自考00795《综合英语》串讲笔记1.doc

Lesson One Twelve Things I Wish They Taught at School
学校要是教给我们这12种本领就好了
＊ 重点词汇
1. learn vi. 学习；获得，得知
【例句】I learnt of her arrival from a close friend.
我从一位好友那里听说她到了。
vt.学会，学到；学习
【例句】I learned a lot from my father.
我从父亲那里学到了很多。
相关短语：learn about / of 得知，获得
learn….by heart 熟记，背诵
learn one’s lesson 吸取教训
2. ask vt. 询问，打听；请求，要求；邀请，约请
【例句】① He asked John a question.
他问了约翰一个问题。
② We asked her to sing.
我们请她唱歌。
③ I didn’t ask them in.
我没有请他们进屋。
vi. 请求，询问
【例句】He asked about her family.
他询问了她的家庭情况。
相关短语：ask after 问候
Ask a favour of sb. 请某人帮忙
3. teach vt.教，讲授；教导，教育
【例句】He teaches them English.
他教他们英语。
We should teach our children by examples.
我们应该用榜样来教育儿童。
vi.教书，当老师
【例句】He teaches at middle school.
他在一所中学教书。
4. attend vt. 上学；出席，参加
【例句】Have you ever attended school?
你上过学吗？
vi. 注意，专心
【例句】Please attend to your work.
请专心你的工作。
5. remark n. 话语，谈论
【例句】His opening remarks were serious.
他的开场白说的很严肃。
vt. 评论，谈论，议论；谈到，说
【例句】I remarked that we mustn’t buy things we didn’t need.
我说用不着的东西我们绝不要买。
＊ 重点短语
1. in some respects 在某些方面
【例句】They resemble one another in some respects.
他们有些相像。
2. get trapped 被困，陷于
【例句】A gire broke act in the building, and some people got trapped.
那栋楼发生了火灾，不少人被困在里面了。
3. lead to 通向；导致
【例句】This road leads to the park.
这条路通向公园。
4. provide sth. for sb. 为…提供…
【例句】The teachers should provide necessary guidance for their students.
教师应为学生提供必要的指导。
＊难句释义
① Every student should regulary experience the “Ahe!”—When something you never understand, or something you never know was a mystery, becomes clear.
应该学生都应经常体验一下说出“啊，原理啊是这么一回事！”时的感受—也就是你以往不懂或是不知道自己不懂的事情，一下子变得豁然开朗的感受。
Experience the “Aha!”意识是：体验学到新东西，找到答案时的心情。
注意when 引出的状语从句结构：becomes lear是位于（系表结构），其余部分是由or连接的两个并列主语。注意动词becomes与其最近的主语一致，两个something 后都跟一个定语从句，第二个something后省略了which，作was a mystery的主语。
②School science courses, I remember, concentrated on the unimportant parts of science, leaving the major insights almost untouched.
我记得学校的理科课程专讲科学的次要方面，而对科学的深层含义只字不提。
leave + 宾语 + 宾补：使…处于某种状况
③ Often more a matter of attitude and perception than the simple memorization of facts.
（改教的）主要是态度问题，认识问题，而不是简单的事实记忆的问题。
④The answers can be gateway to real insights.
对这些问题的回答很可能会使你对有关事物有深刻的了解。
＊ 语法点滴
1.形容词 + 名词→复合形容词 / 名词
① supermarket n.
【例句】My mother often does her weekly shopping at a nearby supermarket.
② high-grade adj.
【例句】His parents bought them a high-grade TV set
as wedding presents.
2. 主谓一致的三原则
① 语法一致，即在语法形式上取得一致
【例句】Human beings enjoy learning.
② 意义一致，即根据意义来处理一致关系
【例句】Ten dollars was a lot of money at that time.
③ 就近原则
【例句】There is a pen, two penciles in the pencil box.
3.集体名词作主语时与动词一致

谓语动词
主语
单数
复数
Furniture,equipment,machinery
√

People,cattle,police,poultry

√
4. 并列主语与动词的一致
① 当“名词 + 名词”表示一种事物时，用单数动词
【例句】Fish and chips is serced every day.
② 当主语由and, both…and连接的并列结构时，如果主语所指的不是一种事物，动词则用复数形式。
【例句】Jack and Mary are in love with each other.
③ 在由or 或nor 连接的并列结构中，动词单、复数形式一般与or或nor后面的名词或代词保持一致。
【例句】He or his brothers are to blame for this.
④ not only…but also 连接的结构作主语时，动词的单、复数形式依据but also后面的名词或代词。
【例句】Not only the boys but also their mother is very ill.
Lesson Two Icons
偶 像
＊ 重点词汇
1. make vt.做，制作；将…变成；把…制成；促使，迫使，使
【例句】She is making a cake.
她正在做蛋糕。
We will make this place into a summer resort.
我们要使这个地方变为避暑胜地。
The good news makes her happy.
这个消息使她很高兴。
相关短语：make sure 确保；确定
make it 成功，做成
make friends with 与…交朋友
make up 编造
make up one’s mind 下决心
2. recognize vt. 认识，识别；承认，认可；赏识，表彰
【例句】He was so much changed that I could hardly recognize him.
他变化太大，我简直认不出他来了。
He recognized John as his lawful heir.
他确认约翰为自己的合法继承人。
The manager recognized the employee’s worth by giving them a bonus.
公司经理发给雇员们一笔奖金以报偿他们的劳绩。
Recognition n.认出；（正式）承认；褒奖，赞赏
相关短语：gain recognition 得到赞赏
3. define vt. 解释，给…下定义；限定；确定…的界线
【例句】People define him as a genius.
人么说他是天才。
The boundary between the two nations is defined by treaty.
两国间的边界是由条约规定的。
definition n. 定义
相关短语：by defintion 按定义
4. shape vt.塑造，制作，使成形；影响，决定
【例句】We should remember those who shape history forever.
我们应该永远记住那些塑造历史的人们。
These policies will shape the cocentry’s future.
这些政策将决定国家的发展前途。
5. maintain vt. 主张，认为；维持，保持；继续；维修，保养
【例句】I maintain that we should set off at once.
我认为我们应该立即出发。
The school maintains English as the medium of instruction.
这个学校继续以英语为教学用语。
He is careful to maintain his own car.
他从小保养自己的轿车。
6. original adj.独具创造性的，有独到见解的；最初的，原先的
【例句】He always has the original viewpoints.
他总是有独到见解。
The original plans were changed.
原先的计划改变了。
＊ 重点短语
1. be known for 因…著称
【例句】Mrs.Smith is known for her cooking.
史密斯太太以烹饪闻名。
2. go to sb. / sth. 授予，被…赢得
【例句】The Nobel Prize for literature went to the American novelist.
诺贝尔文学奖被授予那位小说家。
3. pass through 经过
【例句】The troops passed through the village yesterday evening.
部队于昨晚经过这个村庄。
4. comment on/upon 评论
【例句】He wrote an article to comment on the recent developments.
他写了一篇文章，对进近来的形式发表意见。
5．show up 出现，到达
【例句】We waited for an hour, but he did not show up.
我们等了一个小时，但他没有出现。
6. come to realize (开始)认识到，意识到
【例句】Daily he came to realize that being conceited was harmful.
终于有一天，他开始意识到自以为是是有害的。
＊ 难句释义
① Yet, some people say that ours is an age where ture heroes heroines are hard to come by. Where the very ideal of heroism is something beyound us—an artifact of the past.
可是，有人说我们的时代是很难出现正真英雄的时代，英雄主义这一悲观概念本身我们就难以理解—它已成为历史。
Ours是名词性代词，作宾语从句的主语。
两个where 引导的定语从句修饰an age。
come by: find
be beyond sb. :为某人所不能理解；对于某人来说太难
② But nothing becomes an icon more than a tragic and early death…
然而悲剧性地英年早逝，却是造就偶像最为重要的因素。
nothing…more than 表示最高级
③ Today an appearance on a television talk show is the ultimate proof of “making it” in America.
今天在电视台的脱口秀节目上露一露脸就能证明你在美国“一举成名了”
make it 承购，做成
④ This kind of attitude rewards smooth, insincere talk and makes hesitancy look like stupidity.
这种态度鼓励了口如悬河的空话而把迟疑看成是愚笨。
这里用的是引申的意思，表示“得出…的结果”
＊ 语法点滴
1. 名词 + -ize / -ise→动词
【例句】He apologized to me for what he had said.
2. 带确定数量词的名词词组作主语时的主谓一致
①当主语是表示数目、时间、重量、距离等的复数名词,如果该名词被看做一个整体，其后的动词用单数。
【例句】Sixty miles is a short run in a car.
② 与上面情况相同，但如果该名词被看作单个个体，其后的动词用复数。
【例句】Five kilos of apples are placed into the baseket.
③ 当主语为“分数或百分数+of+名词”时，动词的形式依照of后的名词的单复数形式来定。
【例句】One-fourth of the region is underdeveloped.
④ 当主语是单数与复数同行时，动词的形式以名词单、复数意义为准。
【例句】Tereh aircraft are reported missing.
3. all 的主谓一致
① 代词all 表示可数的人或物时，其后的动词用复数形式。
【例句】All who have seen the film love it.
② 代词all表示不可数的名词时，其后的动词用单数形式。
【例句】All is going well .
All of his money is gone.
③ 形容词all + 可数名词时，其后的动词用复数形式。
【例句】All roads lead to Rome.
④形容词all + 不可数名词时，其后的动词用单数形式。
【例句】Not all food is good to eat.
4. 带none的词组作主语时，其后的动词但单、复数都可以用。
【例句】None of you have/ has had my experience.
None of the lifts are/is working.
Lesson Three
Go-Go Americans
风风火火的美国人
＊ 重点词汇
1. save vt. 节省，节约；救助，挽救，积攒，使免去，保存，存盘
【例句】We should save water.
我们应节约用水。
The doctors managed to save his life.
医生设法挽救了他的生命。
You should save a little each week.
你应该没星期存一点钱。
She did it herself to save argument.
她自己去做了以免发生争论。
Don’t forget to save before you close the file.
退出文件时，别忘了存盘。
2. allow vt. 允许；承诺
【例句】Somking is not allowed in pullic places.
公共场合不允许抽烟。
They allow him to be a genius.
他们承认他是个天才。
相关短语：allow for 考虑到
3. try vt.尝试，试用；试图，努力，设法
【例句】He tried to find the answer but he couldn’t.
他试图找到答案，但没能找到。
She is trying her new car.
她正在试开她的新车。
vi. 尝试，试用，试验
【例句】Try taking a deep breath when you feel very nervous.
当你紧张的时候，试着深呼吸几下。
4. account vi. 解释，说明
【例句】How do you account for the show’s success?
你认为这次演出为何成功？
n. 报告，描述；账目，账户
【例句】She gave the police a full the account of the accient.
她向警方详细地讲述了所发生的事情。
I don’t have a bank account.
我没有银行账户。
5. performance n. 表现，业绩；表演，演出
【例句】Our football team’s performance has been excellent during the who year.
我们的足球队整整一年来一直表现出色。
The performance starts at seven.
演出起点开始。
6. conduct vt. 实施，进行；处理，经营，管理
【例句】These students are conducting an experiment.
学生正在进行一个实验。
He is conducting a successful business.
他正经营成功的企业。
＊ 重点短语
1. fall behind 落后，拖欠
【例句】She always fell behind when went up hill.
我们上山时，她总是落后。
They had fallen behind with their mortgage repayments.
他们拖欠了按揭还款。
2.make room for 腾出地方，给…让出地方
【例句】Move along and make room for me.
请往前挪一下，让出点儿空位给我。
3. take sth. seriously / personally 重视，认真对待/ 认为是跟对自己的
【例句】I always take your suggestions seriously.
我总是认真对待您的建议。
4. in terms of 就…而言，根据，按照
【例句】The job is great in terms of salary, but it has its disadvantages
就薪金而言，这个工作倒是挺不错的，但也有一些不利之处、
5．Seek out 找出，搜寻 出，挑出
【例句】I sought out my friends in the crowd.
我在人群中找到了我的朋友。
6. carry on 继续，进行下去，经营
【例句】They carried on the discussion late into the night.
他们一直讨论到深夜。
His sister is carrying on a clothing business.
他的姐姐正在做服装生意。
＊ 难句释义
① We are slaves to nothing but the clock.
我们只受时钟的支配。
be slave to / of受…的支配或影响
② We want every minute to count.
我们想让每一分钟都发挥作用。
count:be of value or importance 有价值，有重要意义
③ Many of us have what might be called “a short fuse”
我们当中很多人都很容易“发火”（原意：我们每个人的导火线都很短）
have a short fuse:get angry easily 很容易生气，发脾气
④ We seek out evidence of past performance rather than evaluate a business colleage through social courtesies.
我们调查生意伙伴过去的业绩而不是通过社交活动来评估他们。
Seek out:努力寻找，找出
rather than:而不，与其…不如…。意思与instead of或in place of 相似，但起连接词的作用，连接平行的结构。
⑤ especially given our traffic-filled streets.
特别是考虑到我们车辆拥挤的街道。
given :考虑到…
＊ 语法点滴
1. 名词+名词→复合名词
【例句】Don’t forget to take your raincoat in case it rains.
2. 名词与代词和名词所有格的一致
当名词是既可视诶整体名词又可视为个体名词的集体名词时，则要根据它们在句中的意义来确定代词和所有格的形式。
【例句】Every family has its own problems.
Every class may organize outings on its own.
The Johnson family are always quarrelling among themselves.
一般来说，代词和名词所有格对名词的指代在数的形式上是一致的。
Lesson Four “Take Over, Bos’n!”
“接过去，水手长”
＊ 重点单词
1. keep vt. 保持某种状态，坚持，继续做；保存，保留；阻止，控制住
【例句】keep the boy quiet, please.
让孩子保持安静。
These old books are worth keeping.
这些旧书值得保存。
I was just a gun that kept them away from the water they craved.
我只是一支枪，是一支阻止他们得到梦寐以求的水的枪。
2. look vi. 看，瞧；找，寻；显得，看上去
【例句】She looked across everyone in the room.
她扫视了房间的每个人。
I looked everywhere, but I couldn’t find my book.
我到处都找遍了，但没找到我的书。
That looks like an interesting book.
那本书好像很有趣。
相关短语：look after 照看
Look ahead 考虑未来
Look forward to 盼望，期盼
Look up 查（字典等）
3. stop vt. 停止，使停止；阻止
【例句】They stopped talking.
他们停止谈话。
Nothing can stop the history from running forward.
什么也不能阻止历史车轮的前进。
vi. 中断，停止；逗留
【例句】He stopped to smoke.
他停下来抽烟。
We stopped at a hotel for three nights.
我们在旅馆逗留了三夜。
相关短语：bring…to a stop 使…结束 （其中stop 是名词）
4. swell n.涌浪，滚滚浪潮
【例句】The boat rose and fell to ocean swells.
船随着海浪起伏。
vi. 肿胀，胀大；增大，增多
【例句】Her ankle swelled up after the fall.
她跌倒之后脚踝肿了。
The enrollment of the university swelled to 4500 this year.
今年该大学的入学人数增至4500名。
5. yield vt. 放弃，屈服
【例句】Don’t yield your purpose easily.
别轻易放弃目标。
n.产量，收益
【例句】Wheat yield doubled last year.
去年的小麦产量翻了一番。
6. tramp n. 不定期货船
【例句】The survivous of the wreck were recusced by a tramp.
失事船只的幸存者被一艘不定期货船所救。
vt. 踏，才； 长途跋涉
【例句】Someone tramped on my feet on the bus.
在公共汽车上，我的脚被人踩了又踩。
I have tramped all day.
我长途跋涉了一整天。
＊ 重点短语
1. look forward to 盼望
【例句】The students are looking forward to the holidays.
学生正在盼望着假期。
2. run for 赶往，跑向
【例句】Suddenly it began to pour with rain, and they ran for the old house to take shelter from the rain.
突然大雨倾盆，他们跑向老屋避雨。
3. hold off 使难接近
【例句】They held off the attackes of a numerically suerior enemy.
他们抵挡住了在数量上占优势的敌人的进攻。
4. take over 接管；兼并
【例句】Our company took over an oil company one year ago.
一年前，我们公司兼并了一件石油公司。
5. give into 屈服于
【例句】She never gave into the fate.
它从不屈服于命运。
＊难句释义
① Nobody jumped at me. But in the way they all glared I could see how they’d come to hate my guts.
虽然没有人扑过来，不过从他们瞪着我的眼神我能感觉到他们对我已经恨之入骨了。
Hate sb’s guts (俚语)对某人恨之入骨。要注意不要混淆两个单词gut, gun前者是内脏的意思，后者是枪支。
② I’d have given the rest of my life for a single gulp of water.
我早就用下半辈子的生命换取了一口水。
此句注意踢回主人公的心理。”I’d have”是一个虚拟语态，即与现实相反，那么省略的前半句是”If I could allow myself to do so”要是我能让自己这么做的话。那么言下之意也就是说要是可以的话我宁愿解眼前之渴不要那下半辈子的生命，这种心理和其他士兵产生了共鸣。但是责任感让他们决不能那样做。因为他明白要那壶水在，他们就会寄托着一个希望。只要有希望他们就会坚持下去，就会活下去。
③ As the boat rose and fell on the long swells, I could feel sleep creeping over me like paralysis.
船载平缓的海浪中一起一伏地漂流着，我觉得困倦之意渗透了全身，使我浑身无力。
creep 是悄悄地缓慢的进行；paralysis 是瘫痪。
此句在描写极度困倦时十分体贴，creep表现出在不知不觉中我渐渐的沉睡过去了。很形象又恨生动。
Paralysis是一个明喻，在写文章时比喻、明喻、暗喻等修辞手法即简洁，又深刻。
④ I stared at the canteen as if it were a mirage.
我瞪眼睛瞧着那只水壶，仿佛在看一个虚幻的影像。
⑤”When you’re boss-man,” he added, “in command and responsible for the rest— you —you sure get to see things different, don’t you?”
“当你成了头儿，要主事，要对他人负责的时候，你—你看问题肯定就不一样了，对不？”
(巴雷特最后一语道破了他转变的原因：三副倒下去之前对他说的话，就是把捍卫最后那壶水的任务交给了他。保住了水，就保住了10个人活下去的愿望。以前他不理解三副的意图，这正是不在其位，不谋其政。只有担子压在肩头，才知道它的分量)
＊ 语法点滴
本课的附加疑问句不属于考试大纲要求范围，考生只需了解，扩大知识面，在这里有必要简单讲解一下。
附加疑问句两种形式：
⑴肯定陈述句+否定附加成分
【例句】You’d rather I didn’t say anything, wouldn’t you?
你最好什么都别说，知道吗？
He gave you a book, didn’t he?
他给了你一本书，是吗？
(注意附加成分要与主句时态保持一致)
⑵ 否定的陈述句+ 肯定附加成分
【例句】You haven’t been here before, have you?
你以前没来过这儿，是吗？
Lesson Five Are You Giving Your Kids Too Much?
你给孩子的东西是不是太多？
＊ 重点词汇
1. give vt. 给予，赠送；提供
【例句】Why do parents give their children too much?
为什么父母给孩子的太多？
Can you give me some advice on it?
在这点上，你能给我提供些建议吗？
vi. 赠送，捐助
【例句】He gives freely to the poor.
他对穷人慷慨解囊。
2. feel vi. 觉得，有知觉；摸起来感觉；摸索
【例句】How are you feeling today?
你今天觉得身体怎么样？
The silk feels soft.
这丝绸摸起来很软。
vt. 触摸，摸索
【例句】The doctor felt the patient’s pulse.
医生给病人把脉。
In the darkness, she felt the switch along the wall.
黑暗中，她沿着墙摸索电灯的开关。
3. begin vi. 开始，开始出现
【例句】He expected a letter from home.
他盼望家信的到来。
Don’t expect any support from me.
别指望我帮你。
I expect to be back on Sunday.
我预计星期天回来。
The teacher expected respect from his students.