机械专业英语.doc

机电英语 文献摘录工程概论先进制造技术机械原理与零件设计与制图材料与加工计算机控制机器人与机电一体化产品技术文献检索上海大学 机电工程与自动化学院 目 录1 工程概论1.1 The Engineering Profession 工程专业 41.2 Industry and Technology 工业和技术 61.3 Modern Manufacturing 现代制造业 102 先进制造技术2.1 Agile Manufacturing 敏捷制造 142.2 Lean Production 精益生产 162.3 Virtual Manufacturing 虚拟制造 172.4 Concurrent Engineering 并行工程 193 机械原理与零件3.1 General Considerations 机械概述 203.2 The Simple Machine 简单机械 263.3 Mechanisms 机构 303.4 Gears 齿轮 333.5 Cams 凸轮 403.6 Linkages 连杆机构 423.7 Belt 带传动 473.8 Couplings，Clutches，Breaks 联轴器、离合器、制动器 523.9 Bearings 轴承 594 设计与制图4.1 Design Engineer and Design Methodology 设计工程师与设计方法 X4.2 Creative Design 创新设计 X4.3 Mechanical Engineering Design 机械工程设计 X4.4 Introduction to Drawing 工程制图 X5 材料与加工5.1 Metal Materials 金属材料 X5.2 Five Basic Machining Techniques 五种基本机械加工技术 X5.3 Laser Machining 激光加工 X6 计算机控制6.1 Computer 计算机 X6.2 Development History of Computer Use 计算机应用的发展历史 X6.3 Computer Integrated Manufacturing 计算机集成制造 X6.4 Automation 自动化 X6.5 Artificial Intelligence 人工智能 X7 机器人与机电一体化产品7.1 Mechatronics 机电一体化 X7.2 Development of Robot Systems 机器人系统的发展 X7.3 Mechanical Design of an Industrial Robot 工业机器人中的机械设计 X7.4 Automatic Teller Machine 自动柜员机 X7.5 Microscopic Machines 微型机械 X8 技术文献检索8.1 Engineering Index 工程索引 X8.2 Patent 专利 X8.3 The Internet 国际互联网 XThe Engineering Profession(工程专业)1 Engineering is one of the oldest occupations in history. Without the skills included in the broad field of engineering, our present-day civilization never could have evolved. The first toolmakers who chipped arrows and spears from rock were the forerunners of modern mechanical engineers. The craftsmen who discovered metals in the earth and found ways to refine and use them were the ancestors of mining and metallurgical engineers. And the skilled technicians who devised irrigation systems and erected the marvelous buildings of the ancient world were the civil engineers of their time. One of the earliest names that has come down to us in history is that of Imhotep, the designer of the stepped pyramid at Sakkara in Egypt about 3,000 B.C.2 Engineering is often defined as making practical application of theoretical sciences such as physics and mathematics. Many of the early branches of engineering were based not on science but on empirical information that depended on observation and experience rather than on theoretical knowledge. Those who devised methods for splitting the massive blocks that were needed to build Stone-hence in England or the unique pyramids of Egypt discovered the principle of the wedge by trial for the pyramids were probably raised into place by means of ramps of earth that surrounded the structures as they rose; it was a practical application of the inclined plane, even though the concept was not understood in terms that could be quantified or expressed mathematically.3 Quantification has been one of the principal reasons for the explosion of scientific knowledge since the beginning of the modern age in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. Another important factor has been the development of the experimental method to verify theories. Quantification involves putting the data or pieces of information resulting from experimentation into exact mathematical terms. It cannot be stressed too strongly that mathematics is the language of modern engineering.4 Since the nineteenth century both scientific and practical application of its results have escalated. The mechanical engineer now has the mathematical ability to calculate the mechanical advantage that results from the complex interaction of many different mechanisms. He or she has new and stronger materials to work with and enormous new source of power. The Industrial Revolution began by putting water and steam to work; since then machines using electricity, gasoline, and other energy sources have become so widespread that they now do a very large proportion of the work of the world.5 One result of the rapid expansion of scientific knowledge was an increase in the number of scientific and engineering specialities. By the end of the nineteenth century not only were mechanical, civil, and mining and metallurgical engineering established but the newer specialties of chemical and electrical engineering emerged. This expansion has continued to the present day. We now have, for example, nuclear, petroleum, aerospace, and electronic engineering. Within the field of each engineering there are subdivisions. 6 For example, within the field of civil engineering itself, there are subdivisions: structural engineering, which deals with permanent structure; hydraulic engineering, which is concerned with systems involving the flow and control of water or other fluids; and sanitary or environmental engineering, which involves the study of water supply, purification, and sewer systems. The major subdivision of mechanical engineerings industrial engineering which is concerned with complete mechanical systems for industry rather than individual machines.7 Another result of the increase in scientific knowledge is that engineering has grown into a profession. A profession is an occupation like law, medicine, or engineering that requires specialized, advanced education; indeed, they are often called the “learned professions.” Until the nineteenth century, engineers generally were craftsmen or project organizers who learned their skills through apprenticeship, on-the-job training, or trial and error. Nowadays, many engineers spend years studying at universities for advanced degree. Yet even those engineers who do not study for advanced degrees must be aware of changes in their field and those related to it.8 Thus, the word engineer is used in two ways in English. One usage refers to the professional engineer who has a university degree and education in mathematics, science, and one of the engineering specialties. Engineer, however, is also used to refer to a person who operates or maintains an engine or machine. An excellent example is the railroad locomotive engineer who operates a train. Engineers in this sense are essentially technicians rather than professional engineers.Industry and Technology (工业和技术)1Science is the study of the laws of nature. Technology is the application of science for some practical purpose. Industry, in turn, uses technology to produce the products we use every day.2The methods used by people to make things are constantly changing. For example, in ancient times, if someone needed a chair, he had to make it by himself. Later on, the people who were especially good at making chairs and other furniture became cabinetmakers. They did nothing else but making wooden articles which they sold or traded to other people. These crafts people had to be very skilled. They had to know about the different kinds of wood and how to season it. They had to design furniture and therefore know joinery methods. They had to know how to use tools to work the wood and what kind of finishes to use and how to apply them. In other words, they had to know about all aspects of their craft.3A cabinetmaker with a successful business could not do all the work alone. Other people were hired and trained to help, and a “cottage industry” began. Cottage industries were small factories, with a few workers, located in or near a craft persons home. Here labor was divided up according to skill. For example, an apprentice might cut logs into boards and smooth them into lumber. The craft person was then free to use his special skills to design and make furniture or cabinets. 4With the industrial revolution in the late 1700s, the factory system of production began. Now the cabinetmaker started a furniture factory where large numbers of people worked at highly specialized jobs. One person made only chair legs, another only the seat. Machines were developed to aid the people in their work and to make them more productive. As more and better machines, newer methods of joining and working woods, and better, more efficient mass-production techniques were developed, the modern factory emerged.5Product Design The next time you use a tool to do a job around the house, take the time to study it. Does the tool work as it should ? Does the wrench hold the nut securely, or the chisel cut as it should ? Have the right materials been used to make the tool strong enough ? Is the tool comfortable to hold and well balanced ? If you answer yes, the object is probably well designed.6Tools, like all other products of industry (sports equipment, automobiles, chairs, knives and forks, and dozens of items that you use each day) were planned and made to do certain jobs and to make your life better. The people who plan these products are called designers. They work in the research and development departments of industries. Their job is to design new and better products and to improve old ones. If these products work as they should, if they are made of the right materials and interesting to look at, they are well designed. If not, the products will be poor.7Homes and other building are also designed. The people who design these structures are called architects. The buildings they design must meet the needs of the people who are to use them. The materials to be used, the size and arrangement of the rooms, the efficient use of energy - all these must be considered as the architect plans the building.8What is Design ? Very simply, designing is planning. To do it well you must think carefully about the product you wish to make. It should be original work - your work and not someone elses. In other words, you must be creative. Designing is creative planning to meet some special human need.9In order to be good, the product that you are designing should meet three requirements: - It should work properly (functional requirement). - It must be made of the correct material (material requirement). - It should be pleasing to look at (visual requirement).10 Take a hockey skate blade and support for example. This unit is attached to a hockey shoe and must move the player through sharp turns and long glides. It has a functional shape that allows the player to move with ease. The blade is made of carbon steel, and the holder is made of tough, high-impact plastic. These materials allow the skate to with stand hard use. The unit also has a nice appearance, with a clean and graceful shape. This skate blade and support illustrate an object which is functionally, materially, and visually correct (a well-designed product of industry). Lets take a closer look at these three requirements as they apply to other kinds of products.11 Function. A product is functional if it works as it is supposed to work. Tool handles must be functional in order to be held easily and safely. The tools are used and held differently; so their handles must be different. The same is true of other things you hold. Knives and forks, fishing poles, baseball bats, golf clubs, and steering wheels should all be easy to grip. While you are designing, you should be thinking about the purpose or use for your product. You must design it to be functional.12 Material. A product must be made from the proper kind and amount of material. If you design something to be used outdoors, it must be made to withstand water, wind, and sun. Materials must be chosen according to the products use. Many kinds of materials are used to make products. You must know something about the materials before you start designing with them. Find out about such things as cost, durability, and strength. Every material has certain characteristics all its own. You should take full advantage of this fact as you design. 13 Learn what to do and what not to do with a material. For example, plastic should not automatically be used as a substitute for wood. It is expensive and will not be as good as wood for some projects. Instead, plastic should be used in ways that take advantage of its own characteristic. 14 For instance, plastic laminates (the materials used to cover kitchen counters) are strong and heat-resistant. Other plastics can be bent, lathe-turned, or blow-formed. Some plastic is tough and transparent, while other kinds scratch easily and are opaque (cant be seen through). These are the kinds of things you should know about materials.15 Also keep in mind that you should use only enough material to do the job and no more. Dont waste material. Your project will not only cost less but will also look better if material is used in proper amounts.16 Appearance. A good product is pleasing to the eye. Everyone prefers things which are beautiful to those which are ugly, designers must keep this in mind as they design products.17 Elements and Principles of Design A designer must know certain design elements and principles. The “building blocks” of design are called the design elements. These are the lines, the forms, the shapes (spatial forms, or solids), and the surface treatment (color, texture) that make up any three-dimensional product. The lines can appear as graceful curves or straight and strong. These grow into forms and solid shapes which display color and texture. The following principles of design should help you create products that will