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毕业论文提纲的拟定
一、拟定毕业论文提纲的原则
1. 要有全局观念,从整体出发去检查每一部分在论文中所占的地位和作用。看看各部分的比例分派与否恰当,篇幅的长短与否适宜,每一部分能否为中心论点服务。
2. 从中心论点出发,决定材料的取舍,把与主题无关或关系不大的材料毫不可惜地舍弃,尽管这些材料是煞费苦心费了不少劳动收集来的。有所失,才干有所得。
3. 要考虑各部分之间的逻辑关系。初学撰写论文的人常犯的毛病,是论点和论据没有必然联系,有的只限于重复叙述论点,而缺少切实有力的论据;有的材料一大堆,论点不明确;有的各部分之间没有形成有机的逻辑关系,这样的毕业论文都是不合乎规定的,这样的毕业论文是没有说服力的。为了有说服力,必须有虚有实,有论点有例证,理论和实际相结合,论证过程有严密的逻辑性,拟提纲时特别要注意这一点,检查这一点。
二、写毕业论文提纲的办法:
1.先拟标题;
2.写出总论点;
3.考虑全篇总的安排:从几个方面,以什么次序来叙述总论点,这是论文构造的骨架;
4.大的项目安排妥当之后,再逐个考虑每个项目的下位论点,直到段一级,写出段的论点句(即段旨);
5.依次考虑各个段的安排,把准备使用的材料按次序编码,方便写作时使用;
6.全方面检查,作必要的增删。
三、提纲的形式
序号排列-----字母和数字交替式 MLA
I. The two reasons for……
A. The first reason…
1. The woman….
a. They could….
(1) The time…
(a) The technology…..
(b) The receptive public…
(2).The place…
b. They could…
2. The men….
B. The second reason….
数字排列式: APA
1. The two reasons for……
1.1 The first reason…
1.1.1 The woman….
1.1.1.1They could….
1.1.1.1.1 The time…
(a) The technology…..
(b) The receptive public…
1.1.1.1.2.The place…
1.1.1.2. They could…
1.2.2. The men….
1.2. The second reason….
2. The reason against…..
四、写毕业论文提纲要注意的问题:
第一,编写毕业论文提纲有两种办法:一是标题式写法。即用简要的文字写成标题,把这部分的内容概括出来。这种写法简要扼要,一目了然,但只有作者自己明白。毕业论文提纲普通不能采用这种办法编写.二是句子式写法。即以一种能体现完整意思的句子形式把该部分内容概括出来。这种写法具体而明确,别人看了也能明了,但费时费力。毕业论文的提纲编写要交与指导教师阅读,因此,规定采用这种编写办法。
第二,提纲写好后,尚有一项很重要的工作不可疏忽,这就是提纲的推敲和修改,这种推敲和修改要把握以下几点。一是推敲题目与否恰当,与否适宜;二是推敲提纲的构造。先围绕所要叙述的中心论点或者阐明的重要议题,检查划分的部分、层次和段落与否能够充足阐明问题,与否合乎道理;各层次、段落之间的联系与否紧密,过渡与否自然。然后再进行客观总体布局的检查,再对每一层次中的叙述秩序进行“微调”。
范例:
Features of Black English in America
Chapter One: Introduction
Chapter Two: Definition of Black English
2.1 What Is Black English
2.2 What is origin of black English in America
Chapter Three: Relevant Theory about Black English
3.1 Sociolinguistics and black English
3.2 Standard English and black English
3.3 Language policy and black English
Chapter Four: Features of Black English
4.1 Pronunciation of black English
4.2 Vocabulary of black English
4.3 Grammar of black English
4.4 Discourse of black English
4.4.1 Sentence of black English
4.4.2 Paragraph of black English
Chapter Five: Conclusion
论文摘要的写作
一、什么是摘要
论文摘要又称概要、内容提纲。摘要是以提供文献内容梗概为目的,不加评论和补充解释,简要、确切地记述文献重要内容的短文。
二、摘要有哪些基本要素
摘要应包含下列内容:①从事这一研究的目的和重要性;②研究的重要内容,指明完毕了哪些工作;③获得的基本结论和研究成果,突出论文的新见解;④结论或成果的意义。
三、摘要有哪些特点?
1、摘要是在文章全文完毕之后提炼出来的,含有短、精、完整三大特点。摘要应含有独立性和自含性,即不阅读原文的全文就能获得必要的信息。摘要中有数据、有结论、是一篇完整的短文,能够独立使用,也能够引用。其内容应当包含与报告论文同等量的重要信息,以供读者拟定有无必要阅读原论文全文,也可提供应文摘第二次文献采用。
2、论文摘要文字必须十分简炼,内容亦需充足概括,篇幅大小普通限制其字数不超出论文字数的5%。例如,对于6000字的一篇论文,其摘要普通不超出300字。
3、论文摘要不要列举例证,不讲研究过程,不用图表,不给化学构造式,摘要不分段。
四、摘要的写作注意事项
1、摘要中应排除本学科领域已成为常识的内容;切忌把应在引言中出现的内容写入摘要;普通也不要对论文内容作诠释和评论(特别是自我评价)。
2、不得简朴重复题名中已有的信息。
3、构造严谨,体现简要,语义确切。摘要先写什么,后写什么,要按逻辑次序来安排。句子之间要上下连贯,互相呼应。摘要慎用长句,句型应力求简朴。
4、用第三人称。建议采用“对……进行了研究”、“报告了……现状”、“进行了……调查”等记述办法标明一次文献的性质和文献主题,不必使用“本文”、“作者”等作为主语。
5、要使用规范化的名词术语,不用非公知公用的符号和术语。新术语或尚无适宜汉文术语的,可用原文或译出后加括号注明原文。
6、不用引文,除非该文献证明或否认了别人已出版的著作。
7、缩略语、略称、代号,除了相邻专业的读者也能清晰理解的以外,在初次出现时必须加以阐明。
This study examines cross-cultural contrastive rhetoric in argumentative writing. To achieve this purpose, 50 Chinese students from Beijing University and 30 English students from Exeter University in Great Britain are asked to write an English essay on an assigned topic. In addition, Chinese students are asked to write a Chinese essay on the same writings are significantly different from L1English writing in two of selected rhetorical features, e.g. type of the discussed problem and affective appeal. Both English and Chinese students demonstrate similar strategies in terms of the orientation length and citation. Chinese students tend to display similar rhetorical strategies in both L1 and L2 writing.
请回答下列问题:
1. 本研究的主题、范畴是什么?
2. 本研究的目的是什么?为什么要研究?
3.研究是如何开展的?研究设计
4. 得出了什么结论?有什么启示?
5.核心词是什么?
6. 题目是什么?
This study examines cross-cultural contrastive rhetoric in argumentative writing.[主题句]To achieve this purpose, 50 Chinese students from Beijing University and 30 English students from Exeter University in Great Britain are asked to write an English essay on an assigned topic. In addition, Chinese students are asked to write a Chinese essay on the same writing task.[主体句 ]The data suggests that L1Chinese writings are significantly different from L1English writing in two of selected rhetorical features, e.g. type of the discussed problem and affective appeal. Both English and Chinese students demonstrate similar strategies in terms of the orientation length and citation. Chinese students tend to display similar rhetorical strategies in both L1 and L2 writing. [结束句]
答案:
1. 主题?cross-cultural contrastive rhetoric in argumentative writing
2. 目的?to know the difference in writing between Chinese and English students.
3.研究设计? 30 British students wrote an English essay, 50 Chinese students wrote the essay on the same topic both in English and Chinese separately.
4. 结论?L1Chinese writings are significantly different from L1English writing in two of selected rhetorical features.
5.主题词:Key words:contrastive rhetoric,argumentative writing, rhetorical features
6. 给该文章写题目
Chinese and British Cross-cultural Contrastive Rhetoric in Argumentative Writing
例2: (考试题目类型)
Body language or gesture is commonly used in every human society when speaking, thinking and in other situations. Different gestures may raise various reactions amongst people in diverse circumstances. Therefore, kinesics or the study of gestures becomes significant in order to understand people better. The purpose of this paper is to analyze and compare some cases of kinesics(动力学) in teaching in order to work out the principles. Samples are analyzed from actual data in everyday life and the findings reveal that kinesics is one of the most essential elements in communication, especially in teaching. It helps teachers to win popularity or induce misunderstanding. Kinesics plays an important part especially in modern teaching and it directly affects the validity of students’ feedback.
1. 这篇论文研究的主题、范畴是什么?
2. 本研究的目的是什么?为什么要研究?
3.研究是如何开展的?研究设计
4. 得出了什么结论?有什么启示?
5. 核心词是什么?
6. 题目是什么?
摘要的语言规律:
topic sentence
The purpose of this paper is…..
The primary goal of this research is….
The chief aim of the present work is to…..
This paper aims to…..
This paper discusses/argues/demonstrates/
Supporting sentence
The method used in our study is known as….
We have carried out several experiments to test the validity of ….
Ending sentence
In conclusion, we state that…
Therefore, we can conclude that….
The studies we have performed showed that….
In summing up it may be stated that….
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