英语词典第七讲市公开课一等奖百校联赛优质课金奖名师赛课获奖课件.ppt

单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,*,*,本资料仅供参考，不能作为科学依据。谢谢。本资料仅供参考，不能作为科学依据。本资料仅供参考，不能作为科学依据。谢谢。本资料仅供参考，不能作为科学依据。,English Dictionary,1/55,Major contents,Development of English dictionary,Types of English dictionary,Contents of English dictionary,2/55,What is a dictionary,The word“dictionary”for English-speaking people is a book which presents in alphabetic order the words of the English language,with information as to its spelling,pronunciation,meaning and its etymology(James Root Hulbert),3/55,Development of English dictionaries,The origins of the English dictionary,The first English dictionaries,Modern English dictionaries,4/55,The origins of the English dictionary,According to James Root Hulbert,English dictionary-making began in Anglo-Saxon times.,The first dictionaries in England were printed in Latin.,5/55,The first English dictionaries,In the 17th century,with printing well established,the first real English dictionaries of importance appeared.,They defined English words in terms of other English words,and in this respect resembled todays dictionary.,They were different in other respects.For one thing,they defined only what the english called“hard words”.,First English dictionaries published:,Robert Caswdreys Table Alphabetical of Hard Words(1604),John Bollokars An English Expositor(1616),Henry Cockerams The English Dictionary(1623),6/55,Modern English dictionary,Baileys Dictionary,An universal Etymological English Dictionary(1721),Emphasis on the origins of words,Contained 40,000 words,Model for many to come later,Problems in definitions,e.g.:,Cow:a beast well-known,Dog:a quadruped,well-known,7/55,Modern English dictionary,Samuel Johnson,He lived in the 18th C.,an age of dictionaries and the encyclopedic and lexicographical tendencies of the time received their fullest expression in the Dictionary of Samuel Johnson.,Samuel Johnson(often referred to as Dr.Johnson)(18 September 1709,O.S.,7 September 13 December 1784)was an English author.Beginning as a,Grub Street,journalist,he made lasting contributions to English literature as a poet,essayist,moralist,novelist,literary critic,biographer,editor and,lexicographer,.Johnson was a devout,Anglican,and political conservative,and has been described as“arguably the most distinguished man of letters in English history”.He is also the subject of“the most famous single work of biographical art in the whole of literature”:,James Boswells,Life of Samuel Johnson,.,8/55,赛缪尔.约翰逊(Samuel Johnson),英国作家,批评家(1709-1748).英国文学史上主要诗人,散文家,传记家和健谈家,编纂 对英语发展做出了重大贡献.和琼森一样,他也是当初文坛上一代盟主,他对文学小说诗歌文学作品评论,即使只言片语也被众口宣传,看成屑金碎玉.约翰逊1765年出版了经他校订,这个版本在后世为学者诟病,因为约翰逊有时出于己意,对原文进行删改.他对莎评主要贡献,在于他为莎剧所作批注和他为这个版本所作序言.在约翰逊时代,文化气氛已经在向浪漫主义方向发展,人们已不再视”三一律”为神圣.与德莱登,伏尔泰相比,约翰逊是更为宽容新古典主义者.,塞缪尔.约翰逊是18世纪最主要英国作家之一,在英国人心目中有着难以取代地位,英国人经常将18世纪前50年称为”斯威夫特和蒲柏时代”(the age of Swift and Pope),同时将后50年称作”约翰逊时代”.约翰逊一生著述甚丰,最有影响却是完成与1755年两卷本(The Dictionary of the English Language).在长达150年时间里,这本词典一直是最权威英语词典,直到20世纪初才被取而代之.,9/55,Modern English dictionary,People identified his dictionary as a matter of national pride and defense,and a symbol of British individualism and strength.,In 1755,8 years after he had signed the contract with his booksellers,Johnsons dictionary was published.,2,300 pages long-two and a half times as long as Baileys.,Two-volume:about 40,000 entries,with a complete previously unmatched.,His techniques for defining a word,and his inclusions of quotations form authorities,impress his personal stamp on the development of English lexicography.,Johnsons dictionary:,First of its kind in any way be considered as a standard.(all its predecessors being mere lists of words in comparison).,The meanings of words,for the first time,fully illustrated by well-selected authorities.,The definitions are full,clear,and above all praise for their happy illustration of the meaning of words.,10/55,Noah Webster,(October 16,1758-May 28,1843)was an American,lexicographer,textbook author,spelling reformer,word enthusiast,and editor.He has been called the“Father of American Scholarship and Education”.His“Blue-Backed Speller”books were used to teach spelling and reading to five generations of American children.In the U.S.,his name has become synonymous with dictionaries,especially the modern,Merriam-Webster,dictionary that was first published in 1828 as,An American Dictionary of the English Language,.,An American Dictionary of the English Language:,70,000 entries,One-man dictionary,Differences between American and British usage and meaning were pointed out.,Illustrative quotations of Americans.,Definitions are more accurate,A moral guide as well as a reference book,American spelling,No dictionary in the 19th century enjoyed equal prestige to that of Noah Websters Dictionary of the English Language.,11/55,The Oxford English Dictionary(OED):,Published by the,Oxford University Press,(OUP),is a comprehensive,dictionary,of the,English language,.(1879),414,000 definitions,illustrated by almost two million quotations.,OED,OALD,features can be seen from Professor Lu Gusuns preface:,准确至上,繁略适中,追求直观,言必有据,摄要纳新,12/55,Types of English Dictionaries,1.综合词典(general purpose dictionary),综合英语词典范围很广,即使成为”综合词典”,每本词典也都是以一定范围读者为目标.普通收五万词条左右是袖珍词典,七八万词条是简明词典.十五万词条左右是中型词典,二十万词条以上是大型词典.,英美现在最为通用是中型词典(英语叫做desk dictionary 或college dictionary,也可译作“案头词典”).,美国出版The Century Dictionary(),Funk and Wagnalls Standard Dictionary(),Websters New Dictionary(),The Random House Dictionary()等;英国出版 Universal Dictionary of the English Language(),The Concise Oxford Dictionary(),Chambers Twentieth Century Dictionary()等.,较大型 Websters Third New International Dictionary(第三版),The American Heritage Dictionary()等,也可属此例.,13/55,2.学术性词典(scholarly dictionary),.学术性词典以其大而全为特征.最为突出是,及其美国姐妹篇 A Dictionary of American English on Historical Principle().,14/55,3.专门词典(Specialize dictionary),专门词典种类繁多,就语言词典而论,几乎关于词汇每个领域都有专门词典.比如:,辞源词典(其中最为有名是Walter W.Skeat编Etymological Dictionary of English Language和Charles T.Onions编The Oxford Dictionary of English Etymology).,同义词词典(比如:A Dictionary of English Synonymous Expressions,Websters Dictionary of Synonyms).,成语词典(比如:Oxford Dictionary of Current Idiomatic English,Dictionary of American Idioms).,发音词典(最为有名是Daniel Jones编An English Pronouncing Dictionary和John S.Kenyon等编A Pronouncing Dictionary of American English).,按概论分类词典(最有名是Peter Marc编Rogets International Thesaurus).,使用方法词典(比如:Henry Watson Fowler编A Dictionary of Modern English Usage,Bergen Evans等编A Dictionary of Contemporary American Usage).,其它还有国情词典,方言词典,俚语词典,缩略语词典,人名词典,地名词典,图解词典等.至于科技词典或者以某一学科领域词汇为对象专门词典更是不胜枚举了.,15/55,4.学生词典(learners dictionary),一个供本国学生使用词典,如:Chambers Students Dictionary(),The Oxford School Dictionary(),Chambers Young Set Dictionaries(),Oxford English Picture Dictionary(),Collins COBUILD Learners Dictionary().,另一个是转为外国人学英语而编纂,如:Oxford Advance Learners Dictionary of Current English(),Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English(),Collins COBUILD English Language Dictionary()/Cambridge International Dictionary of English(),Collins COBUILD English Learners Dictionary().,16/55,5.双语词典(bilingual dictionary),英语和其它语种之间双语或多语词也是种类繁多,以我国出版英汉词典来说,有陆谷孙主编,郑易里主编,葛传等编,王同忆主编等;汉英词典有林语堂编(A Modern Chinese English Dictionary),梁实秋编(A Practical Chinese-English Dictionary),吴光华主编(Chinese-English Dictionary),戴鸣钟,戴炜栋主编(A Comprehensive Chinese-English Dictionary),吴景荣主编,(A Chinese-English Dictionary)汉英双语版(外语教学与研究出版社年11月)等.,17/55,6.专科词典,专科词典专门收录某一专业领域词语.如,对外经济贸易大学国际贸易系,陆乃圣(经济改革类),柳葆青,谢涛,袁恩恒等.,18/55,7.新词词典,当代科技日新月异,新词语表示层出不穷.研究这类词语词典也是如雨后春笋,如张健,朱诗向,杨秀珍,路玉昆,中国日报网站等.,19/55,Content of English dictionary,1.拼写,英语词典在正字法(orthography)方面起着相当主要作用,现在人们使用英语都词典拼法为准,英美拼法不一样词在词典上普通都列出来(如centre 和center,kerb 和curb),一个词有两种或两种以上拼法时在词典上普通也都列出来(如:judgement 和judgment).单词怎样移形,复合词是否用连字符号等内容也能够在词典上找到依据.同形异义词则通常列为不一样词,在右上角标上数字(如gum1 橡胶,gum2 齿龈).,20/55,2.发音(pronunciation),紧接着词条是发音.各种词典使用表音方法不一样,比如:美国词典多用韦氏音标,英国出版词典有用国际音标,有用牛津音标,或者另外一套音标.有词典前后两版命名用标音方法也有不一样,就是一例,它前两版命名用”宽式”国际英标,第三版开始改用”严式”国际音标,第四版又作改动.我们使用本词典时候一定要看一看它发音说明部分.,有词有两种以上发音,词典里也多有反应,第一发音普通来说较为通用.词典除了列出组成词原因外,还反应出它重音音节划分等.,21/55,3.语法内容(grammatical information),词典普通都列出每个单词词性,或者说明它们是前缀,后缀等,同时还列出一些不规则词形改变.列出不规则词形改变普通有名词复数,动词过去和过去分词,形容词和副词比较级和最高级等.有些学生词典列出项目更多,比如:名词属于可数名词还是不可数名词,动词使使用方法句型等.,22/55,4.词源(etymology),英美出版中型综合词典普通都列出词源,有把词源放在释义前,有放在释义后,有比较详细,有很简单.中国学生普通不太注意词源这一项内容.但实际上,了解词源对了解词根义,掌握派生词等都是很有益.,23/55,5.释义(definition),释义是词典中心部分.因为多数词是多义词,所以一个词条释义部分往往包含许多义项.义项次序安排各种词典各不相同,有以词义历史发展为序,有把该词条在当代语言中最主要基本义放在最前面.,英语释义方法有很多,常见有,正式定义(formal definition),直观释义(ostensive definition),举例释义(definition by examples),同义释义(definition by synonym),上下文释义(definition by context),直接操作释义(operational defintion),24/55,6.使用方法说明(usage labelling),标准化程度(level),标准语standard:非标准语nonstandard,文体(style),Formal 正式,informal 非正式:colloquial slang,通用程度(currency):old fashioned陈旧,archaic 古词语,obsolete废弃,使用地域(locality),学科领域(field),25/55,7.关联词语(related forms),8.各项附录(supplementary matters),26/55,27/55,28/55,29/55,30/55,31/55,32/55,33/55,34/55,35/55,36/55,37/55,38/55,39/55,40/55,41/55,42/55,43/55,44/55,45/55,46/55,47/55,48/55,49/55,50/55,51/55,52/55,53/55,54/55,55/55,