科技英语写作unit8教学提纲.ppt

单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,科技英语写作unit8,Section of Conclusion,:,general functions and main elements,requirement,samples for conclusion and some useful expressions,Special Attention:,conciseness(1)using non-finites,using replacement of attributes,using adverbs,Section of Results:,The section of results is one of the,most important elements,in a professional paper,because any research should have an,outcome,no matter what it may be.It is in this section that the final results of the paper are presented.,1),General Functions and Contents of Results,The value of a research lies in the,value of its final results and the authors interpretation of the results.,If the preceding sections of a paper,(,Introduction,Investigations,Experiments,Calculations,etc,.)are designed to explain,how the author obtains the results,and the following sections of the paper(,Analysis,Discussion,Summary or Conclusion,etc,.)are to tell,what the results should mean.,Then,in the section of,results,the author(s)should,bring about a solid foundation on which the whole paper rests,by boiling down all the facts and data he has gained.,In terms of,content,research results are usually presented together with the corresponding analysis concerned.,So in this section the author should present the essential results and data and then generalize them to a theoretical height.Therefore there are usually,two ingredients,in the section of results:,full presentation of the specific data of the work and detailed analysis of the results(esp.when there is no special section of Data Analysis in the paper).,2),Writing Requirements for Results,In the section of result,the following two points should be kept in mind.,First,any data shown in this section must be,meaningful.,Among all the tested variables,only those that affect the reaction or the conclusion can become the terminating data,while those with no meaningful functions should never appear in this section.,So sorting out and selecting data should be highly necessary.Just as Dr,Jolin Powell,a noted American geologist,says:,The fool collects facts;the wise man selects them.,Second,the presentation of results should be short without verbiage and be of crystal clarity.This is because it is the research result that contains,new ingredients of knowledge or findings,which the writer can claim as his own contribution to the science world,and that builds the basis for the whole paper of the author.,In writing this section,redundancy should be avoided.,For example,the statement,It is clearly shown in Table 1 that the information desire grows with the development of industry,(18 words)should be replaced by,The information desire grows with the development of industry(Table 1),(11 words).,Meanwhile,although the presentation of result is the most important part of a paper,it is often the shortest section,particularly if it is preceded by a well-written part of,Experiment or Materials and Methods,and followed by a well-written part of Analysis,Discussion,Summary or Conclusion,.,Sometimes,the result may possibly have just one sentence:The results are shown in Table 1(or Figure 1).Of course,not all sections of result are as short as such.,3),Examples and Some Useful Expressions,EX.1 Test Results,page 116.,EX.2 Results,page 116,Listed below are some useful expressions frequent/y encountered in the section of result.,The research we have done suggests an increase in.,As a result of our experiments we concluded that.,This fruitful work gives an explanation of.,Our experimental data are briefly summarized as follows.,Figure 3 shows the results obtained from studies of.,Table 5 presents the data provided by the experiments on.,This table summarized the data collected during the experiment of.,Some of the authors findings are listed in tables.,The direct outcome was then reported in.,Sufficient result for.,has been observed with the new method.,This work did provide.,Most recent experiments to the same effect have led the authors to believe that.,As a result of our experiments,we concluded that.,Section of Discussion:,The section of discussion is generally considered to be,the most difficult section to write,.And,whether you know it or not,many submitted papers are rejected by the editors because of a,faulty discussion,even though the data of the paper might be both valid and interesting.,General Functions and Main Elements of Discussion,If the section of result functions to show the facts observed by the researcher,then the purpose of the section of discussion is to,expound the interrelations,among the observed as well as to,explain the facts denoted by symbols or signs of mathematics,.,Following the section of result where data are presented,the consequent steps and essential elements of discussion usually include:,(1),Analyzing the Data,Try to present the basic principles,factual relationships,and successful generalizations of the results.Bear in mind that,in a good discussion，what you need to do is to discuss but not recapitulate(state briefly)the results.,(2)Pointing out Doubts,Point out exceptions or any lack of correlation,and define unsettled points or doubts,the limitations,failures,as well as points for attention,if any.,(3)Expounding viewpoints,Give your judgment,evaluation,analysis,and show how your results and interpretations agree(or contrast)with previously published work.,(4),Stating the Significance,Point out the theoretical implications of your work,as well as any possible practical applications,(5)Arriving at a Conclusion,Provide the outcome and/or the end-results of the research,etc.,as clearly as possible;and summarize your evidence for each conclusive statement.,2),Writing Requirements for Discussion,Firstly,you should sufficiently analyze the presented data and point out the factual relationships.In this respect,the primary purpose of a discussion is,to show the relationship among observed facts,.,Enough attention should be paid to this point so as to make clear the factual relationships that can really reflect his research results and therefore can lead him to their logical conclusions.,Secondly,since the purpose of the professional paper is to,confirm the authors research work,it is beneficial for him to fully review what he has done in his work.That means he has to,fully evaluate his own success rather than just make a summary of facts,.,Thirdly,the writer has to admit his,weak points or failure frankly,if any.It does not mean that the writer simply confesses that he has met with failure during his research,but means that he is advised to relate his failure to the failing data or state,the limitations,of his experiment(investigation)conditions,so that,the reader will focus on his argument rather than on his fault.,Fourthly,brief and forceful expressions,should be used in the section of discussion.This means the writer will give the reader an impression of his,academic capability,.,Finally,keep in mind,never to write more words than necessary.,Excessive words or phrases may only reduce the force or disperse the readers attention,even destroy the value of the whole paper.,E.g.Page 119.,Section of Conclusion:,As the end-result of the whole paper,conclusion(also called summary)is the final viewpoint drawn by the author(s)after investigations,experiments,inferences,discussions and so on.,1),General Functions and Main Elements of Conclusion,Some papers do not need a separate concluding section,particularly if the conclusions or results have already been stated in the introduction.,Functions and main elements:,(1),Summing up,Summing up is likely to be a part with its main function of summarizing the chief pieces of pure facts,data and information in the paper,where formal conclusions or recommendations usually have no place.,If you include a summary,make certain,(i)that you actually summarize,with due emphasis,the principal items of information in the main body of the paper and(ii)that you include only material that appeared earlier in an expanded form.,(2),Statement of Conclusions,Conclusions are convictions based on evidence.,If you state conclusions,make certain,(i)that they follow logically from the data presented actually in the main body of the paper and(ii)that they agree with whatever you may have promised to testify in the introduction.,(3),Statement of Recommendations,Recommendations,at least formal ones,appear less frequently in professional papers than in,say,technical reports.If you include recommendations,be sure that they follow logically from the data and conclusions presented earlier,and,do not dangle as proposals that you think are good but for which you have given no supporting evidence,and that,as with conclusions,they should never clash with what you may have expected to do in your introduction.,(4),Graceful Termination,Graceful termination is achieved when all the materials of the conclusion are smoothly woven together and satisfactorily round off the whole.,The suggestions offered in(1)-(3)above will promote,coherence,.,Be,on guard against duplicating large portions of the introduction in the conclusion,.,Verbatim repetition can be boring and even create a false unity,which is definitely no compliment to the authors success.,2),Requirements for Writing a Conclusion,The following are the points for attention in preparing the section of conclusion:,(1)Be careful not to,draw conclusions from data involving errors of observation,errors in arithmetic,compensating errors,systematic and personal errors.,(2)Do not use,mathematical formulas without clearly understanding of their derivations and all the assumptions involved.,(3)Be cautious in comparing,conclusions based upon experiments in which the influential conditions have been improperly controlled,and therefore not duplicated.,(4),Avoid confusing,facts with opinions of influences,not only in the investigation itself but also in preparing results for publication,.,(5)Do not draw,a conclusion from too few data,or too broad a conclusion that is based on extrapolated(extended)curves.,(6),Guard against,failing to qualify a conclusion,in order to show the limits within which it applies,or the variation which is to be expected,.,(7)When you indulge,in a speculation?be sure to remind your reader to know that it remains a speculation.,3),Samples for Conclusions and Useful Expressions in Writing a Conclusion,Useful expressions frequently used in writing conclusions are listed below:,On the basis of.,the following conclusion can be made.,From.,we now conclude.,To sum up,we have revealed.,We have demonstrated in this paper.,The results of the experiment indicate.,In conclusion,the result shows.,We have described.,we found.,Our argument proceeds in.,The research work has brought about a discovery of.,Finally,a summary is given of.,These findings of the research have led the author to the conclusion that,The research has resulted in a solution of.,习语与地理环境,1.航海业的发展对习语的影响,2.捕鱼业的发展对习语的影响,3.采煤业的发展对习语的影响,4.畜牧业的发展对习语的影响,5.多雨多雾的气候对习语的影响,1.航海业的发展对习语的影响,1.,All at sea.(,不知所措),2.Raise the wind.(,筹钱),3.Hang in the wind.(,犹豫不决),4.See how the land lies/wind blows.(,观察形势，了解情况),5.All hands to the pumps.(,全力以赴),6.With flying colors.(,成功地),7.Show ones true colors.(,现原形),2.捕鱼业的发展对习语的影响,1.,Big fish;cool fish;dull fish;fresh fish;loose fish.,2.Like a fish out of water;,3.Drink like a fish;,4.A big fish in a little pond;,5.The best fish swim near the bottom;,6.Never offer to teach fish to swim;,7.Fish begins to stink at head.,8.Cry stinking fish.,3.采煤业的发展对习语的影响,1.,Carry coals to Newcastle;,2.As common as coals from Newcastle.,4.畜牧业的发展对习语的影响,1.,Go for wool and come home shorn(,偷鸡不成反蚀一把米),2.,Much cry and little wool,(,雷声大雨点小),3.,Much wool on the back(,很有钱),4.,Black sheep.,5.Dyed in the wool(,根深蒂固),6.,Loose ones wool(,发怒),5.多雨多雾的气候对习语的影响,1.,As right as rain(very common),2.Rain or shine,3.It never rains but it pours,4.Small rain lays great dust,5.After rain comes fair weather,6.In a fog,7.Have not the foggiest(idea),Thank You!,Thank You!,Thank You!,Thank You!,Thank You!,此课件下载可自行编辑修改，仅供参考！感谢您的支持，我们努力做得更好！谢谢,