资源描述
非谓语动词
重要考点：
一、不定式；-ing形式；-ed形式
二、省略to的不定式；
三、带to及不带to意思不同的情况；
四、只用-ing做宾语的动词
五、只用to的不定式做宾语的动词
在句子中充当除谓语以外的句子成分的动词形式叫做非谓语动词。具体含义为在句中起名词,形容词或副词作用的动词形式,而不是作谓语的动词形式。
谓语动词与非谓语动词的区别:
1) 谓语动词在句中可单独作谓语,而非谓语动词不能单独作谓语。
Miss Mary teaches us English. 玛丽教我们英语。(teaches 动词作谓语)
Mr. Li came to our classroom to have a talk with us last week.
(to have a talk.... 不定式作状语)
2) 谓语动词受主语的人称与数的限制,而非谓语动词形式没有这种限制。
Mike likes the pop music. (动词用单数第三人称形式)
Lucy has nothing to do today。(do 用原形)
非谓语动词分为三种形式：不定式，动名词与分词（分词包括现在分词与过去分词）。
1）不定式
时态\语态 主动 被动
一般式 to do to be done
完成式 to have done to have been done
2）动名词
时态\语态 主动 被动
一般式 doing being done
完成式 having done having been done
3）分词
时态\语态 主动 被动
一般式 doing being done
完成式 having done having been done
否定形式： not +不定式， not + 动名词， not + 现在分词
动词不定式
一、结构及特征：
1、动词不定式的基本形式是“to + 动词原形”，有时可以不带to。
2、特点：动词不定式没有人称与数的变化，在句子中不能作谓语，但可以担任除谓语外的任何成分——主语、表语、宾语、状语与宾语补足语，所以我们又称之为非谓语形式。动词不定式仍保留动词的特点，即它可以有自己的宾语与状语。
二、动词不定式的用法：动词不定式具有名词、形容词与副词的特征，在句子中可以作主语、表语、宾语、定语与状语。
1） 作主语
To finish the work in ten minutes is very hard.
To learn English well is not easy.
动词不定式短语作主语时，往往用it作形式主语，真正的不定式主语置于句后，如上面两句可改为：
It is very hard to finish the work in ten minutes.
It is not easy to learn English well.
这种句型可归纳为下面的句型：
It + be + 名词 + to do
It is + adj.+ 动词不定式
如果要说明不定式表示的动作执行者，可以用for+sb.
It is + adj.+ for sb. to do sth. (用for+sb. 说明不定式表示的动作执行者 )
2）作表语
My wish is to become a teacher.
My chief purpose is to point out the difficulties of the matter.
Your duty is to water flowers everyday.
He seems to have few friends here.
3）作宾语
①常及不定式连用作宾语的动词有：want, like, begin, star, choose, forget, remember, need, would like, decide, ask, hope, wish, offer, fail, plan, learn, pretend, refuse, manage, help, agree, promise, prefer等，如：
Most of us like to watch football matches.
Please remember to post this letter.
I plan to buy a new computer.
②动词不定式作宾语时，如果他后面有宾语补足语，常用it作形式宾语，而真正的宾语即不定式放在宾补后面。句型结构为：主语 + 谓语 + it + 宾语补足语 + 动词不定式
I found it easy to make a paper plane.
I found it difficult to solve the problem.
He feels it his duty to help the poor.
We find it necessary to help the blind.
③在英语中有些动词如：know, wonder, decide, learn等词后可接“疑问词+不定式”作宾语
Please show us how to do it.
The question is how to solve it.
I can’t decide where to go.
The boy didn’t know how to use the computer.
4）作宾语补足语
①后接带to的不定式作宾语补足语的动词（短语）有：ask, tell, beg, like, love, would like, hate, order, teach, want, allow, warn, encourage, wish, cause, advise, force, permit, persuade,
Prepare, invite, urge等
The teachers often encourage us to study hard.
Father allows us to watch TV at night.
My teacher told us not to play on the road.
②后接省略to的不定式作宾语补足语的动词有：感官动词hear, feel, see, watch, notice, listen to, look at; 使役动词let, make, have。另外help后的动词不定式可带to也可省to(省略to的不定式在改写成被动语态时，动词后一定要把to加上)
I saw him dance.
I heard Lucy sing in the classroom.
I often help my mother (to) do housework.
The boss made the workers work all day. (改被动The workers were made to work all day.
He told me to be here on time.
5）作定语
①不定式作定语往往放在被修饰词的后面，作后置定语
I have nothing to say about that thing.
The next bus to arrive is at 7:45.
Reading aloud is the best way to learn English.
②及被修饰词之间有动宾关系，如果是不及物动词需要加介词，如：
Is there a room to live in?
Would you please give me some paper to write on.
Could you pass me a pen to write with.
③及被修饰词之间有动宾关系，同时及句中其他词之间又有逻辑上的主谓关系时，尽管由被动意义，却仍然用主动。
Do you have anything to say on this problem?
Would you mind giving me something to drink?
④ 及被修饰词之间有动宾关系而不存在主谓关系，则需用被动语态：
Do you have anything to be taken to your mum?
6）作状语 (目的，结果，原因等)
He stopped to have a look. （目的）
He ran so fast as to catch the first bus. (目的)
He woke up to find everybody gone. (结果)
I’m glad to see you. (原因)
注意：不定式放句首时，逻辑主语与句子的要主语一致：如
To learn English well, a dictionary is needed. (错)
To learn English well, he needs a dictionary. (正确)
三、不定式作副词的用法--作状语。
①不定式可以在句子中作目的、原因与结果状语。
I am sorry to have bothered you. 我非常抱歉打搅了你。(原因状语)
They will come to the city to look for a job.他们将要到大城市来找工作。(目的状语)
If you are so stupid as to do so, you must expect trouble.你如果愚蠢得这样做事，你就等着自找麻烦吧。
(结果状语)
②“too...to...”结构中的不定式含有否定的意思，因此“too...to...”表示“太……而 不能……”。
The boy is too young to join the army.这孩子太小，还不能参军。
He is too busy to see me.他太忙，不能来看我。
③“so as...+不定式”结构，不定式作目的状语，意思是“以便……”。
“so+形容词(副词)+as+不定式”结构，不定式作结果状语。
He went there quickly so as to meet her.他赶快到那里去以便可以碰见她。(目的)
He was so kind as to offer his seat to me.承他好意，把座位让给了我。(结果)
The man was so angry as to smash the things in the room.这个人气极了，便开始摔屋里的东西。(结果)
四、不定式的否定形式：not to do/ no do
典型例题
①Tell him ___ the window.
A. to shut not B. not to shut C. to not shut D. not shut
解析：B. tell sb to do sth 的否定形式为tell sb not to do sth.
②She warned her daughter ________ computer games too much.
A. never to play B. to never play C. never playing D. never play
解析：A. warn sb to do sth 的否定形式为warn sb not(never) to do sth.
五、动词不定式及疑问词连用：疑问词who, what, which与疑问副词when, where, how, why等后面可以接动词不定式，构成动词不定式短语，可以在句子中作主语、宾语、表语等成分。
例如：(1) He doesn’t know how to use the machine. (不定式作宾语)
(2) How to use the machine is a question. (不定式作主语)
(3) The question is when to go there. (不定式作表语)
六、省to 的动词不定式
1. 感官动词 see, watch, observe, notice, look at, hear, listen to, smell, taste, feel + do表示动作的完
整性，真实性；+ doing 表示动作的连续性，进行性
初中接触的动词可以这样记忆：
一感（feel）二听（hear, listen to）三使,让（let, make, have）四看看（see, look at, watch, notice）
半帮助（help）别忘了省略的to变为被动语态时要再加上(主变被还原to)
I saw him work in the garden yesterday.
昨天我看见他在花园里干活了。（强调“我看见了”这个事实）
I saw him working in the garden yesterday.
昨天我见他正在花园里干活。（强调“我见他正干活”这个动作）
感官动词后面接形容词而不是副词：The cake tastes good; It feels comfortable.
（2） help help sb do help sb to do help do help to do
（3）下列结构必须使用不带to的动词不定式。
had better do...最好还是做…… would you please do...请您做……
would rather do...(than do)宁愿做…… would sooner do...愿做……
may just as well do...是做……的好 rather than do...而不是做……
Why…/why not…句型中
Rather than go out, I prefer to stay at home.
He would rather die than give in.
Why not have a rest. = Why don’t you have a rest.
（4）使役动词 let, have, make：
注意：在被动语态中则to 不能省掉。
A. I saw him dance. =He was seen to dance.
B. The boss made them work the whole night.=They were made to work the whole night.
(5) but与except 作介词后接不定式结构时，前谓语动词部分若含有to的形式，but后的不定式省去to,
否则要带to,如：
He has nothing to do but cry.
I have no choice but to wait for him.
(6) 当两个或多个不定式短语有连词and, but或or连接时，后一个或几个不定式符号to常常被省略，若表示对比，对照关系时，则不能省略，如：
He wanted to stay at home and read a book.
My purpose of studying is to go to college but not to have a job.
七、不定式的难点：
1）too…to…：太…而不能…He is too excited to speak.
2）enough to do：足以做 …The child is old enough to go to schooll.
3）Why not +动词原形"表达向某人提出建议，翻译为："为什么不……?" Why not take a holiday?
4）so as (not) to do: 表示目的Go in quietly so as not to wake the baby.
5）用作介词的“to”，其后加v-ing形式
look forward to 渴望; pay attention to 注意; devote oneself to 献身于；be/get used to 习惯等等。
6）It's for sb.和 It's of sb.
A. It's for sb . 常用于表示事物的特征特点，表示客观形式的形容词，
如easy, hard, difficult, interesting, impossible等：
It's very hard for him to study two languages. 对他来说学两门外语是很难的。
B. It's of sb的句型一般用表示人物的性格，品德，表示主观感情或态度的形容词，
如good, kind, nice, clever, foolish, right。
It's very nice of you to help me. 你来帮助我，你真是太好了。
【说明】for 及of 的区分方法：
用介词后面的代词作主语，用介词前边的形容词作表语，造个句子。如果道理上通顺用of，不通
则用for。如： You are nice. (通顺，所以应用of)。He is hard. (人是困难的，不通。 或者: To study two languages is hard for him。 因此应用for。)
八、不定式的一些常用结构
(1)be + to do
She is very proud to be a student in Beijing University.作为一名北京大学的学生，她感到自豪。
Your mother will be angry to find that nothing has been done.你母亲看到什么事都没做会发火的。
(2)have (has, had)+不定式这一结构表示“不得不”，“只好”的意思。
He will have to swallow the bitterness sooner or later.他迟早要吞下这颗苦果的。
As she missed the train, she had to return home.由于耽误了那趟火车，她只得又回家去了。
(3)there is (are)、、、+不定式
There is something important to do today.今天有一件重要的事情要做。
There are lots of letters to type now.现在有许多信要打出来。
(4)be about+不定式表示“正要做……”
I was just about to leave when you phoned me. 我正要走，你就给我来 了。
The match is about to begin. Hurry up! 比赛马上要开始了，快点!
(5)only+不定式，表示“却……”
They lifted a stone only to drop it on their own feet.他们搬起石头，却砸了自己的脚。
He went home in a hurry only to find that nothing happened there.他急忙赶回家里却发现家里什么事
都没有。
(6)so as (not) to do...“为了(不)……”
She worked hard so as to be a college student.为了要上大学，她刻苦学习。
He went to work early so as not to be there late.为了不迟到，他很早就去上班了。
(7)enough+不定式表示“十分，足够…”
This car is not big enough to seat five people.这辆车不够大，坐不下五个人。
He drove fast enough to catch up the train.他把车开得飞快，足以赶上那列火车。
特别注意：
1.“形容词(或副词)+enough+不定式”构成的是简单句，可以与复合句“so...that...”相互转换。例如：
It is easy enough for her to do. (简单句)
It is so easy that she can do it.(复合句)
这件事情很容易，她可以做。
2.“so...that (can't)”与句型“too...to...”的相互转换 。
She is too frightened to say a word.(简单句)
She is so frightened that she can't say a word. (复合句)她太害怕了，以致于一句话也说不上来。
The dictionary is too expensive for me to afford.
The dictionary is so expensive that I can't afford it. 这本词典太贵了，(以致)我买不起。
(8)It is (was)+形容词+of (for) sb.+不定式
It is clever of you to deal with such a thing.这样一件事情你处理得很聪明。
It was necessary for me to explain it.
我对此作一下解释是必要的。
比较：该句型中“of sb.”与“for sb.”的使用情况不同，可以从 两方面加以区别：
①它们两者所用的形容词不同
A。 of sb.的句型一般使用表示主观感情或态度的形容词。例如：good, kind, nice, right, wrong, wise, clever,
foolish, careful, careless等。
It is wise of her to do so.她这样做是非常明智的。
It was clever of him to go away at that time.在那个时刻他走开是很聪明的。
B． for sb.的句型使用表示客观情况的形容词。例如：hard, easy, possible, impossible, difficult, necessary, unnecessary, important, interesting等。
It was impossible for him to get there on time.他要准时到达那里已是不可能的事。
It is simple for me to solve the problem.对我来说解决此事非常简单。
②of sb.的句型通常都可转换为不定式作状语的句子，但for sb.句型不可以。
It is very nice of you to offer me a seat.
You are very nice to offer me a seat. 十分感谢你给我让座。
It was careless of him to lose so many things.
He was careless to lose so many things. 他丢了这么多东西，真是太粗心了。
It is very important for you to practise your oral English in the daily life.
在日常生活中练习你的英语口语是非常重要的。
这句话不能变为：She is very important to practise..
九、有些动词后只跟不定式。（见后页）
动名词
一、动名词是动词的一种非谓语形式，它兼有动词与名词的特征，由动词原形加-ing构成，否定形式not doing, 它在句中起名词的作用，可以在句子中用作主语、表语、宾语、宾语补语、状语与定语。
1）动名词作主语: 动名词词作主语表示一种抽象的，泛指的动作，而不是一次具体的动作，谓语动词需要用三单形式
Seeing is believing. 眼见为实。 (seeing 作主语，believing 作表语都是动名词)
Smoking is bad for your health.
Getting up early is good for your health.
Walking is good exercise. 走路是很好的运动
2）动名词作表语
My favorite sport is swimming. 我最喜欢的运动是游泳。
The nurse’s job is looking after the patient. 护士的工作是照看病人。
3）动名词作宾语
① 作动词的宾语
Jim dislikes eating chocolate. 吉姆不喜欢吃巧克力。
She can’t help crying at a sad movie. 她看了忧伤的电影禁不住要哭。
[说明] 有些动词与动词短语后只能接动名词作宾语。
例如：admit, finish, avoid, consider, hate, dislike, enjoy, escape, excuse, face, forgive, give up, mind, practise, imagine, keep, mention, mind miss, suggest, be good at, do well in, can't help, can’t stand, keep on, feel like, be used to, look forward to, prefer to,等。
The baby stopped crying and listened to the music.
Have you finished reading that book.
Keeping studying hard, and you will make progress.
4）动名词作定语：动名词作定语时与形容词的功能是相似的。动名词可以单独作定语，
例如： a smiling face 笑脸 a swimming pool 游泳池 a dining car 餐车
a reading room 阅览室 a sleeping car 卧车 a waiting room 候车室
二、动名词的常考点
1. 动名词做主语，谓语动词为单数
2. 在动名词与不定式中，做为介词的宾语是动名词
3. 动名词的否定直接在其前加否定词,通过代词的宾格或所有格形式给出逻辑主语。
I would appreciate_______ back this afternoon．
A. you to call B. you call C. you calling D. you're calling
（Key：C your calling 也对）
I regret not having taken your advice.
4. 有些词后只能接动名词
admit; appreciate; avoid; celebrate; consider; contemplate; delay; discontinue; dislike; enjoy; escape; excuse; explain; feel like; finish; forgive; can't help; imagine; keep; it means; mention; mind; miss; pardon; practice; prevent; report; suggest; understand...
5. 作介词宾语：因为动名词有名词的功能，所以也可以做介词的宾语。动名词作介词宾语时，通常放在由动词或形容词及介词组成的介词短语或形容词短语后面：
look forward to (渴望，盼望) be proud of (以…自豪) insist on (坚持) think of (考虑，想到)
dream of (梦想) hear of (听说) prevent…from (防止，阻止) keep…from…(防止，阻止)
stop…from…(防止，阻止) depend on (依靠，依赖) thank …for… (因…而感谢)
excuse…for (因…而道歉) aim at (目的在于) devote…to… (献身于) be/get used to…(习惯于)
be fond of (喜欢) be afraid of (害怕) be tired of (对…厌烦) succeed in (成功做…)
be interested in (对…感兴趣) be/keep busy (忙于) have trouble/fun/ problem difficulty (in)
I look forward to hearing from you soon.
He is used to going for a walk after supper.
We have difficulties solving these problems
6.另外还有一些接-ing形式的常用说法：
it's no good; it's no/little/hardly any/ use; it's not/hardly/scarcely use;
it's worthwhile; spend money/time; there's no; there's nothing worse than;
what's the use/point...
7. 有些词后加不定式与动名词均可
remember, forget, try, stop, go on, mean后面用不定式与-ing形式，意义截然不容。
I remembered to post the letters. （指未来/过去未来的动作）
I remembered posting/having posting the letters. （我记得这个动作）
forgot及remember的用法类似。
I regret to inform you that… 我很遗憾地通知你…
I regretted having left the firm after twenty years. 为了"二十年前的离开"而遗憾... ...
try to 努力 You really must try to overcome your shyness.
try –ing 试验 Try practicing five hours a day.
I mean to go, but my father would not allow me to. [打算、想]我想去，但我父亲不让我去。
To raise wage means increasing purchasing power. [意味着]赠加工资意味着增加购买力。
prefer的用法：
我宁愿在这里等。
I prefer to wait here. （所以啊，你不介意的话，我就等下去。）
I prefer waiting here.（我正在这里等，我就喜欢这么做。）
I prefer swimming to cycling. （这个句子里面就不能用不定式了。）
8. need/want 后的-ing形式具有被动的意思。其中，want不太常用。
He needs （a lot of） encouraging.
9. 动名词的复合结构
动名词的复合结构由物主代词、人称代词宾格、名词所有格加名词构成，句子的开头必须用名词所有格或物主代词
Do you mind my/me opening the door?
His coming made me very happy.
Mary’s crying annoyed him.
She didn’t mind his crying.
例题解析：
Eating too much bananas are bad for your health. X
Eating too much bananas are bad for your health. √
解析：动名词作主语时用第三人称单数
I remember to put the purse on the table, but I can’t find it. X
I remember putting the purse on the table, but I can’t find it. √
解析：remember to do 记着去做… （还没有做） remember doing… 记得做过某事 （已经做过）
Your room needs to clean. It’s very dirty. X
Your room needs cleaning. It’s very dirty. √
解析：need, want 后接动名词表被动
I have trouble to finish so much work. X
I have trouble finishing so much work. √
解析：have trouble in doing sth.
现在分词
一、现在分词的定义
现在分词是动词的另一种非限定形式。它兼有动词、副词与形容词的特征，可以带宾语或受状语修饰。
现在分词与宾语或状语一起构成现在分词短语。
二、现在分词的基本形式
现在
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