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Unit 9 Things and People
学习重点:
一、店铺的名称(P100)
二、定冠词和不定冠词(P101)
二、问路及指路(P102)(P104)
三、短语动词(P106)
四、谈论人的外貌和性格特征(P108)
重点语法释析
1、 定冠词和不定冠词(P101)
冠词的定义
冠词是虚词,本身不能单独使用,也没有词义,它用在名词的前面,帮助指明名词的含义。
冠词可以说是名词的一种标志,它不能离开名词而独立存在。表示的主语数量或者特征
冠词的分类
冠词分为不定冠词"a,an"、定冠词"the"和零冠词三种,零冠词指的是不用冠词的情况。
不定冠词"a,an"表示泛指,定冠词表示特指。a、an仅用在单数可数名词前来表示“一”的意义,但不强调数目概念,只表示名词为不特定者。
定冠词的用法
巧计定冠词the用法歌诀:
特指双方熟悉,上文已经提起。
世上独一无二,方位名词乐器。
某些专有名词,还有复数姓氏。
序数词最高级,习惯用语要牢记。
冠词口诀
冠词分为定冠、不定冠,
不定冠词a和an,“—”的含义表泛指
表示特指要用the,次序、方位、最高级
世上物体独一个,人或事物再次提
以下情况冠词免,学科球类三顿饭
名词复数表泛指,季节星期月份前
不定冠词的用法
不定冠词有"a和an"两种形式。"a"用在以辅音音素开头的词前,"an"用在以元音音素开头的词前。判断一个词是以元音开头还是以辅音开头,是根据读音而不是根据字母。一般情况下,an用在元音之前,而不是原音字母之前,例如an hour
1. 用于可数名词的单数形式前,表示"一"
There is a tiger in the zoo.
(There is only one tiger in the zoo.)
动物园里有一只老虎。
2. 表示一类人和东西
A tiger can be dangerous.
老虎可能有危害性。
(也可用定冠词the+形容词 代表一类人)
The poor are still poor.
3. 表示"某一个"的意思
A gentleman wants to see you.
有一位先生要见你。
(The gentleman wants to see you.
这位先生要见你。)
4. 表示"同一"的意思
They are nearly of an age.
他们几乎同岁。
The two shirts are much of a size.
这两件衬衫大小差不多。
5. 表示"每一"的意思
We go swimming four times a week.
我们每周去游泳四次。
6. 用在作表语的单数可数名词前,表示身份、职业
My mother is a teacher.
我妈妈是教师。
7. 第一次提到的人或事物,但不特别指明是哪一个
Long long ago there was an old king who had a very beautiful daughter.
很久很久以前,有一个年老的国王,他有一个非常美丽的女儿。
定冠词的用法
1. 用以特指某(些)人或某(些)事物
This is the house where Luxun once lived.
这是鲁迅曾经住过的房子。
2. 用于指谈话双方都明确所指的人或事物
Open the door, please.
请把门打开。
3. 用以复述上文提过的人或事物(第一次提到用“a或an”,以后再次提到用“the”)
Once there lived a lion in the forest. Every day the lion asked small animals to look for food for him.
从前森林里住着一只狮子。每天这只狮子要小动物们为他寻找食物。
4. 用在序数词和形容词最高级前
January is the first month of the year.
一月份是一年当中的第一个月。
Shanghai is the biggest city in China.
上海是中国最大的城市。
5. 表示宇宙中世界上独一无二的事物
the sun 太阳 the moon 月亮
the earth 地球 the sky 天空
the world 世界
6. 指由普通名词构成的专有名词
the West Lake 西湖 the Great Wall 长城
the United States 美国 the United Nations 联合国
7. 表示方向、方位 用在表示计量的名词前{度量衡} by the ton/pound/yard/metre/kilo 注意by后面接上表示面积 体积 重量 长 高 短 深时 中间不加冠词 如by volume/weight/length/width/depth
in the east 在东方 in the west 在西方
in the front 在前面 at the back 在后面
in the bottom 在底部 at the top 在顶部
on the right 在右边 on the left 在左边
8. 在海洋、江河、湖泊、山脉、海峡、海湾等地理名词前
the Pacific Ocean 太平洋 the Huanghe River 黄河
the Tianshan Mountains 天山山脉 the Taiwan Straits 台湾海峡
9. 在姓氏复数前,表示一家人
The Bakers came to see me yesterday.
贝克一家人昨天来看我。
10. 和某些形容词连用,使形容词名词化,代表一类人或物
the poor 穷人 the rich 富人
the sick 病人 the wounded 伤员
the good 好人 the beautiful 美丽的事物
14. 表示演奏乐器时,乐器的前面要加the
play the piano 弹钢琴
play the violin 拉小提琴
*中国乐器名词前不与冠词连用:play erhu(二胡)]
2、 问路和指路(1)(P102)
1) Where is +场所?
Where is the hospital?
Where is the bus stop, please?
The bus stop is outside the greeenprocer’s.
2) Where is the nearest+ 场所?
Where is the nearest primary school?
Where is the nearest supermarket, please?
The supermarket is over there, opposite the café.
3) Is there + a/an + 场所?
Is there a supermarket near our school?
Is there a back near here?
Yes, the bank is on the corner, near the station.
Yes, there is. The bank is on the corner, near the station.
I’m sorry I don’t know.
问路与指路(2)(P104)
问路
How do I get there?
How do I get to the bus station?
Where do I get on?
Where do I get off?
指路
You take the number 38 bus.
You get on at the greengrocer’s.
You get off at the bus station.
3、 短语动词:(P106)
短语动词
动词加副词小品词以及动词加介词构成的动词短语叫短语动词(Phrasal Verb)。
英语中有许多短语动词在意义上是一个整体,其用法有的相当于及物动词,有的相当于不及物动词,有的兼有及物动词和不及物动词的特征。英语短语动词的构成主要有以下几种:
(1) 动词+介词
常见的有look for, look after, send for, care about, ask for, laugh at, hear of (from), add to, lead to等。这类短语动词的宾语只能放在介词后。如:
Don't laugh at others.
I didn't care about it.
(2) 动词+副词
常见的有give up, pick up, think over, find out, hand in, point out等。这类短语动词的宾语如果是名词,既可放在副词前边,又可放在副词后边;宾语如果是人称代词或反身代词,则要放在副词前边。如:You'll hand in your homework tomorrow.
Please don't forget to hand it in.
(3) 动词+副词+介词
常见的有look down upon, go on with, break away from, add up to, catch up with等。这类短语动词的宾语只能放在介词后边。如:
All his money added up to no more than $100.
After a short rest, he went on with his research work.
构成短语动词的副词和介词都统称为小品词(Particle)。
短语动词需整体记忆
get up 起床
get on 上车/ 相处
get off 下车/ 动身,离开
get about 走动,旅行
get sb. down 使---情绪低落
4、 谈论人的外貌和性格特征(P108)
1、What does he look like ? “他长什么样儿”指外貌特征
2、What's he like ?(性格特征)
描述人的胖与瘦的词汇 P109
描述人的性格特征的词汇 P110
5、 形容词
形容词是用来修饰名词,表示名词的属性或特征的词。
1)作定语:形容词紧靠着〔代〕名词,直接修饰该〔代〕名词。
He is a clever boy.
They are good students.
The Chinese people are a great people.
形容词作定语一般位于被修饰语之前,但在有些情况下,位于被修饰语之后:
a) 被修饰词是复合不定代词 something; anything; everyone; anybody...等:
I'll tell you something important.
That's nothing new.
b) 被修饰语前有 only, every, best, all等限制性较强的定语时:
Those are the only books available. 这些是仅有的书。
c) 形容词短语作定语:
He is a young man old enough to join the army. 他是一个到了参军年龄的年轻人。
2)作表语或宾语(主语)补足语。
Don’t feel sad. Everything will be all right. (表语)
The novel is worth reading. (表语)
They kept every room clean. (宾语补足语)
Every room was kept clean. (主语补足语)
He was awake all the night. (主语补足语)
3)作主语和宾语
有些形容词前加上定冠词可转化为名词,并具有名词的某些特征。如果指人时,意义上往往是复数,谓语动词也要用复数形式。
The blind (The poor) are taken good care of. 盲人(穷人)得到很好的照顾。(作主语)
The young have a keen sense of the new.
年轻人对新事物有敏锐的感觉。(The young作主语,the new作宾语)
表示抽象概念的名词,意义上是单数,谓语动词也要用单数式。
We must be able to tell the true from the false. 我们必须能辨别真伪。
The good in him outweighs the bad. 他身上优点多于缺点。
4)作状语
Afraid of difficulties, he stayed at home. 他怕困难,呆在家里。
5)有时还可以作同位语或独立成分
Tom, the tallest in his class, has won the contest. 班上个子最高的汤姆取得竞赛第一名。
二、重点词汇讲解
1. opposite prep. 常用于opposite to sb./ sth.中,表示在某人/某物的另侧,面对某人/某物
e.g. I sat opposite to him during the meal. 吃饭时我坐在他对面
That river is opposite to the school. 那条河在学校对面
2. work out 锻炼身体
e.g. I work out regularly to keep fit. 我经常努力锻炼身体以保持健康
I usually work out on Sunday. 我通常星期天锻炼身体
3. change v. 改变,转变,换,更换
e.g. They’ve changed our plan. 他们改变了我们的计划
The wind has changed direction. 风向变了
I’ll go upstairs to change. 我要上楼去换衣服
4. put on 穿上,戴上;增加
在表示穿上,戴上时,put on主要表示的是一个动作
e.g. put on one’s coat 穿上外套
put on one’s gloves 戴上手套
put on one’s hat 戴上帽子
put on one’s skirt 穿上裙子
put on one’s trousers 穿上裤子
put on weight 体重增加
What dress shall I put on for the party? 我穿什么衣服去参加聚会呢?
5. wear v. 穿,戴,佩带
在表示穿,戴时,wear 主要表示的是一个状态
wear a coat 穿着大衣
wear a hat 戴着帽子
wear a ring 戴着戒指
wear a watch 戴着手表
He is wearing sun-glasses. 他戴着墨镜
6. confident adj. 确信的,有自信的,有信心的
e.g. The student spoke in a confident voice. 这个学生说话时充满自信
He is confident of victory. 他对胜利充满信心
a confident smile / manner 自信的微笑/态度
三、练习题
1. ----Will you please take a message for my teacher?
----___________.
A. Yes, I will give B. I’ll be glad to C. Thanks for telling me
2. He will be back in _____ hour.
A. / B. a C. an
3. When I _______, I want to be a doctor.
A. grows up B. grow up C. shall grow
4. ----Mary! ________ play with your pen in class.
----Oh, I’m sorry, sir.
A. Don’t B. Not C. You not
5. Tom arrived here ______ the evening of May 12th.
A. at B. in C. on
6. There are over _____ students in our school.
A. three thousands B. three thousands of C. three thousand
7. ----Help yourself to some meat.
----________.
A. Yes, please. B. Yes, let’s help each other C. Thank you.
8. Do you ______ French?
A. tell B. say C. speak
9. ----_________ do you go to see your mother?
----Once a week.
A. How often B. How long C. How much
10. ----Would you like another cup of orange?
----_______ I’m full.
A. Yes, please. B. No, thanks. C. I don’t like.
11. It’s cold outside, so you’d better ______ your coat.
A. wear B. put on C. have on
12. Jim usually ______ his old clothes, but he is going to ________ his new clothes today.
A. wears…wear B. wears…put on C. wear…puts on
13. “What’s wrong ______ you?” the doctor asked.
A. from B. with C. for
14. ----You speak good English.
----____________.
A. No, my English is poor. B. No, just so-so. C. Thank you.
15. ----Hello! May I speak to Tom?
----_________. Would you please call back later?
A. Who are you? B. Sorry, she is out. C. Yes, here you are.
16. ----Sorry to have given you so much trouble.
----_____________.
A. Oh, that’s all right. B. With pleasure. C. Nothing doing.
17. The chair looks rather hard, but in fact it is comfortable to _____.
A. sit B. sit on C. be sat on
18. ----Doctor, I have a serious headache.
----_________.
A. Never mind B. It doesn’t matter C. Take it easy
19. ----Would you tell me something about the girl?
----____________.
A. All right. B. Yes, please. C. I would, of course.
20. Hello, Tom. ____________. She is a new student here.
A. She is Jane B. This is Jane C. It is Jane speaking
参考答案:
1. B 2. C 3. B 4. A 5. C
6. C 7. C 8. C 9. A 10. B
11. B 12. B 13. B 14. C 15. B
16. A 17. B 18. C 19. A 20. B
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