大学英语四级写作基本要求.doc

大学英语四级写作基本要求资料仅供参考大学英语四级写作基本要求基础阶段学生写作能力的基本要求为：能在阅读难度与课文相仿的书面材料时作笔记、回答问题、写提纲，能就一定的话题或提纲在半小时内写出120 150 个词的短文，能写短信和便条，表示意思清楚、无重大语言错误。写作能力测试部分比例为15%，体裁包括议论文、说明文、应用文等。分析：四级作文范文档的要求是：切题。表示思想清楚、文字通顺，连贯性较好。基本无语言错误，仅有个别小错。该要求蕴涵着大学英语写作的四个基本考点： 1、切题所谓切题是指在形式上诸如段落、字数、文体、格式等方面满足题目要求，并在内容上没有偏差。2、表示清楚、条理清晰本要求考查学生对文章结构的掌握，要求文章主题观点明确，有头有尾，论证说明安排有主次，有轻重。3、文字通顺，连贯性较好本要求考查学生对过渡句和连接词或词组的掌握和运用，要求文章句子内部与句子之间通顺连贯，不突兀。4、基本无语言错误本要求考查学生语言基本功的掌握，包括语法与拼写两部分。评分原则与评分标准1. CET 4 检查考生是否达到大学英语教学大纲规定的四级教学要求，对作文的评判应以此要求为准则。2. CET 4 作文题采用总体评分（Global Scoring）方法。阅卷人员就总的印象给出奖励分（Reward Scores）, 而不是按语言点的错误数量扣分。3. 从内容和语言两个方面对作文进行综合评判。内容和语言是一个统一体。作文应表示题目所规定的内容，而内容要经过语言来表示。要考虑作文是否切题，是否充分表示思想，也要考虑是否用英语清楚而恰当地表示思想，也就是要考虑语言上的错误是否会造成理解上的障碍。4. 避免趋中倾向。该给高分的给高分，包括满分；该给低分的给低分，包括0分。一名阅卷人员在所评阅的全部作文卷中不应只给中间的几种分数。5. 字数不足以应酌情扣分：（1）如题目中给出主题句、起始句、结束句，均不得计入所写字数。（2）只写一段者：0 4分；只写两段者：0 9分。（指规定三段的作文）在写作时还需注意以下事项：1. 字迹清晰。由于四级作文的阅卷方式是先扫描后复制到电脑上，然后由阅卷老师在电脑上阅卷，因此在阅卷老师主观判卷的过程中，作文的框架以及书写的整洁程度 会对最终的分数产生很大的影响。笔者建议考生采用黑色水笔作答，这样能够显得更加清晰。同时提醒考生，切勿将答题卡折叠。2. 严格按给定提纲的顺序写作。考生在组织作文的写作思路时，要严格按照提纲给定的要求写作。当然，考生也能够灵活运用写作套路，使用一些经典词汇或句型，把提纲句作为中心句放在每段的开头，后面再加上由逻辑词连接的分支观点，做到“以不变应万变”。3. 文章至少三段。四级写作的判卷规则有一条是这样规定的：只写一段 07分;两段09分。因此，笔者建议考生至少写三段内容。4. 保证字数。四级写作规定的字数是120词或150词左右，每少10个单词扣1分，因而考生在写作时一定要注意达到相应字数。四级写作难点分析及应对策略难点一：主观判分，有所影响 不可否认，四级考试是当前国内各种英语测试中规模很大、公信度较高、科学性和客观性较强的一种，能够较客观地考察出一个人的实际英语能力。但写作依然是四级考试中主观性较大的部分，存在主观判卷的弊端。虽然考官依据四级作文评分标准进行阅卷，但由于前文所述的考官在判卷中的弱点、盲点，人为因素不可避免。 难点二：体裁多样，难度较大 它既有书信作文，演讲稿，图表作文，也有议论文写作。字数要求也是国内英语测试中较多的，30分钟要求考生写一篇150字的短文。书信作文、议论文等尚能有章可循，然而图表作文却无从下手。这是因为国内各个层次的英语教学甚少涉及图表作文，而且要写好图表作文，不但需要良好的英语语言能力，同时还应具备相应的分析、归纳能力。难点三：老题新出，千变万化 四级作文有完善的出题套路，往往经过换关键词的方式能够旧瓶装新酒，老树开新花。大学英语四级写作：应对策略与语言组织技巧一、文字通顺连贯英语中的过渡句和连接词是文章通顺连贯的重要标志，根据语法中的平行和从属结构原则，一个复合句中必须要有一个连接词，否则句子是不符合语法规则的。如：All flights had been cancelled, the passengers had to go there by train. 本句的两部分都有完整的主谓，但并没有连接词加以连接，故是错误的，应改为：Because all flights had been cancelled, the passengers had to go there by train.或All flights had been cancelled, so the passengers had to go there by train.或用分词形式All flights having been cancelled, the passengers had to go there by train.由以上例子能够看出，复合句内部必须要有连接词，有时句子之间也需要连接词，而连接词体现的是句子内部和句子之间严谨的逻辑和论证推理关系，是英文语言最大的价值之一。当然段与段之间还需要过渡句或过渡词组来加以联系，以达到通顺之效果。以下是我们对写作中英文逻辑关系以及引导各种逻辑关系连接词和词组的归纳：总结关系过渡词语generally speaking, generally, as a general rule, in general, on a larger scale, to take the idea further, to take the above opinion to an extreme, in a sense, in one sense, in a way, to some extent, in my opinion, in my view, as for me, as far as I am concerned, obviously, undoubtedly, in terms of, in conclusion, in short, in brief, in summary, in a word, on the whole, to sum up, to conclude 比较对比关系过渡词语similarly, likewise, like, too, equally important, the same as, in common, in the same way, on the contrary, on the one hand, on the other hand, otherwise, in sharp contrast, whereas, rather than, conversely, instead, in/by contrast, but, however, yet, nevertheless 列举关系过渡词语for example, for instance, as an example, as a case in point, such as, namely, that is, like, thus, first, second, third, finally, in the first place, initially, first of all, to begin with, to start with, what is more, furthermore, eventually, besides, in addition （to that）, first and foremost, last but not least, next, also, moreover, for one thing, for another 因果关系过渡词语because （of）, as, since, for, owing to, due to, thanks to, on account of, as a result of, result in （from）, consequently, for the reason that, as a consequence, consequently, if follows that, accordingly, therefore, hence 让步关系过渡词语although, even though, after all, in spite of, despite, granted that 强调关系过渡词语anyway, certainly, surely, obviously, to be sure, especially, particularly, above all, in deed, in fact, even worse, needless to say, most important of all, no doubt递进关系in addition, furthermore, also, moreover, besides, again, and, likewise, whats more时间顺序afterwards, at last, at length, immediately, in the meantime, lately, meanwhile, presently, shortly, since, soon, temporarily, thereafter, while方位序列in front of, beside, beyond, above, below, inside, outside, on the left, on the right方式手段as, as if, as though, the way，by目的关系that, so that, lest, in case, for fear that, in order that二、书写工整，避免严重语言错误。写作中常见错误归纳语法错误时态错误在描述过去发生的事情时要用过去时，如果是一般事实应该用现在时。这些语法规则是大家耳熟能详的，但落到笔下就容易忘记。 一致性，特别是主谓搭配代词指代的一致 句子不完整人称转换错误比较级使用错误：more better than； There are many advantages than冠词用法错误：如：a easy job, City of the Beijing, He is a brightest student in his class. 介词用法错误： This machine is superior than （to） the old one. 大小写错误 拼写错误一些经常容易搞混淆或拼错的单词：environment-环境，容易写成enviromentgovernment-政府，容易误拼成govermentmodern-现代的，容易拼成mordendelighted-感到高兴的; delightful-使人高兴的economic-有关经济的; economical-节俭的，经济的historic-有历史意义的; historical-关于历史的considerate-关心别人的; considerable-相当大的，相当多的三、词语的使用选 词多用近义词 makemanufacturebuypurchasefinishaccomplish endterminate useutilize 区分具体与抽象的词词从语义上可分为具体与抽象两种类别，例如：抽象具体goodkind, honest, generous, warm-hearted, selfless, friendlylaughsmile, chuckle, sniggerscientistphysicist, biologist, chemist 抽象词意范围大，概括力强，但给人以空洞的感觉，适合于文章的开头和结尾等总结性部分。具体词意义有针对性、个性和精确性，给人以确切的概念，适合用于段落中细节的刻画，论点的阐述以及事物的描写。如果用抽象的词来表示具体的事物，便会给人笼统的感觉：a. 抽象: The man is good.具体: The man is selfless.b. 抽象: There are three men in the room.具体: There are three little boys in the room.善于使用代词A scientist draws conclusions by studying the facts he collects.Such symbols as are used to represent chemical elements should be firmly kept in mind.四、句式变换在了解组织句子的四个特点之后，我们重点看一下句子组织形式的多样化，即在120150词内，尽量使用不同的句子形式，常见的句型如下：主语从句定语从句 （限定性和非限定性）状语从句 （时间，原因，地点，条件，让步等）分词短语做定语或状语强调句倒装句 省略句What句型设问句主语和主语从句宾语从句表语从句倒装句式部分倒装的情况： 全部倒装排比平行结构五、段落组织技巧开头段开头段的作用是概括陈述主题，提出观点或论点，表明写作意图，要求语言精练，直接切入主题或引出观点，一般不对主题进行深入的探讨，具体的论证或说明描述应该在中间段落进行，开头段一般写三、四句即可。在组织开头段时要注意避免以下几点：开头偏离主题太远，否则会容易导致切题不准，主题不明使用抱歉或埋怨之词句，因为社会主旋律是倡导积极向上的思想内容不具体，言之无物，使用不言自明的陈述，给人以充数累赘之感四级写作中常见的开头段的表示方法举例如下：使用引语（use a quotation）使用一段名人名言，或人们常见的谚语、习语，以确定文章的写作范围和方向。如：“Great minds must be ready not only to take the opportunity, but to make them.” Colton, a great writer once remarked. But it still has a profound significance now. To a person, in whose lifetime opportunities are not many, to make opportunities is more essential to his success. 引用具体或粗略的数据 （use figures or statistics）当然对于图表题型，该种方法是必须的选择，具体做法是给出一些具体或粗略的数据，然后作出概括性分析，点明主题或引出需要论述的问题。提出问题（ask a question）提出有争议或探讨性的具体问题，然后加以简要回答或展开引导性简短讨论。给出具体实例或报道（offer relevant examples or reports）定义法（give definition）主题句法（use of topic sentence）文章一开始就以主题句点明全文主题，然后围绕主题内容进行发展。开头段的常见核心句型归纳如下，大家可选择使用：As opposed to generally accepted views, I believe that The arguer may be right about , but he seems to neglect to mention the fact that .Although it is commonly agreed that , it is unlikely to be true that .There is an element of truth in this statement, but it ignores a deeper and more basic fact that .In all the discussion and debate over , one important fact is generally overlooked.On the surface （At first thought）, it （this） may seem a sound （an attractive） suggestion （solution / idea）, but careful weighing on the mind （on closer analysis / on second thought）, we find that Although many people believe that , I wonder whether the argument bears much analysis The danger （problem / fact / truth / point） is that.I agree with the above statement because I believe that . There is a public controversy nowadays over the issue of . Those who object to argue that . But people who favor , on the other hand, argue that. Currently （In recent years / In the past few years / For many years now）, there is （has been） a（n） general （widespread / growing / widely held） feeling towards （concern over / attitude towards / trend towards / awareness of / realization of / illusion of / belief in）.As far as I am concerned, however, I believe that .Now it is commonly （widely / generally / increasingly） believed （thought / held / accepted/ felt / recognized / acknowledged） that . But I wonder （doubt） whether 结尾段结尾段的写作方法能够归纳如下：总结归纳简要总结归纳文章要点，以便深化主题印象。如：In conclusion I would like to say that children need to be understood but children also need to understand their parents. It is only when parents and children come to understand each other that we can solve problems effectively and narrow the generation gap.重申主题再次强调和确定文章开头阐述的中心思想。如：Admittedly, science has created atomic bombs and produced pervasive pollution. But it has transformed the lives of millions of people. It has multiplied mans energy, hopes, ambitions and understanding. It has elevated and will continue to elevate man intellectually and spiritually. 分析：文章对前文的观点进行了重复，使之更加鲜明。预测展望立足当前，放眼未来。如：So to sum up, we should offer our help to all who are in need. We expect to get love from others and we also give love to others. I believe that the relationship between people will be harmonious and our society will be a better place for us to live in.分析：文章经过对未来积极的展望，说明了爱在生活中的重要性。提出建议提出解决问题的途径、方法或呼吁人们采取相应的行动。如：As the issue plays such a key role in our society, sufficient attention should be paid from both the government and the public. The government should make sure that the census is well carried out and the people should be actively involved in the census. 分析：文章在结尾从政府和公众两个角度提出建议，以保证人口普查的顺利进行。提出问题提出具有发人深省的问题，从而突出中心思想。如：Old people may choose to live alone for themselves and even embrace this living pattern. But in the deep part of their hearts, they must feel lonely. They need their children to stay with to talk with, and take care of them. Why cant young people think of the days when they are getting old分析：文章最有用一个反问句“年轻人为什么不想想自己年老时的情形”来提醒她们将心比心，设身处地，去关心父母双亲。引用格言用格言、谚语或习语总括全文中心思想。如：Many yeas ago, a great philosopher Francis Bacon remarked that “Knowledge is power.” This can now be translated into contemporary terms. In our social setting, “Knowledge is change”and accelerating knowledge-acquisition, fueling the great engine of technology, means accelerating change.分析: 文章借用培根“知识就是力量”名言的结构，指出“知识就是变化”以深化主题，给读者留下深刻的印象。结尾段常见的的核心句型归纳如下，大家可根据自己的习惯和需要选择使用：From what has been discussed above （Taking into account all these factors / Judging from all evidence offered）, we may safely draw （reach / come to / arrive at） the conclusion that .All the evidence （analysis） supports （justifies / confirms / warrants / points to） a（n）unshakable （unmistakable / sound / just） conclusion that .It is high time that we place （lay / put） great （special / considerable） emphasis on the improvement （development / increase / promotion） of .It is high time that we put an end to the deep-seated （unhealthy / undesirable / deplorable） situation （tendency / phenomenon） of . We must look （search / call / cry） for an immediate action （method / measure）,because the present （current） situation （phenomenon / tendency / state / attitude） of , if permitted （allowed） to continue （proceed）, will surely （certainly） lead to （result in） the end （destruction / heavy cost） of .There is no easy （immediate / effective） solution （approach / answer / remedy） to the problem of , but might be useful （helpful / beneficial）.No easy method （solution / recipe / remedy） can be at hand （found / guaranteed） to solve （resolve / tackle） the problem of , but the common （general / public） recognition of （realization of / awareness of / commitment to） the necessity （importance / significance） of might be the first step towards change （on the right way / in the right direction）.Following these methods （suggestions） may not guarantee the success in （solution to）, but the pay-off will be worth the effort. Obviously （Clearly / No doubt if we ignore （are blind to） the problem, there is every chance that .Unless there is a common realization of （general commitment to） , it is very likely （the chances are good） that .There is little doubt （no denying） that serious （special / adequate / immediate / further） attention must be called （paid / devoted） to the problem of .再看一下中间段落的组织。中间段的任务是依据开头段所交代的内容来阐述文章的论点，围绕主题或论点展开讨论，或就具体要求进行描述和说明。中间段是文章的正文，其作用是从不同的层面对文章主题进行具体和详实的解释和论证。中间段篇幅一般比开头段和结尾段长，每段有相应的主题句，包含定义、解释、描写等手法，说明主题思想的扩展句采用实例、数据或个人经历等写作手段，当然不同种类的段落采用不同的扩展手段。中间段有以下具体特点：所涉及内容应该准确、清楚，颇具说服力；段落中一定具备主题句；段落内容应该保持完整、统一，没有说明不足之处或多余冗长的细节内容顺序安排合理，逻辑性较强；段落之间连贯自然；段落中讨论的内容主次分明，材料比例适当；词与句型运用合理而且有变化。常见的中间段展开方法归纳如下：列举法比较对比法因果法例证法发展过程法定义法分类法六、写作步骤“三步”曲： Pre-writing: BrainstormingWhile-writing: We cannot be too careful （做文）Post-writing: Reviewing七、标点1、英文没有顿号；2、英文没有书名号，可用斜体，引号或下划线；专有名词常见斜体表示；3、句号不同；4、省略号（）；5、破折号。大学英语四级写作：题型分析一、 图表图画题型 （Graphs/Tables and Cartoons/Pictures）表格和图表题型表格和图表题型是大学英语写作中较为常见的题型之一，也是难度较大的一种写作题型，故大家应对此类题型加强练习，熟练掌握。表格和图表题型写作注意事项仔细研究题目以及提示信息，看准、看清图表中的数字、线条、阴影等部分的变化趋势和走向，然后根据图表所显示的中心信息确定内容层次以及主题句。仔细观察分析图表所给出的大量信息，从中选取最重要，最有代表性，最核心的信息，然后根据全文的主旨去组织运用所获取的关键信息,切忌简单地罗列图表所给出的信息。表格和图表题型写作一般采用一般现在时，但如果图表给出了具体时间参照，则应对时态进行相应的调整。表格和图表题型要求考生使用一些固定句型和表示法，大家应对此融会贯通。表格和图表题型能够细分为表格，曲线图、柱形图和圆形图。除了上述共同要点，还应弄懂这四种图在写作方面的各自特点。 表格形式要求考生对表格中所给出的大量数字进行比较分析，从中找出其变化规律。曲线图形式要求考生认真观察坐标系所显示的数据信息，而且密切注意交汇在坐标横轴和纵轴上的数字及单位。 柱形图形式要求考生经过宽度相等的柱形的高度或长度差别来判断事物的动态发展趋势，故考生应密切关注坐标线上的刻度单位及图表旁边的提示说明与文字。圆形图形式旨在要求考生准确理解并阐述一个被分割成大小不等切片的圆形图所传达的信息。考生应清楚掌握部分与整体，部分与部分之间的相互关系，这种关系一般是以百分比的数字形式给出的。列出各段的主题句。考生能够根据所给提纲或已知信息列出每段的主题句，为全文的展开铺平道路。严格围绕主题句展开段落。检查与修改。表格与图表写作的检查与修改应着重检查文章中所列举的信息是否与图表所显示的信息一致。表格和图表题型写作中常见的核心句型归纳如下：1. According to the figures given in the table,2. This chart shows that.3. As is shown by the graph,.4. It can be seen from the statistics chart diagram table graph figures）that.5. It is generally believed（accepted thought held） that 6. There is slight （slow steady rapid）increase （decrease decline reductionfalldroprise） in demand（income.populationpricesproduction）. 7. be on the increase （decrease rise decline）（.在不断地增加，减少，上升，下降）8. From the table （figuresdataresultsinformation）,it can be seen （concludedshownestimatedcalculatedinferred） that9. During the period 1900 （From 1900 Since 1900For a