2022年英语四级阅读练习及答案.doc

英语四级阅读练习及答案
Passage One:
As the horizons of science have expended, two main groups of scientists have emerged. One is the pure scientist, the other, applied scientist.
The pure or theoretical scientist does original research in order to understand the basic laws of the nature that govern our world. The applied scientist adapts this knowledge to practice problems. Neither is more important than the others, however, for the groups are very much related.
Sometimes, however, the applied scientist finds the “problems” for the theoretical scientist to work on. Let’s take a particular problem of the aircraft industry: heat-resistant metals. Many of the metals and alloys that perform satisfactorily in car cannot be used in a jet-propelled (喷气推动式) plane, New alloys must be used, because the jet engine operates at a much higher temperature than an automobile engine. The turbine wheel (涡轮) in a turbojet (涡轮喷气发动机) must withstand temperatures as high as 1,600 degrees Fahrenheit, so air craft designers have to turn to the research metallurgist for the development of metals and alloys that would do the job in jet-propelled planes.
Diving scientists into two groups-pure and applied-is only one broad way of classifying them, however. When scientific knowledge was very limited, there was no need for men to specialize. Today, with the great body of scientific knowledge, scientists specialize in many different fields. Within each field, there is even further subdivision. And, with finer and finer subdivisions, the various sciences have become more and more interrelated until no branch is entirely independent of the others. Many new specialties-geophysics and biochemistry, for example-have resulted from combining the knowledge of two or more science.
1.The applied scientist     
A)     does original research to the basic laws of nature 
B)     applied the result of research to practical problems
C)     provides the basic knowledge for the pure scientist
D)     is not interested in practical problems
2. The example given in the third paragraph illustrates how            
A)     pure science operates independently of applied science
B)      the applied scientist discover the basic laws of nature
C)      applied science defines all the areas in which basic research is done
D)      applied science suggests problems for the basic scientist     
3. Finer and finer subdivision in the field of science has resulted in    
A)     the loss of the need for specialists
B)     greater interdependence of each science
C)     greater dependence of each science
D)      the need for only one classification if scientists
4. Geophysics and biochemistry are     .
A)     examples of new specialties resulting from combing sciences
B)     totally dependent sciences
C)     among the oldest sciences known to man
D)     both B)and C)
5. “The horizons of science have expanded,”(para 1) means that     
A)     scientists can see further out into space
B)     science has developed  more field of human endeavor
C)     the horizon changes size from year to year
D)     scientists have made a machine for enlarging the horizon

Passage Two:
Friends play an important part in our lives, and although we may take the friendship for granted, we often don’t clearly understand how we make friends. While we get on well with only a number of people, we are usually friends with only a very few. For example, the average among students is about 6 per person. In all the cases of friendly relationship, two people like one another and enjoy being together, but beyond that, the degree of intimacy between them and the reasons for their shared interest vary enormously .As we get to know people we take into account things like ages ,race, economic condition, social position, and intelligence. Although these factors are not of prime importance, it is more difficult to get on with people when there is a marked difference in age and background.
   Some friendly relationships can be kept on argument and discussion, but it is usually for close friends to have similar ideas and beliefs, to have attitude and interests in common—they often talk about “being on the same wavelength”. It generally takes time to reach this point. And the more intimately involved people become, the more they rely on one another. People want to do friends favors and hate to break an promise. Equally, friends have to learn to put up with annoying habits and to tolerant differences of opinion.
In contrast with marriage, there are no friendship ceremonies to strengthen the association between two people. But the supporting and understanding of each other that results from shared experiences and emotions does seem to create a powerful bond, which can overcome differences in background and break down of age, class and race.
6.According to the author,       .   
A)           all those who get on well with each other are friends
B)         friends are closer than people who just get on well with each other
C)         everyone understand clearly how to make friends
D)         every students has 6 friends
7. When we make friends, we consider such things as age, race and background because    
A)     it is not easy to have a friendly relationship with people when there is a marked difference in age and background
B)     the degreed of friendship between people and the reason for their shared interests can vary greatly
C)     friends need to know all these things
D)     these are the most important factors to make friends
8. In paragraph 2 , “being on the same wavelength” means      .
A)     using the same frequency while talking
B)     keeping the same friendly relationship as other people do
C)     having similar ideas, beliefs, attitudes and interests
D)     having the same background
9. Which of the following is not implied or directly stated in the passage?
A)     Even friends may have differences of opinions
B)     Friends never argue with each other
C)     It generally takes time for people to become close friends.
D)     Someone’s habits may annoy his friends.
10. To strengthen friendly relationship, people     
A)     must hold friendship ceremonies
B)     have to eliminate differences in background
C)     should make friends with those who are of the same age and the same race
D)     should support and understand each other through shared experiences and emotions

Passage Three:
   The movement toward centralization of authority in state departments of education has in some cases created friction with communities, which regard this modern policy as usurpation(篡夺,夺取)of their rights. Constitutionally, there can be no doubt that the state has a right to prescribe(批示)to the local districts in any degree which it will. Legislatures(立法机构)have been given power by State Constitutions which make them the most important policy-making agent for education in a state. Legislatures establish the framework(机构)for education; they make direct appropriations for education; they create educational institutions; and they determine whether of not certain educational programs are to be authorized, expanded, decreased, or eliminated(废除).  
The Legislature usually authorizes a State education department to administer its policies. It may, however, provide for a state board of education to advise it regarding policy and to administer the educational program. The central agency may define the extent of the local district and may determine in detail what shall be done within this district. While this is the constitutional right of the state, the practical fact is that the local district conducts its schools in very large measure according to its own desires, and local officers often talk upon state supervision as indefensible interference
11. About the centralization of authority in state department of education, some communities feel that       .
A)     their rights are improved
B)     their rights are ignored
C)     their rights are violated
D)     their rights are protected
12. According to the article, which of the following rights are NOT belong to the state?
A)     The right to administer entrance examination.
B)     The right to expand or decrease educational programs.
C)     The right to budget school programs
D)     The right to created educational institutions.
13. What does the Legislature usually do in administering Policies?
A)     It administers policies by itself.
B)     It authorizes a State education department administer its policies.
C)     It is authorized by a State education department to administer its policies.
D)     It authorizes a state board of education to administer the educational program.
14. Which of the following is NOT true about actual educational situation?
A)     The local district has a lot of control over its schools
B)     The central agency may extend the extent of the local districts
C)     State supervision is not always welcome to local districts.
D)     Local officers forbid State supervision if they think it is a kind of interference
15. which of the following titles can best summarize the article?
A)     The Legislature Administers its Policies
B)     The Centralization of Authority in State Department of Education
C)     The Role of the State in Education
D)     The Rights of the Local Districts

Passage Four:

   Some people believed that international sport creates goodwill between the nations and that if countries play games together they will learn to live together. Others say that the opposite is true: those international contests encourage false national pride and lead to misunderstanding and hatred. There is probably some truth in both arguments, but in recent years the Olympic Games have done little to support the view that sports encourage international brotherhood. Not only was the recent incident of tragedy involving murder of athletes, but the Games were also ruined by lesser incidents caused principally by mi-nor national contests.
   One country received its second-place medals with visible anger after the hockey(曲棍球)dinal, There had been noisy scenes at the end of the hockey match, the loser objecting to the final decisions. They were convinced that one of their goals should not have been disallowed and their opponents’ victory was unfair. The president of the Federation(联合会)said later that such behavior could result in the suspension of the team for at least three years.
The American basketball team announced that they would not yield first place to Russia, after a disputable end to their contest. The game had ended in disorder. It was thought at first that the United States had won by a single point, but it was announced that there were three seconds still to play. A Russian player then threw the ball from one end of the court to the other, and another player plopped it into the basket. It was the first time the US had ever lost an Olympic basketball match. An appeal jury debated the matter for four and a half hours before announcing that the result would stand. The American players then voted not to receive the silver medals.
Incidents of this kind will continue as long as sport is played competitively rather than for the love of the game. The suggestion that athletes should compete as individuals, or in non-national teams, might be too much to hope for. But in the present organization of Olympics there is far too much that encourages aggressive(行为过度旳)patriotism(爱国心).
16. The author thinks that in recent years Olympic games have        .
A)     showed little international friendship
B)     greatly encouraged international brotherhood
C)     created goodwill between the nations
D) created only misunderstanding and hatred
17. What did the manager mean by saying “This isn’t hockey. Hockey and the International Hockey Federation are finished”?
A)     This is not a standard hockey match
B)     The Federation would not exist any longer after this match was over
C)     His team would not enter the game in three years
D) The unfair decisions ruined both hockey and the Federation.
18. The basketball match showed that            
A)     the Russian team should not have taken advantage of the last three seconds.
B)     aggressive patriotism was displayed in the incident.
C)     The appeal jury was too ineffective in making a decision
D)     the American team should have taken the first place.
19. The author gives 2 examples in the 2nd and the 3rd paragraphs is in order to show that           
A)     contests often end in disorder
B)     no contest is fair in Olympic Games
C)     competition discourages international friendship
D)     unfair decisions are common in sports
20. Which statement best summarizes this passage?
A)     Athletes should compete as individuals
B)     The organization of the Olympic Games must be improved.
C)     Any team that has disrespectful behavior should be suspended.
D)     Different teams often have disputes when fighting for the first place.

Passage Five:

Urban life has always involved a balancing of opportunities and rewards against dangers and stress; its motivating force is, in the broadest sense, money. Opportunities to make money mean competition and competition is stressful; it is often at its most intense in the largest cities, where opportunities are greatest. The presence of huge numbers of people inevitably involves more conflict, more traveling, the overloading of public services and exposure to those deviants and criminals who are drawn to the rich pickings of great cities. Crime has always flourished in the relative anonymity of urban life, but today’s ease of movement makes its control more difficult than ever; there is much evidence that its extent has a direct relationship to the size of communities. City dwellers may become trapped in their homes by the tear of crime around them.
As a defence against these developments, city dwellers tend to use various strategies to try and reduce the pressures upon themselves: contacts with other people are generally made brief and impersonal; doors are kept locked; telephone numbers may be ex-directory; journeys outside the home are usually hurried, rather than a source of pleasure of pleasure. There are other are other strategies, too, which are positively harmful to the individual, for example, reducing awareness through drugs or alcohol. Furthermore, all these defensive forms of behavior are harmful to society in general; they cause widespread loneliness and destroy the community’s concern for its members. Lack of informal social contact and indifference to the misfortunes of others, if they are not personally known to oneself, are amongst the major causes of urban crime.
Inner areas of cities tend to be abandoned by the more successful and left to those who have done badly in the competitive struggle or who belong to minority groups; these people are