competent
自己有竞争力 competitive vigorous/energetic (精力充沛的)
f.得到了工作：get the offer
遭到拒绝：turn down/ reject

工作、职业类词汇
job opportunity, job-hunt, apply for, application form, give impression, promote, position, vacancy, experience, gains and losses, part-time job, full-time job, interview, give sb an offer
例句：
1)        How do you manage to work and go to school at the same time?
2)        It was the third time Ranger had phoned me to say he had a new job.
3)        It’s a letter from the company where I applied for the job.
4)        If you tried typing every day, you’d see what it’s like.
5)        If I were you,