初中英语中考前必备知识总结.doc

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基本语法表格 1.人称代词和物主代词第一人称第二人称第三人称单数复数单数复数单数 (现在时, 动词+s/es) 复数人称代词主格 I we you you she he it they these 宾格 me us you you her him it them those 物主代词(…的) 物主性 my our your your her his its their these 名词性 mine ours yours yours hers his its theirs those 反身代词自己 myself ourselves yourself yourselves herself himself itself themselves themselves 2.可数名词的复数构成举例 1 在名词后面加s Americans, Germans, apples, bananas 2 以s, x, sh, ch, 结尾的，加es boxes, glasses, dresses, watches, wishes, foxes buses 3 以辅音字母加y结尾的变y为i再加es baby-babies, family-families, duty-duties, comedy-comedies, 4 以元音字母加y结尾的直接加s day-days, boy-boys, toy-toys, key-keys, way-ways 5 以o结尾加s（外来词）；但如是辅音加o的加es radios, photos zoos tomatoes, potatoes heroes 6 以f或fe结尾的变f为v再加es thief,wife,shelf,knife, loaf,leaf,wolf,half, 7 一般只有复数，没有单数的有 clothes;p0lice, people, crew, staff, police; pants, shorts, shoes, glasses, gloves, socks, trouses; scissors; （由两部分组成的东西） 8 特殊形式的有 child-children, foot-feet, tooth-teeth, goose-geese, mouse-mice, sheep-sheep; man-men, woman-women, policeman-policemen, Englishman-Englishmen 10 如果是由man或woman所组成的合成词的复数，则前后两个词都要变为复数 man doctor--men doctors, woman teacher--women teachers 11 既可以是单数也可以是复数的一些集合名词 class班，同学；family家，家庭成员；organization机构；army军队； audience 观众；enemy 敌人；navy 海军；committee 委员会；group, team. 12 单复数相同 fish, sheep, deer鹿子, Chinese, Japanese 13 单复数意思不同 fish鱼 fishes鱼的种类, paper纸 papers报纸，卷子，论文 work工作 works作品，工厂 glass玻璃 glasses玻璃杯，眼镜 orange桔子水 oranges橙子 light光线 lights灯 cloth布 clothes衣服 people人 peoples民族 time时间 times时代, 次数 chicken 鸡肉 chickens 小鸡 water水 waters水域；公海 wood 木板； woods树林 14 常用的不可数名词 water, milk, fruit, meat, food, paper, air, weather, rice, ice, furniture家具 sheep羊肉, fish鱼肉（动物表示肉类） 3.名词所有格（某人/物“的”东西）构成举例 1 单数：在后面加’s brother’s, Mike’s, teacher’s 2 复数：以s结尾的直接在s后加’，不以s结尾的，加’s Teachers’ Day教师节 classmates’ books同学们的书籍 Children’s Day六一节 Women’s Day三八节动词+ed的构成方式构成举例 1 直接在词尾加ed work-worked; play-played; want-wanted; act-acted 2 以不发音的e字母结尾的动词，直接加d live-lived; move-moved; taste-tasted; hope-hoped, 3 以辅音字母+ y结尾的，把y变为i 再加ed study-studied; copy-copied; cry-cried; carry-carried 4 以重读闭音节结尾，末尾只有一个辅音字母的动词，要双写这一辅音字母，再加ed stop plan fit refer prefer cancel travel quarrel drop 4.动词+ing的构成方式构成举例 2 以不发音的e字母结尾的动词，要去掉e再加ing make-making, write-writing, skate-skating, close–closing, come-coming, take-taking，have-having, dance-dancing, live–living; hope-hoping 3 若结尾的e 发音, 就不能去掉 see-seeing 4 以重读闭音节结尾，末尾只有一个辅音字母的动词，要双写这一辅音字母，再加ing run-running, swim-swimming, get-getting, sit–sitting, put–putting, begin–beginning, hit-hitting, stop-stopping, forget – forgetting 5 在少数几个以ie 结尾的动词后：须将ie 变作y，再加ing。 die–dying; tie–tying, lie–lying躺/位于 lie--- lied --- lied --- lying撒谎 lie --- lay --- lain --- lying 躺/位于 lay --- laid --- laid --- laying下蛋/放 5.时态语态公式时态主动被动 be + done （过去分词） 1．一般现在时 do / does am/is/are done 2．一般过去时 ①did ②used to do was/were done 3．一般将来时 ①will/shall do ②am/is/are going to do will/shall be done 4．现在进行时 am/is/are doing am/is/are being done 5．过去进行时 was/were doing was/were being done 6．将来进行时 will be doing will be done 7．现在完成时 have/has done have/has been done 8．过去完成时 had done had been done 9．将来完成时 will have done will have been done 10．现在完成进行时 have/has been doing have/has been done 11．过去将来时 would do would be done 6.主动/被动主动被动： be + done (be-am/is/are-was/were-being-been) 1．一般现在时 I do my homework every day My homework is done (by me) every day. 2．一般过去时 I did my homework yesterday. My homework was done (by me) yesterday. 3．一般将来时 I will do my homework tomorow. My homework will be done (by me) tomorrow. 4．现在进行时 I am doing my homework now. My homework is being done now. 5．过去进行时 I was doing my homework at 3:00 yesterday afternoon. My homework was being done at 3:00 yesterday afternoon 6．将来进行时 I will be doing my homework tomorrow. My homework will be done tomorrow. 7．现在完成时 I have already done my homework. My homework has already been done. 8．过去完成时 I had done my homework before yesterday afternoon. My homework had been done before yesterday afternoon 9．将来完成时 I will have done my homework tomorrow. My homework will have been done tomorrow. 10．现在完成进行时 I have been doing a half of my homework. My homework has been done a half. 11．过去将来时 I said that I would do my homework next week. I said that my homework would be done next week. 7.不规则动词巧记表 AAA型过去式、过去分词与原形一致原形过去式过去分词词义原形过去式过去分词词义 cut cut cut 切、割、剪 shut shut shut 关、闭（门窗） put put put 放置 hurt hurt hurt 受伤；疼痛 let let let 让 cost cost cost 值…钱；花费 set set set 设置 read read read 朗读；阅读 hit hit hit 撞击；打 spread spread spread 展开；铺开 AAB型过去式与原形一致原形过去式过去分词词义原形过去式过去分词词义 beat beat beaten 击败；打败 ABA型过去分词与原形一致原形过去式过去分词词义原形过去式过去分词词义 run ran run 跑步；逃跑 come came come 来 become became become 变得；成为 ABB型过去式与过去分词一致原形过去式过去分词词义原形过去式过去分词词义 buy bought bought 买 lead led led 领导；致使 bring brought brought 带来 mislead misled misled 误导 fight fought fought 打架；打仗 feed fed fed 喂养；喂食 think thought thought 想；认为 flee fled fled 逃跑 seek sought sought 寻找；探究 meet met met 遇见；碰到 catch caught caught 抓住；接住 shoot shot shot 射击；投篮 teach taught taught 教；教书 light lit / lighted lit / lighted 点燃 lend lent lent 借出 get got got 获得；得到 send sent sent 送；派遣 win won won 获胜；赢得 spend spent spent 花（时间、钱） sit sat sat 坐下 build built built 建设；建立 dig dug dug 挖掘 feel felt felt 感觉；摸起来 stick stuck stuck 刺；戳 leave left left 离开 hang hung hung 悬挂 keep kept kept 保持；保留 hang hanged hanged 绞死 sleep slept slept 睡觉 sell sold sold 出售；卖 oversleep overslept overslept 睡过头 tell told told 告诉 sweep swept swept 打扫 smell smelt smelt 闻；嗅 mean meant meant 意思是 spell spelt spelt 拼写 learn learnt / learned learnt / learned 学；学会 hold held held 拿着；举办 burn burnt / burned burnt / burned 燃烧；烧伤 find found found 找到；发现 hear heard heard 听见 stand stood stood 站立 have/has had had 有 understand understood understood 理解 make made made 制作 pay paid paid 付款 shine shone / shined shone / shined 照耀 say said said 说 lose lost lost 丢失；失去 lay laid laid 下蛋laying deal dealt dealt 处理 lie lied lied 撒谎lying lie lay lain 躺/放lying ABC型原形、过去式、过去分词不一致原形过去式过去分词词义原形过去式过去分词词义 begin began begun 开始 take took taken 拿走 drink drank drunk 喝；饮 mistake mistook mistaken 错拿 ring rang rung 铃响；打电话 shake shook shaken 摇动；握（手） sing sang sung 唱歌 eat ate eaten 吃 sink sank sunk 下沉 fall fell fallen 落下；摔倒 swim swam swum 游泳 rise rose（玫瑰） risen 上升；上涨 blow blew blown 吹；刮风 drive drove driven 驾驶 fly flew flown 飞；放（风筝） give gave given 给 know knew known 知道；懂得 forgive forgave forgiven 原谅 grow grew grown 种植；生长 see saw seen 看见 throw threw thrown 扔；投 ride rode ridden 骑（车、马） draw drew drawn 绘画 hide hid hidden 躲藏 show showed shown 出示；给…看 bite bit bitten 咬 break broke broken 打破；不服从 forbid forbade/forbad forbidden 禁止；不许 speak spoke spoken 说话 write wrote written 书写 steal stole stolen 偷 bear （熊） bore born 忍受 choose chose chosen 选择 tear （眼泪） tore torn 撕破 freeze froze frozen 冻结 wear wore worn 穿、戴 wake woke woke / woken 醒来；唤醒 am / is was been 是 strike struck struck/stricken 打击；撞击 are were been 是 forget forgot forgotten 忘记 do / does did done 做 go went gone 去 lie lay lain 躺；卧 8. 介词at; in; on的用法表时间构成举例 ① 具体时间，“几点几分”用at She goes to bed at eleven o’clock. ② “在早上，在下午，在晚上”用in，且the不能省略；“在某年、某月” 用in，不加冠词; “在中午，在夜里”用at，不加冠词 in the morning; in the afternoon; in the evening in 2000; in June at noon; at night ③ 表示“在星期几”、 “在星期几的上午、下午、晚上” “在某天”、 “在某月某日”、用on on June 13; on Monday/Tuesday/Sunday on Monday morning/afternoon/evening/nigjt ④ 在this, last, next, every等词前面既不加介词，也不用冠词 What are you doing this afternoon?　I do it every Friday. 表地点 ① 在小地点用at at school; at home; at railway station; at the corner ② 在大地方用in in Beijing; in China; in Amarica; in Asia ③ 在……上面用on on the desk; on the top of the montain 常用介词 before (时间)在……前；截至（到）…… in front of (地点)在……前面 in the front of在……前部 after (时间)在……之后 behind (地点)在……后面 until（till）直到……为止 (动词如果是点动词，则必须用否定句) about 在……各处；到处；在……附近; 关于; 大约 by ①直到……为止；②以……计，后跟度量单位 ③“靠……手段”，“用……方法”，“凭借……动作” away 离开；离……多远 beyond 超出……范围（或能力） for ①为……；②表示一段时间；③用……交换 around 在……周围，围绕 during 在……(时间)内 into 进入 through ①一直……（从开始到结束）；②穿过 along 沿着 from 表示“是哪里人”，以及“时间或地点的起始点 to 到……（目的地）去，向…… since 自从……以来 across 横穿 in ①过……后（未来时间）；②在……里面（地点） in “用…语言” 常与write, speak, talk, answer等连用 within 不超过……的范围 be made of 表示从成品仍可看出原料 outside 在……外面 be made from 表示从成品已看不出原料 between 在……之间（指二者） with 表示用什么工具，所用的东西都是具体的物 among 在……之间（指三者以上） without =but for 没有 on 在……上面，表面相互接触 like 像……一样 above 只表示“在……上方或位置高出……”，与below相对 as 作为 below 在……下方，低于…… near 在……附近，与far相对 over “在……正上方”，与under相对 under 在……正下方 against ①紧靠、倚靠 ②反对（反义词是for） beneath 在……下方 beside =by (地点) 靠近，在……旁边，比near距离更近 except for 除……之外（主要用来谈论不同类的东西） besides 除之外…还有 except 除之外…没有了（主要用来谈论同类的东西） 9.形容词的比较级和最高级构成举例 1 一般在形容词后加er/est 如果是以e结尾则直接加r或st great-greater-greatest, short-shorter–shortest, tall-taller–tallest, long-longer–longest, nice-nicer- nicest, large-larger -largest 2 以重读闭音节结尾且1个元音字母＋1个辅音字母结尾的，双写结尾的辅音字母，再加er /est （与动词+ed和+ing一样） big-bigger-biggest thin (字母组合除外，如few-fewer-fewest) red-redder-reddest hot-hotter-hottest 3 以辅音字母＋y结尾的，变y为i，再加er/est （与动词+ed；名词+es一样） happy-happier-happiest, sorry-sorrier-sorriest, friendly-friendlier-friendliest (more friendly-most friendly), busy-busier-busiest, easy-easier-easiest 4 多音节形容词（比较长的形容词），比较级在词前面+more; 最高级在词前面+the most comfortable-more comfortable-the most comfortable difficult-more difficult-the most difficult expensive- more expensive the most expensive important beautiful-more beautiful-the most beautiful wonderful convenient-more convenient-the most convenient方便 interesting 5 特殊情况：(两好多坏，一少老远) good/well–better–best many/much–more–most bad/ill–worse–worst little–less– least old–older/elder–oldest/eldest far–farther/further–farthest/furthest 10.不定冠词a(an)的用法构成举例 1 a用于发辅音开始的可数名词单数前 a girl; a university; a useful book (这里的u为元音字母, 但发辅音) 2 an用于发元音开始的词前 an English book; an hour, an honor, an honest boy (h不发音, 从元音o算起) 11.定冠词the的用法构成举例 4 用来表示世界上独一无二的事物 the sun, the moon, the sky, the earth, the world 5 用于表示阶级、党派的名词前 the Chinese Communist Party; the working class 6 用于江河、湖海，山脉，群岛等名词前 the Yellow River；the East Sea；the Himalayas；the Pacific Ocean 7 用于由普通名词构成的国名 The People's Republic of China；the United States 8 用于机关、团体、朝代、时代、报刊杂志等名词前 the United Nations；the State Council；the Tang dynasty；the People's Daily；the Summer Palace；the Peace Hotel； the British Museum 9 用于表示方位的名词前 the east; the southwest; the middle; the Far East; on the left 10 用于西洋乐器名词前，但汉语拼音的乐器前不用冠词 play the piano; play the violin; play erhu; play guzheng 11 用于复数的姓氏前，表示两夫妇或全家，在此情况下，这类名词作复数对待 When we got there, the Lius were waiting for us. The Smiths watch TV every day. 12 用于某些形容词或过去分词前，表示一类人或事物 the poor; the rich; the living; the young; the wounded; the beautiful 12.不用冠词的情况 2 三餐饭的名词前 breakfast lunch supper 3 节假日等名词前 on National Day; on Christmas Day; on Teachers’ Day 4 球类和棋类运动的名词前 play pingpang, play basketball; play chess 9 季节、月份、星期等名词前 1.Monday 2.Tuesday 3.Wednesday 4.Thursday5.Friday 6.Saturday 7.Sunday 1.January 2.February 3.March 4.April 5.May 6.June 7.July 8.August 9.September 10.October11.November 12.December2008 1..spring 2.summer 3.autumn 4.winter 12 在某些固定词组里 on foot; by train/ boat / plane /bus / bike; in fact; as a matter of fact; in class　 in church; in danger; in hospital; in town; in bed; at home; at school at daybreak; at sunrise; at dusk; at sunset; at night; at noon; go to school; go to class; go to bed; from morning till night; ; from door to door 13.（一）基数词范围特点实例 1~12 无规律 one, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten, eleven, twelve 13~19 以teen结尾 thirteen, fourteen, fifteen, sixteen, seventeen, eighteen, nineteen 20~90 以ty结尾 twenty, thirty, forty, fifty, sixty, seventy, eighty, ninety ② hundred, thousand, million, billion )具体的数字两无，无s 无of,如：5 hundred students 500个学生。模糊的数字两有，有s有of.of。如：; hundreds of students成百上千的学生 14.（二）序数词范围特点实例 1~19 各基数词尾加th 其中七个例外：first, second, third, fifth, eighth, ninth, twelfth 其余，如：four — forth, six — sixth, nineteen — nineteenth 20~90 把y变i后加eth twentieth, fortieth, ninetieth 21以后多位数最后一个数用序数词，其余用基数词 21st — twenty-first, 110th — one hundred and tenth 说明 ①first, second, third 通常可缩写为1st, 2nd, 3rd。凡是以th结尾的序数词可缩写为“基数词+th”：4th, 5th, 9th, 11th, 60th, 128th等。 ②. hundred, thousand, million 等序数词形式为 hundredth, thousandth, millionth 等；这类词前用数字“1”时，这个“1”只用one，不用a： one hundredth 第100 (不说a hundredth) ten thousandth (10, 000th) 第10000 15.不定数量词“多”的表示法修饰可数名词 dozens of 几十、许多 scores of 许多 many, a good(great) many, many a （修饰单数可数名词）许多、大量 hundreds of 数以百计 thousands of, thousands upon thousands of 成千上万 millions of 数百万 billions of 亿万 a large (great, big, small) number (majority) of 许多、大量修饰不可数名词 much, a great (good)deal of, a large amount of, large amounts of, a large (great, big)sum of（sum特指钱）许多、大量二者都可 a lot of /lots of, plenty of, a (large) quantity of , large quantities of 许多、大量 16.主谓一致分类构成与举例 1．谓语动词单数 ① 不定式、动名词、名词性从句作主语时 To learn a foreign language is not easy. =It’s not easy to learn a foreign language. Working with you is pleasant. =It’s pleasant working with you. ② 事件、国名、书名、作品名称作主语时 China is a big country. ③ 表示时间、金钱、距离、体积、数字等的名词词组作主语表示总量时 Two hours is enough for us to finish the experiment． ⑦ 由every，each，no，many a，a great deal of，more than one.等+单数名词作主语时 Every man and woman attends the meeting Many a student and teacher is watching the football match ⑧ the number of + 复数名词作主语时（如是a number of，谓语动词则用复数） As you can see, the number of cars on our roads is rising these days. As you can see, a number of cars on our roads are rising these days. ⑨ 由each，either，neither或由some，any，no，every构成的合成代词作主语时 Neither of them is interested in English. Somebody is waiting for you. ⑩ 谓语

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