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单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,本资料仅供参考，不能作为科学依据。谢谢。本资料仅供参考，不能作为科学依据。本资料仅供参考，不能作为科学依据。谢谢。本资料仅供参考，不能作为科学依据。,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,本资料仅供参考，不能作为科学依据。谢谢。本资料仅供参考，不能作为科学依据。本资料仅供参考，不能作为科学依据。谢谢。本资料仅供参考，不能作为科学依据。,普通高中课程标准试验教科书(选修),初级英语语法与修辞,主讲：西南大学 莫启扬,1/64,一、语法学习主要性.来自英美语言教学教训,在20世纪60年代美国和英国语言教学界曾有过这么讨论：在学校语文课程中，英文法是否有必要列入？结果，“英文法”纷纷地从各学校语文课程中消失了。,The English teachers teach English too bad because they teach English grammar too well.,问题症结不在于语法本身而是在于“what is taught and how it(grammar)is taught.”（教内容与教方法）-Sidney Greenbaum，,The Oxford English Grammar,，Oxford University Press，1996,“语法在整个外语教学中地位和作用问题,已经不是语法该不该教间题,而是教什么和怎么教问题”束定芳,1996,2/64,一、语法学习主要性,.来自语言学家和语言教育学家观点,Long(1983)认为学习者应该参加各种形式语法活动,从中他们可得到足够,可了解输入以取得语言能力。,在讨论教学语法这一问题时,Wilkings(1976)指出,一个语言语法系统习得仍是语言学习中最主要组成部分。语法是一个工具,利用这一工具,语言创造能力会最终得以发展,而语法知识缺乏则会严重限制语言能力发展。,Carnale(1983)深入强调了语法能力主要性,他认为这种能力直接集中在正确表示和了解话语意思知识和技能上,所以,语法能力应受到任何二语教学重视。,3/64,一、语法学习主要性,.来自语言学家和语言教育学家观点,海姆斯（Hymes）交际能力:,表示语法性,和表示可接收性,卡耐尔（Karnale）和斯温（Swain）交际能力：,语法能力、,话语能力、社会语言能力、交际策略。,语言学家威多森（Widdowson）说，,不学语法是不可能真正学会一个语言。,4/64,一、语法学习主要性,.来自语言学家和语言教育学家观点,Littlewood(1984)指出,教育第一功效是教授已经有知识,利用到外语教学上,就是向学生传授语法知识,使其在实际语言阅读和了解过程中省去大量时间。,90 年代以来大多数研究结果也证实,在适当学习阶段、以适当形式关注语法形式对语言学习者是很有益(Dekeyser,1998:42)。,Ellis(1990)等人认为语法在母语和第二语言教学中是同等主要,在课堂教学中唤醒学习者对语法属性意识能够加紧第二语言习得速度,能够使学习者注意输入语言特点,由此而成为他们知识一部分,故应培养学习者对目标语语法特点意识。,M uncie(:183)认为语法和内容一样是交际主要工具,知道语法规则对掌握一门语言是必需。,5/64,一、语法学习主要性,.来自语言学家和语言教育学家观点,学习者只有熟练掌握句法规则才能,提升处理句子能力,了解文本是和了解句法相互联络,阅读需要语法技能;,即使是词汇都很熟悉,长句和复杂句法结构都会妨碍了解。,阅读主要难点之一就是由长句和复杂句法结构引发,流利阅读者应该有充分句法知识,而且能够自动发觉语法形式(Nuttall,)。,Oakhill()等人相信,句法知识在两个方面对阅读了解提升有促进作用:第一,阅读者,句法敏感性越强,他们借助语境确定新词意义能力就越强;,其二,语法知识和阅读了解是相互联络,因为句子层面了解是更高层次了解基础;详细讲,语法敏感性能够帮助阅读者发觉并更正阅读错误,从而提升他们了解监控水平。,6/64,The greater part of this worlds troubles are due to questions of grammar.,Michael de Montaigne,Language without grammar would be chaotic：countless words without the indispensable guidelines for how they can be ordered and modified.,Bastone,一、语法学习主要性.来自语言学家和语言教育学家观点,7/64,Bever(1991)等人经过使用,在主要短语之间增加空格大小和使用格式化文本以突出句子中短语边界,这么阅读材料测试,考查了阅读者短语敏感性和阅读了解水平关系,结果表明,句法作用对不一样语言水平人差异很大。对,语言水平尤其高、阅读经验丰富读者,来说,句法敏感格式对他们作用不显著;但对,普通读者,而言,其阅读了解成绩均显著提升。由此可见,句法分析对阅读了解有很大促进作用,英语学习者语法水平与其阅读能力之间存在一定正相关关系。,一、语法学习主要性,3.来自相关试验发觉,8/64,一、语法学习主要性,3.来自相关试验发觉,刘振前和Bever（）以中国英语学习者为被试，基本证实了Bever(1991)等人发觉。,刘梅华和方莉莉（）对50名北京航空航天大学非英语专业大学生口语进行了长达200分钟录音，经过对转写语料进行分析后发觉：,快要二分之一语言产出中有不一样语法错误。,她们认为，语法掌握得不牢靠、语法错误频频出现严重影响了学生进行口语交流,自信心和主动性。,她们提议在英语语言教学中应重新重视语法教学，以帮助学生更加好地交流。,9/64,咬死猎人狗,This is all the money I have to spend on books.,My wife has a new dog.,My new wife has a dog.,My new dog has a wife.,My dog has a new wife.,一、语法学习主要性,4.来自语言本身特点启示,人们要表示思想是无限，而语言材料是有限。,10/64,山东省年高考英语试题,35.The country life he was used to,greatly since 1992.,A.change B.has changed,C.changing D.have changed,The country life,greatly since 1992.,he was used to,11/64,语言,按其数学本性来说,是线性序列。,客观现实是四维,思维反应客观现实就要把四维客观现实改造成一维线性序列。,英语：某一主体 它行为 行为客体,行为标志,I saw him here yesterday.,汉字：某一主体 行为标志 它行为,行为客体,我昨天在这儿看到他了。,日语：某一主体 行为标志 客体行为,它行为,12/64,二、对语法教学几点提议,1.要处理好语言流利和语言准确性之间关系,全日制义务教育普通高级中学英语课程标准指出：此次英语课程改革重点就是要改变英语课程,过分重视,语法和词汇讲解与传授、,忽略,对学生实际语言利用能力培养倾向。,“改变,过分重视,语法讲解与传授”只是要求改变以前传统语法教学一些方法和倾向，并不是要求放弃语法教学（周文筑，）,13/64,二、对语法教学几点提议,1.要处理好语言流利和语言准确性之间关系,我们既不能以牺牲正确性来换取流利性,也不,可过分强调正确性而忽略流利性。实际上,这,二者是相辅相存。所以,正如Woods(1995),所指出,在任何语言课堂里,语法特征方面,强调和交际能力方面发展之间必须保持,一个,平衡,。,假如没有处理好,交际法与语法教学,关系,没有处理好,知识和技能,关系，就会造成中学生语法知识缺乏,英语阅读水平下降,写作、翻译中词法、句法错误多,不妥之处更是比比皆是。,14/64,二、对语法教学几点提议,1.要处理好语言流利和语言准确性之间关系,Blyth(1997)指出，假如语言教师过多强调学习者语言输出而忽略建构学习者语言体系语法输入，就达不到理想教学效果。,国内外一些学者研究也证实,：（1）正式场所,言语准确率仅靠言语交际实践难以到达较高程度，,需要进行语法讲授；（2）伴有语法讲授学习效果优于仅靠交际式学习效果；(3)讲授语法对于一些特殊语言现象有直接帮助（庄艳玲、魏刚，；文亚光，）,15/64,二、对语法教学几点提议,2.教师本身要学习一点关于英汉语对比知识，帮助学生降低母语对英语学习负迁移。,学习好汉语对于英语学习也是有很大帮助。,一个精通英语人，普通来说，他汉语都是很棒。反过来说，假如说这个人汉语不怎么好，他英语也极难到达一个较高境界。事实证实也是如此。（胡敏，中国教师报）,美国著名语言学家Charles Fries,在作为外语英语教学一书中认为：“最有效教材是这么教材：它立足点是首先对所学外语进行科学描写，首先又对学生母语进行对应描写，并加以仔细比较。”,吕叔湘,先生：“只有比较才能看出各种语文表现法共同之点和特殊之点”,王力,先生：外语教学“最有效方法就是中外语言比较教学”,16/64,一点关于英汉语对比知识及其对教学启示,1）综合语/分析语,A synthetic language is characterized by frequent and systematic use of inflected forms to express grammatical relationships.,An analytic language is characterized by a relatively frequent use of function words,auxiliary verbs,and changes in word order to express syntactic relations,rather than of inflected forms.,17/64,一串声音,语音 序列（,语序,）,音段音位（组）超音段音位,重音 语气,词语音形式 形态波折形式,（词缀、内外部波折）,实词形式,虚词形式,18/64,他行进速度快得令人诧异。,He moved astonishingly fast.,He moved with astonishing rapidity.,His movements were astonishingly rapid.,His rapid movements astonished us.,His movements astonished us by their rapidity.,The rapidity of his movements was astonishing.,The rapidity with which he moved astonished us.,He astonished us by moving rapidly.,He astonished us by his rapid movements.,He astonished us by the rapidity of his movements.,启示：写作时可供选择句式有很多,19/64,2）焦点透视/散点透视,1老拴还,犹豫,着，着黑人便,抢,过灯笼，一把,拽,下纸罩，,裹,了馒头，,塞,与老拴，一手,抓,过洋钱，,捏,一捏，,转,身,去,了，嘴里还,哼,着,说,2.In the midst of it,comes,unexpectedly over the radio the announcement of the president of the United States declaring a state of emergency for suspected enemy missile attack.,20/64,我们再来看一个英语句子：,He did not remember his father who died when he was three years old。,译文：(1)他不记得他三岁时死去父亲。,(2)他三岁时死了父亲，记不得他父亲样儿了。,英话原句是以动词“remember(记得)”为中心组织起来。译文(1)也是如此。以“记得”为中心，就难以按照时间事理次序安排词语。译文(2)是按汉语习惯，不以某个动词为中 心，而按时间事理次序安排词语，多句读地流动展开。,21/64,启示：英语主句和从句中必须有而且只能有一个谓语动词,双谓语,：*We go to school study English.,缺乏谓语,：,今天星期天。（名词谓语句。*Today,is,Sunday.）,她很漂亮。（形容词谓语句。*She,is,beautiful.）,*Bill,working,as if his life depended on that theme.,*As,being,announced in todays papers,the Shanghai,Commodities Fair is also open on Sunday.,串句,：,*We saw an early movie then we had a pizza at Guidos Glorious.（run-on sentence）,*He was pushed into the room,his hands were bound together.（comma splice）,22/64,年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试山东卷试题分析P75,33.The country has already sent up three unmanned spacecrafts,the most recent _ at the end of last March.,A.has been launched B.having been launched,C.being launched D.to be launched,23/64,3）主语语言/主题语言,A下午开会。,B这件事我脑子里一点印象也没有。,C船头亮着一盏灯。,启示：要确保英语主谓结构完整性,24._ worries me the way he keeps changing his mind.,This B.That C.What D.It,年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试山东卷试题分析P75,24/64,年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试山东卷试题分析P75,22.Could I speak to _ is in charge of International sales,please?,A.anyone B.someone,C.whoever D.no matter who,The police questioned who came along the road.,The police questioned whoever came along the road.,25/64,4）形合和意合,The average man,says Shaw,can advance not a single reason,for,thinking,that,the earth is round.He merely swallows this theory,because,there is something,about,it,that,appeals to the twentieth-century mentality.,（假如）有饭（那就）大家吃。,“他有个女儿，在郊区工作，已经打 电话去了，下午就能赶到。”,26/64,*After playing basketball for half an hour,my arm began to ache.,*That river uses rafts for transportation.,从他口音能够知道他国籍。,不能翻译为：*Judging from his accent can know his nationality.,而应译为：Judging from his accent,we can know his nationality.,启示：要注意逻辑，要使用连词标明句子之间逻辑关系,27/64,中学生英语作文中常见逻辑连贯错误,1）相联小句之间缺乏逻辑/语义关系,Nowadays,education is very important to modern man.In my opinion,the concept of education has been broadened.,2)逻辑关系语使用不正确或漏用,The primitive men ate raw meat,and now people find various ways to cook the food.,The knowledge we learn in schools is basic and limited.It trains your way of thinking.,28/64,There was a report on teaching methods.,The teaching methods were used in universities.,The report was very useful.,It was produced in 1994.,It showed that the lecture was not very popular.,Other methods of teaching were more popular.,In 1994,a very useful report on teaching methods used in universities showed that the lecture was not as popular as other methods of teaching.,能够使用语法伎俩使句子之间逻辑关系变得愈加紧密,29/64,二、对语法教学几点提议,3.要在语法基础上提升修辞、语用方面能力,语言规则就是一幅眼镜，“我们透过它们看，而不是看着它们。（We look through them but not at them）”（Ryle,1946),语法学习本身不是语言学习最终目标,学习语法是为了更加好地学习语言、使用语言、观赏语言，利用语言观赏世界。,注意英汉概念表示差异,It rains,heavily.,雨下得很,大,。,He got,seriously,injured.他受了,重,伤。,She married a,wrong,man.他嫁,错,了人。,30/64,二、对语法教学几点提议,4.要注意教学方法,任务型语法教学,探究式语法教学,语境式语法教学,佳句格言式语法教学,31/64,二、对语法教学几点提议,5.要处理好CR和GP之间关系,Ellis(1993)认为consciousness raising是指教师有意识地引导学习者去认识二语特征。,CR活动可使学习者以归纳法学习语法。他们能够主动主动地参加整个学习过程,充分利用自己认识能力发觉语法形式,分析语法内容,处理语法间题。所以“勉励学生自己发觉语法是一个帮助他们掌握好语言有价值方法”(Harmar,1987)。,Ellis(1995)认为GP(语法练习活动)包含尽可能给学习者提供大量机会以经过控制和自由语言利用来产生目标语结构,目标是为了有步骤地发展不朋确语言知识,32/64,CR活动是语法学习起始点,并作用于整个学习过程石同时它也是一个引导学习者自己发觉语法方法（Bastone,1994)。在活动中,观察是一个关键。首先,向学习者以听或读形式提供有意义输入。然后经过活动,学习者能够内化语法特征并发展对于特殊语法形式是怎样表示特殊语法意义了解力,而且知道在各种场所中怎样正确利用这些特殊语法形式(Larsen-Freeman)。,GP可作为一个伎俩用来巩固和强化学习者在活动中所发觉语法形式。它能够促进从观察语言到利用语言转化过程并激励学习者去再发觉,再利用。,33/64,三在使用本书中教师要注意处理问题,1.注意利用好（短文）语篇。如：Unit 6 Infinitives,My dream is,to be a fashion,designer.But my mother wants me,to be a teacher,.You know,to be a teacher,means knowing a lot,and,to be a teacher,I still have many things,to learn,.Oh,it is time for me,to go now,because I want,to attend the lecture,to be held in the Great Hall.,34/64,Robert:We graduate next month.Do you know,?,David:This is,.But it is suggested by Jim,.,Robert:Doing what?,David:Doing,.,Robert:By whom?,David:By,.What about you?,Robert:I think,.But I dont know,.For I will fail their wish,.,whoever hires me；what youre going to do,whatever I am told；whether my parents will agree,I am going into the army；what bothers me.,that I go on to college；that I be a worker,35/64,be型虚拟式基本形式是should+动词原形,但在美国英语中should 经常省略。be型虚拟式经惯用在名词性从句中，比如：,1）The monitor,suggested,that we not be late for class.,（宾语从句）,2）It was,suggested,that we not be late for class,.（主语从句）,3）The monitors,suggestion,was,that we not be late for class,.（表语从句）,4）The monitor gave a,suggestion,that we not be late for class,.（同位语从句）,注意，be型虚拟式否定是直接在动词原形之前加上not 组成，无须借助助动词。,36/64,2.要注意本教材与其它教材在术语上不一样,adjective clause attributive clause relative clause,adverb clause adverbial clause,noun clause(subject clause,object,predicative,appositive),37/64,aspect,普通,进行,完成,完成进行,tense,现在时,普通现在时,现在进行时,现在完成时,现在完成进行时,过去时,普经过去时,过去进行时,过去完成时,过去完成进行时,未来时间表示法,8+8=16,38/64,3.要注意语法改变过程动态性,It will rain tomorrow.,I know this news,I know that it will rain tomorrow.,39/64,I lost,the pen,.Jim sent me,the pen,yesterday.,I lost the pen.Jim sent me,that,yesterday.,I lost the pen,that,Jim sent me yesterday.,A sentence with adjective clauses can be seen as a combination of two sentences.The process goes like this:,How an adjective clause is formed?,Tips:,1.Identity the shared part in the two sentences.,2.Use a relative word instead of the noun.,3.Move it to the beginning to introduce the clause,unless it is already there.,*,I lost the pen that Jim sent me,it,yesterday.,40/64,探究性教学方式,在讲课设计时，就要发挥教师主导作用，将学生从已知引导向未知。在语法教学中，教师不要直奔主题，急于求成。相反，应从学生已学过语法知识着手寻找最近粘合点。,“探究性教学/学习”模式,“感知发觉讨论归纳比较/梳理利用再现巩固”。,在Presentation这一阶段中，要从身边事物出发，创设情境，引出语法现象，激发学生探求该语法现象使用规则欲望并归纳总结(即发觉、探究问题)。,41/64,T:I assigned you an exercise yesterday，didnt I?,Ss:Yes,you did.,T:Have you finished it?,Ss:,Yes.,T:What did I ask just know?,Ss:,You asked whether we had finished the exercise.,T:Which exercise?,Ss:,The exercise you assigned us yesterday.,T:So what did I ask?,Ss:,You asked whether we had finished the exercise you assigned us the day before.,42/64,I bought a pen yesterday.,The pen is black.,Which pen is black?,The pen you bought yesterday is black.,He lives in a house.,The houses windows all face South.,Which house does he live in?,He lives in the house whose windows all face South,43/64,4.和主教材配合使用，注意循序渐进、循环再现,(Unit 14 Adjective Clauses 中Further Development,P130),That,can be used to introduce an attributive clause as well as an appositive clause.How can we decide whether it is an attributive clause or an appositive clause?,The suggestion,that,we try to help him was agreed by all of us.,The suggestion,that,he put forward was agreed by all of us.,44/64,语言学习要强调重复再现。譬如,定语从句能够和虚拟语气结合起来练习，,If I were the man that is mentioned in this unit,I wish I were the general who fought in the Second World War.,45/64,5.注意tips 和各个单元中表格，是帮助学生归纳,A sentence with adjective clauses can be seen as a combination of two sentences.The process goes like this:,I lost,the pen,.Jim sent me,the pen,yesterday.,I lost the pen.Jim sent me,that,yesterday.,I lost the pen,that,Jim sent me yesterday.,Tips:,1.Identity the shared part in the two sentences.,2.Use a relative word in stead of the noun.,3.Move it to the beginning of the relative clause to introduce the clause,unless it is already there.,46/64,6.注意书中名言和小诗，对学生人格养成有熏陶作用,Ill Try,The little boy,who says“Ill try”,Will climb to the hill-top.,The little boy,who says“I cant”,Will at the bottom stop.,“Ill try”does great things every day,“I cant”gets nothing done;,Be sure then that you say“Ill try”,And let“I cant”alone.,Dreams,Hold fast to dreams,For if dreams die,Life is a broken-winged bird,That cannot fly.,Hold fast to your dreams,For where dreams go,Life is a barren field,That cannot grow.,47/64,7.注意加强学生语言输出练习，在利用中学语法,8.以归纳法为主，归纳法和演绎法相结合,48/64,四.修辞与高中英语教学,1.修辞现象/修辞格大量出现于高中英语教材中。,49/64,Pun,1.A:Did you miss school yesterday?,B:No,not a bit.(SB B P98),2.A:Waiter,will the pancakes be long?,B:No,Sir,it is round.(SB B P31),3.Customer:Whats wrong with these eggs?,Waiter:Dont ask me,Sir.I only laid the table.,(SB B P31),50/64,Simile,Mercy falls like the gentle rain from the sky into the earth.(SB A P62),Living without an aim is like sailing without a compass.(SB B P130),51/64,Metaphor,Some books are to be tasted,others to be swallowed,and some few to be chewed and digested.(SB B P13),Speaking without thinking is shooting without aiming.(SB B P130),52/64,Parallelism,1.Today she is remembered and admired as a scientist.But she is also remembered for her determination and courage,her willingness to share her knowledge,her interest in womens rights,and her medical service during the war.(SB A P4),2.Some people think that the weather is unpleasant,the city ugly and dirty,the competition fierce and the streets unsafe.,(SB B P2),53/64,Personification,1.New York never sleeps.The underground railway run 24 hours a day,and there are all-night cinemas,bars and restaurants.(SB B P2),2.The smoke rose from the fire and found its way outside and the light danced over the roof of the cave.(SB B P63),54/64,Hyperbole,Let me take you in my arms and say goodbye,I love you more than my own life,more than my wife,and more than all the world.(SB A P63),Metonymy,Many hands make light work.(SB B P5),Antithesis,Such was Einstein,a simple man and the 20th centurys greatest scientist.,55/64,2修辞格学习有利于中学生,英语语篇了解能力,，英语写作能力，语言鉴赏能力以及英语学习兴趣提升。,年山东高考英语试题 第二节 完型填空（又见年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试山东卷考试说明P65),My sister and I grew up in a little village in England.Our father was a struggling lawyer,but I always knew he was special.He never criticized us,but used praise to bring out our best.Hed say,“If you pour water on flowers,they flourish.If you dont give them water,they die.”,56/64,年山东高考英语试题 第三部分:阅读了解A,They sought,a university,that offered the teenagers intended major,one,located near a large city,and,a campus,where their daughter would be safe.(意群阅读，断句）,“No crime whatsoever?”comments Mahoney today.“I just dont,buy,it.”,58.
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