1、一、国际工程项目上,承包商与业主相互一、国际工程项目上,承包商与业主相互间的责权利靠什么维系及制约?间的责权利靠什么维系及制约?所有谈判达成一致的东西最终都会归结到法律层面上,也就是要签订合同(put it Black and White)。合同靠什么支撑?法律基础的重要性 商业是建立在两条铁轨上向前跑之说。签个MOU对双方有法律制约力吗?律师的问题及建议:你想让它成了以后不能改变,还是想着签约后仍有跑掉的机会?当然,这个机会对双方均等!商业决策,法律保障。二、合同的法律基础二、合同的法律基础二、合同的法律基础二、合同的法律基础普通法 CommonLawvsLawofEnglandandWal
2、es 崇尚合同的自由约定原则(IwilldoXifyouwilldoY),通常不会为保障公平或已签合约中不利一方的利益而干预合同,因此很难以显失公允为理由去修改或删除已经签订的文字约定,因为英国法律不保护不公平交易下的合同不利一方。其商法极为发达。衡平法则(RulesofEquity)典型案例 Mortgage抵押贷款(借60抵押100房产罚息按6%x2年=12%最终退还1006060 x12%=32.8)大陆法 ContinentalLawvsNapoleonicCode法典 倾向于干涉不公平合同,并会为保护不公平合约中欠获公允对待一方的利益而对原合同进行修改,甚至认定所签订的不公平合同为无
3、效合同(可能会出现SurpriseAward)。三、国际工程项目管理的原则三、国际工程项目管理的原则 “承包商工作/干活/履约得到支付,业主付款获得工程”。99版FIDIC第14款/77版和87版第60款的重要性(within的含义),见下页分析。案例(30%当地币经常拖延,怎么办?)The Contractor gets paid for the work he performs and the Employer gets the work he is paying for.价责对筹Clause 14 Clause 14 Clause 14 Clause 14(Contract Price
4、and PaymentContract Price and PaymentContract Price and PaymentContract Price and Payment)9999版版FIDICFIDIC为例为例14.3TheContractorshallsubmitaStatementinsixcopiestotheEngineeraftertheendofeachmonth(也有规定最小验工计价金额的情形)14.6NoamountwillbecertifiedorpaiduntiltheEmployerhasreceivedandapprovedthePerformanceSecu
5、rity.Thereafter,theEngineershallwithin28daysafterreceivingaStatementandsupportingdocuments,issuetotheEmployeranInterimPaymentCertificatewhichshallstatetheamountwhichtheEngineerfairlydeterminestobedue,withsupportingparticulars.14.7TheEmployershallpaytotheContractor(b)TheamountcertifiedineachInterimPa
6、ymentCertificatewithin56daysaftertheEmployerreceivesthisPaymentCertificate.分析:HK45daysvs87版也是56天 vs 77版30+30天;如果SCC改成withinareasonabletime?哪个好?四、咨询工程师在合同中是何法律四、咨询工程师在合同中是何法律 地位?地位?承包商与咨询工程师并无直接的合同关系,但普通法认定双方存在着一种“特殊关系”,因为承包商履约的前提是必须相信咨询工程师所提供的信息并按其指令行事,所以得到了侵权行为法(The Law of Tort)的保护。咨询工程师签认的验工计价单在法律
7、上有效否?案例。五、波纹理论(五、波纹理论(The Ripple The Ripple TheoryTheory)及其适用性及其适用性 99版FIDIC第19款里正式使用了ForceMajeure的说法。在77/87版中,当发生ForceMajeure(但条款里的表述用词是forceofnature,Clause20.4,anyoperationoftheforcesofnatureagainstwhichanexperiencedcontractorcouldnotreasonablyhavebeenexpectedtotakeprecautions)后,与一般的贸易合同处理原则不同,不是各
8、自分担,而是划到了业主违约的范畴里面(Clause20,Clause65,Clause69)。六、怎么看六、怎么看六、怎么看六、怎么看“低价拿标,靠低价拿标,靠低价拿标,靠低价拿标,靠索赔索赔索赔索赔赚钱赚钱赚钱赚钱”的说法的说法的说法的说法 1)从理论上分析(数学推算):(10 Days MBA)“低价”的本质就是削减利润,那么 原来是25%的毛利,假设现在降到了15%,则要多做多少才能持平原来的25%?(25%-15%)/15%=10%/15%=0.667 如果降到12.5%,则要多做多少才能持平原来的25%?(25%-12.5%)/12.5%=12.5%/12.5%=1,即再多做一个 如
9、果降到5%,则要多做多少才能持平原来的25%?(25%-5%)/5=20%/5%=4 如果降到1%,则要多做多少才能持平原来的25%?(25%-1%)/1%=24%/1%=24 !?第一个问题:值吗?无法消灭对手的有生力量 vs 自残(倾向)第二个问题:深层次上,对于多做的0.667、1、4、24个,如何看待时间跨度的延长、风险出现的或然率等多因素影响(vs Slogan Management)?结论:价格竞争是下下策,只能是最后的选择!价格战多数没好结果。结论:价格竞争是下下策,只能是最后的选择!价格战多数没好结果。2)从实践上探讨:后面将分析两个案例 七、承包商创收的三大支柱七、承包商创收
10、的三大支柱要特别注意可操作性。1)变更令(V.O)(第51款和第52款/99版第13款);2)调价公式(第70款/99版第13.8款;银皮书第13.8款,但EPC项目业主通常以是总价合同为理由而删掉);3)索赔(77版第52.5款/87版第53款/99版第20.1款;银皮书第20.1款,但比红皮书来得难很多)vs 反索赔。Major Claim 10%20%(分水岭),案例(煤矿透水),您自己怎么决策?八、变更令(八、变更令(V.O.V.O.)Clause 52(Variations)TheEngineershallmakeanyvariationoftheform,qualityorquan
11、tityoftheWorksoranypartthereofthatmay,inhisopinion,benecessaryandforthatpurpose,orifforanyotherreasonitshall,inhisopinion(vsattheEngineersDiscretion),beappropriate,heshallhavetheauthoritytoinstructtheContractortodoandTheContractorshallnotmakeanysuchvariationwithoutaninstructionoftheEngineer.变更令 工作量增
12、减 10%vs 15%,对合同有效金额而言(扣除PS项及点工),调整单价;索赔在77版FIDIC中是作为V.O.的子项在描述。案例,SNV修小桥九、调价公式(两大戏剧性变化因素之一)九、调价公式(两大戏剧性变化因素之一)调价公式的通式:其中 X=0.15左右(世界银行的项目取此值),该值通常与预付款的比例相等,现实含义就是业主已给出的预付款部分不适用调价公式,i.e.若预付款是15%,则只有85%可以进行调价。对于承包商:X 越小越好(参与调价的百分比越大)a,b,c,n 为加权系数,即各项调价的成本因子(比重),常数约束条件为 X+a+b+c+n=1公式中的价格调整因子,L,E,M,W,变量
13、 vs初始值在验工计价单中,预付款是先扣除后再进行调价,还是先调价后再扣除?(涉及到调价金额的30%左右)案例(第60.1款规定优先次序:H核算调价,J扣除保留金,K扣还预付款计25%;第60.11款预付款扣还比例为每次验工计价总款每次验工计价总款之25%.)参见FIDIC合同条件应用实务(第二版)pp.134143(价格调整)十、分析一个索赔成功成功案例Naubise-MalekuHighwayReconstructionProject项目背景 世界银行贷款项目,981万美元,强制使用国际通用的FIDIC合同Quiz(成本、工期、索赔)结局 咨询工程师准仲裁 国际仲裁 友好友好 解决解决 索
14、赔清单(Terms of Reference/List of Reference)补偿金额:443万美元(构成:173万美元+2,100万人民币+11万美元/尼卢比)占到合同额981万的45.16%十一、涉及到的主要条款Clause 12(Adverse Physical Obstructions or Conditions)If,however,duringtheexecutionoftheWorkstheContractorencountersphysicalobstructionsorphysicalconditions,otherthanclimaticconditionsontheS
15、ite,whichobstructionsorconditionswere,inhisopinion,notforeseeablebyanexperiencedcontractor,theContractorshallforthwithgivenoticethereoftotheEngineer,withacopytotheEmployer.Cond(续)Onreceiptofsuchnotice,theEngineershall,ifinhisopinionsuchobstructionsorconditionscouldnothavebeenreasonablyforeseenbyanex
16、periencedcontractor,afterdueconsultationwiththeEmployerandtheContractor,determine:(a)anyextensionoftimeunderClause44,and(b)theamountofanycostwhichmayhavebeenincurredbytheContractor,whichshallbeaddedtotheContractPricetheContractPrice.(这句话导致投标时的一次性降价对承包商永远适用;问题:包括索赔金额吗?案例,443万 544万x(1-18.5%)andshallno
17、tifytheContractoraccordingly,withacopytotheEmployer.Clause 13(Work to be in Accordance with Contract)Unless(77版表述为Insofaras)itislegallyorlegallyorphysicallyimpossiblephysicallyimpossible,theContractorshallexecuteandcompletetheWorksandremedyanydefectsthereininstrictaccordancewiththeContract,tothesati
18、sfactionoftheEngineer.(略)要反回来理解该条款的两大前置限定(ConditionsPrecedent):(1)Legalimpossibility(2)Physicalimpossibility然后,才能去谈承包商按照合同履约。Clause 20Clause 20(Care of WorksCare of Works)20.3(LossorDamageDuetoEmployersRisks)IntheeventofanysuchlossordamagehappeningfromanyoftherisksdefinedinSub-Clause20.4,orincombina
19、tionwithotherrisks,theContractorshall,ifandtotheextentrequirebytheEngineer,rectifythelossordamageandtheEngineershalldetermineanadditiontotheContractpriceinaccordancewithClause52andshallnotifytheContractoraccordingly,withacopytotheEmployer.(略)20.4(EmployersRisks)TheEmployersrisksare:war,hostilities(w
20、hether war declared or hostilities(whether war declared or not)not)commotionor disorderdisorder,unlesssolelyrestrictedtoemployeesoftheContractororofhisSubcontractorsanyoperationoftheforcesofnatureagainstwhichanexperiencedcontractorcouldnotreasonablyhavebeenexpectedtotakeprecautions(77版表述为foreseen).C
21、lause 40.3(Suspension lasting more than 84 Days)IftheprogressoftheworksoranypartthereofissuspendedonthewritteninstructionsoftheEngineerandifpermissiontoresumeworkisnotgivenbytheEngineerwithina84daysfromthedateofsuspensionthen,.theContractormaygivenoticetotheEngineerrequiringpermission,within28daysto
22、proceedwiththeWorksorthatpartthereofinregardtowhichprogressissuspended.Cond 注:77版FIDIC为90+28天(续)Ifwithinthesaidtime,suchpermissionisnotgranted,theContractormay,butisnotboundto,electtotreatthesuspension,whereitaffectspartonlyoftheWorks,asanomissionomission ofsuchpartunderClause51(Alternations,Additio
23、nsandOmissions)bygivingafurthernoticetotheEngineertothateffect,orwhereitaffectsthewholeoftheWorks,treatthesuspensionasaneventofdefaultdefault(77版表述为abandonmentabandonmentoftheContract)bytheEmployerandterminatehisemploymentundertheContractinaccordancewithClause69(DefaultofEmployer)十二、Omissions属于Claus
24、e 51(Alternations,Additions and Omissions)的范畴,余下 的工作量都是V.O.(道路维修)Omissions后余下的工作量都用英国点工计价。有经验的承包商项目经理高频率使用的重要文件(之一)vs英国咨询工程师的思维方式。应用到到VO中的中的技巧,案例。99版第13.5款(PS,备用金)和第13.6款(Daywork)/77版和87版第52.4款(Daywork)和第58款(PS)的实用性。EOTvsoverheadcompensation用于报价分析,作为参考数据之一。Clause 52.5,77版FIDIC87版FIDIC为第53款(Procedure
25、 for Claims)99版FIDIC为20款(Claim,Disputes and Arbitration)直接费(工费、料费、机械折旧或机械闲置费)间接费赶工费延期管理费(参考英国点工计费标准)资金回收(Recapitalization)利息整理索赔而发生的费用(ShangWan拿回了)Clause 65(Special Risks)TheContractorshallbeundernoliabilitywhatsoeverinconsequenceofanyofthespecialrisksreferredtoinSub-Clause65.2,whetherbywayofindemni
26、tyorotherwise65.2SpecialRisksare(a)therisksdefinedunderparagraphs(a),(c),(d)and(e)ofSub-Clause20.4and(b)therisksdefinedunderparagraph(b)ofSub-Clause20.4insofarastheserelatetothecountryinwhichtheWorksaretobeexecuted.结论:特殊风险(第20款)业主风险(第65款)Clause 65.5(Increased Costs arising from Special Risks)Savetot
27、heextentthattheContractorisentitledtopaymentunderanyotherprovisionoftheContract,theEmployershallrepaytotheContractoranycostsoftheexecutionoftheWorks(otherthansuchasmaybeattributabletothecostofreconstructingworkcondemnedundertheprovisionofClause39(DefaultofContractorinCompliance)priortotheoccurrenceo
28、fanyspecialrisks)whicharehowsoeverattributabletoorinconsequentonortheresultoforinanywaywhatsoeverconnectedwiththespecialrisks,.Cond(续)theContractorshall,assoonasanysuchcostcomestohisknowledge,forthwithnotifytheEngineerthereof.TheEngineershall,after due consultation with the after due consultation wi
29、th the EmployerEmployerandtheContractor,determinetheamountoftheContractorscostsinrespectthereofwhichshallbeaddedtotheContractPriceandshallnotifytheContractoraccordingly,withacopytotheEmployer.Clause 66 Clause 66(Release from PerformanceRelease from Performance)7777版版FIDICFIDIC小标题为小标题为FrustrationFrus
30、trationIfanycircumstanceoutsidethecontrolofbothpartiesarisesaftertheissueoftheLetterofAcceptancewhichrendersitimpossible(指physical)orunlawful(指legal)foreitherpartytofulfillhiscontractualobligations,orunderthelawgoverningtheContractthepartiesarereleased(frustrated,77版FIDIC)fromfurtherperformance,then
31、thesumpayablebytheEmployertotheContractorinrespectoftheworkexecutedshallbethesameasthatwhichwouldhavebeenpayableunderClause65(andClause69,77版FIDIC)iftheContracthadbeenterminatedundertheprovisionsofClause65.Clause 67(Settlement of Disputes)90+28天内(within)仲裁(77版)84+56天当天或之后(onorafter)(友好解决)仲裁(87版)DRB(
32、92版)vsDAB(99版);Mediation/Reconciliation(ADR);Abrahamson信的主要内容:双方都蒙受损失,出面协调,互为妥协,愿当律师!和解问题:友好解决争端与仲裁的前后置?案例(Pakistan供货商与分包商的争端解决)十三、国际仲裁十三、国际仲裁 逆编者释义原则(ContraProferentumRule)。99版第20款/77版和87版第67款(仲裁与重大索赔的关系),银皮书第20款(“索赔、争端和仲裁”,与99版红皮书思路相同)。仲裁规则,ICC、UNCITRAL和AAA、CIETAC等。仲裁地点 vsApplicableLaw仲裁员 vs律师。律师的
33、收费与你的选择(转变观念!价格与价值)小时收费+Success Fee+Retainer Scheme。仲裁可能出现的多种结局。案例(Austin Road,1亿 vs 9,500万 vs 80万,JV 股份50%:50%的问题)。不得再诉讼的仲裁条款(附后供参考,案例)。Clause 20(Claims,Disputes and Arbitration)(基于国际通用的 FIDIC合同)20.6(d)ArbitrationAlldisputesarisingoutoforinconnectionwiththeContractanditsattachmentsasdefinedintheCla
34、use2oftheSpecialConditionsofContractshallbefinallysettledundertherulesofarbitrationofInternationalChamberofCommercebythreearbitratorsappointedinaccordancewiththesaidrules.ThelocationofarbitrationshallbeinBern,Switzerland.Fortheavoidanceofdoubtitisconfirmedthatthedecisionofthearbitratorsshallbefinala
35、ndbindingandneitherPartyshallhaveanyrighttoappealfromanydecisionofthearbitratorstoanyCourtinordertoreviewanydecisionofthearbitrators.鉴于仲裁耗时较长(统计显示平均一年半),有经验的鉴于仲裁耗时较长(统计显示平均一年半),有经验的承包商通常加入如下补充:承包商通常加入如下补充:(e)FastTrackArbitrationThePartiesagreetocooperatetoprocureaspeedyconclusionoftheArbitrationadop
36、ting“FastTrack”principlesandagreethattheSix(6)monthdeadlineinArticle24(1)fortheissuancebytheTribunalofitsAward(完成全部举证并获签认后)shallbereducedtoFour(4)monthsandtheywishthatitshouldonlybeextendedinexceptionalcircumstances.TothisendthePartiesagreethattheperiodinArticle5(1)(AnswertotheRequest/Counterclaims,
37、原文为30天内)oftheICCRulesshallbereducedtowithinFifteen(15)days,thattheperiodinArticle18(2)(TermofReference/ProceduralTimetable,原文为两个月内)forestablishingtermsofreferenceshallbereducedtowithinOne(1)month.Clause 69(Default of Employer)IntheeventoftheEmployer:(a)failingtopaytheContractortheamountdueunderanyce
38、rtificateoftheEngineeraftertheexpiringofthetimestatedinSub-Clause60.10withinwhichpaymentistobemade(b)interferingorobstructingor(c)becomebankrupt(d)givingnoticetotheContractoritisimpossibleforhimtomeethiscontractualobligations.TheContractorshallbeentitledtoterminatehisemploymentundertheContracttheEmp
39、loyershallbeunderthesameobligationstotheContractorinregardtopaymentasiftheContracthadbeenterminatedundertheprovisionsofClause65theEmployershallpaytotheContractortheamountofanylossordamagetotheContractorarisingoutoforinconnectionwithorbyconsequenceofsuchtermination.十四、记录索赔的时限典型条款 Clause53(Procedurefo
40、rClaims),87版FIDIC为例 53.1NotwithstandinganyotherprovisionoftheContract,iftheContractorintendstoclaimanyadditionalpaymentpursuanttoanyClauseoftheseConditionsorotherwise,heshallgivenoticeofhisintentiontotheEngineer,withacopytotheEmployer,within28daysaftertheeventgivingrisetotheclaimhasfirstarisen.索赔很重要
41、!如何书面记录索赔,又不激怒对方?ClaimdemandonesdueBaggageClaimLuggageReclaimwordinghavesufferedloss,financialcompensationExGratiaPayment十五、索赔与反索赔 索赔时证据的严肃性索赔过程十分注重evidence,substantiation,verification。因此,alotofpaperwork。Clause53.3(SubstantiationofClaims)Within28days,orsuchotherreasonabletimeasmaybeagreedbytheEngine
42、er,theContractorshallsendtotheEngineeranaccountgivingdetailedparticularsoftheamountclaimedandthegroundsuponwhichtheclaimisbasedTheContractorshall,ifrequiredbytheEngineersotodo,copytotheEmployerallaccountssenttotheEngineerpursuanttothisSub-Clause.IBARulesontheTakingofEvidenceinIBARulesontheTakingofEv
43、idenceinInternationalArbitration(29May2010)InternationalArbitration(29May2010)索赔(仲裁)涉及到两大问题法律问题(Issue of Law)靠律师事实问题(Issue of Fact)靠自己证据(Evidence)可找出事实(Fact),但证据和事实与真相(Truth)没有关系。在提供不了任何证据的情况下,有责任举证的一方会败诉。一种现象:仲裁庭总是相信证据文件多的一方 留好证据文件是最基础的索赔管理最基础的索赔管理。证据的提供在国际仲裁中十分重要,务求要比对手握有更多或稍多的有力证据,如果做不到,就必须抓住一纵即逝
44、的和解机会。形成、保留与搜集证据可能是一个耗时及昂贵的过程(例如聘用翻译 vs 有双语工作能力的专业人员),因因为怕花钱或费事而忽略证据工作,最终会导致仲裁(索为怕花钱或费事而忽略证据工作,最终会导致仲裁(索赔)的失败。赔)的失败。案例 11万美元/尼卢比的 repatriation fees vs evidence要证明事实与条款相符(FaitAccompli),螺丝螺母咬合原则。奥地利经济学家FriedrichA.vonHayek(诺贝尔经济学奖得主)说:“从好人假设出发,只会设计出坏制度;从坏人假设出发,才会设计出好制度”。因此,需要假设人人都坏的好制度。英国人也有类似的说法。成败源于细
45、节 vswaxseal,案例,HansRijiniveld。勿以恶小而为之,勿以善小而不为。十六、文字交往为准十六、文字交往为准 石油大亨DavidRockfeller的故事(借款 US$500无收据 vsUS$1,000vs一个月(你期望对方的还款时间)vs更正反驳)口头指令转变为书面指令,FIDIC合同77版和87版最长都是7天+7天=14天(最短?天),对承包商自我保护的现实意义。99年版第3.3款用instruction:更缩短为2天+2天=4天(最短?天)。银皮书第1.3款和第3.4款,但取消了定量规定,对承包商欠公平!法律上对一天的定义。拒绝签收 vs证据获取 vs条款保障。十七、
46、再分析一个索赔成功成功案例项目背景 私人项目ShangWan,合同额 6,200万港币,ICE合同的香港版(pro-Employer)房地产调控“800套政策”+亚洲金融危机2,256万港币索赔(36.4%)+(382万港币律师+91万仲裁庭)法律费用(7.6%)plus1,561万应付验工计价款(25%25%,本该得的,本该得的)/采取财产保全措施。我写过一封信,希望1,600万港币(其中1,561万为应付验工计价款)友好解决,只比合同总价多了0.6%。对冲前的数,结果是(-784+3,040)2,256+1,561+382+91共实际拿回 4,290万港币(69%)仲裁裁决:Thetime
47、forcompletionoftheWorkswassetatlarge.仲裁结果出来后再起事端:诉讼 公关Final Award of Arbitration Final Award of Arbitration(ExcerptExcerpt)TIME AT LARGE vs The fugitive is at large 逍遥法外逍遥法外IFINDasaFACTthatareasonabletimeforcompletionoftheWorksis24thJune1998(原合同工期:1996年5月23日1997年5月22日,顺延了13个月)theContractorisentitled
48、torelyontheeffectsofnon-paymentandlatepaymentofInterimPayment.Asnotedabove,theevidenceofPeterYaudemonstratethatthefinishingtradeswereaffectedbythecashflowproblemsandinparticulartherewasaconsiderableslowdowninprogressofworkIHOLDasamatterofLAWthatonaproperconstructionoftheContract,Clause24.2(LossandEx
49、pensesCausedbyDisturbanceofRegularProgressoftheWorks)enablestheClaimanttomakeaclaimfordamagesorforabreachofContract.CONTRACTUAL MATTERSCONTRACTUAL MATTERSCONTRACTUAL MATTERSCONTRACTUAL MATTERSTheClaimantcontendsthattheextensionoftimeclauseshouldbeconstruedstrictlycontra contra proferentumproferentum
50、againsttheRespondent.IHOLDasamatterofLAWthattheArchitectisunderanobligationtograntanextensionoftimetotheClaimantifitknowsofdelayingevents,notwithstandingtheClaimantsfailuretogiveanoticeforthwithasrequiredbyClause23(ExtensionofTime)ofStandardFormofBuildingContract.IFINDasaFACTthattheArchitectwasorsho