2023年雅思阅读十大场景文章赏析.docx

雅思阅读场景赏析举例
一．动物类：
Polar Bears Listed as Threatened
Polar bears were added to the list of threatened species and will receive special protection under U.S. law. In his statement, Secretary of the Interior Dirk Kempthorne noted that the decline of Arctic sea ice is the greatest threat to the bears.

Polar bears live in the Arctic and hunt seals and other fatty marine mammals from sea ice. They also travel, mate, and sometimes give birth on the ice. But sea ice is melting as the planet warms, and it is predicted to continue to do so for several more decades.

"Because polar bears are vulnerable to this loss of habitat, they are—in my judgment—likely to become endangered in the foreseeable future," Kempthorne said.

Although many scientists say that human activity is directly responsible for the melting sea ice, the new polar bear protections will not change U.S. climate policy.

The U.S. classifies the polar bear as a marine mammal, which means that the bear's new threatened status will not stop oil exploration within its habitat.  Hunting of polar bears as a food source by certain native people and trade in native handicrafts made from polar bears will also continue. However, importing polar bear products from Canada (where trophy hunting is legal) will be banned.
Scott Bergen is a landscape ecologist with the New York-based Wildlife Conservation Society and a contributing author to U.S. Geological Survey studies released in 2023 that found two-thirds of the world's polar bears could go extinct by 2050. He and other WCS staff are "almost elated" with the decision, he said.

"Even though it doesn't directly influence carbon emissions so to speak, we think it is a definite decision in the right direction and we're pleased to see the Fish and Wildlife Service is supporting the best science on this species," he added.
Bergen noted that saving the polar bear will depend on international cooperation. Permanent sea-ice habitat is likely to remain in areas outside of the U.S., particularly in Canada and Greenland.

Scientists view these areas as refuges that could allow some polar bear populations to survive over the long term and repopulate the Arctic if temperatures decrease and sea ice returns.
"If you take a long-term view—meaning a hundred-year view into the future," he said, "polar bears' existence is not necessarily totally dependent on what happens in the United States."
Polar bears were added to the list of threatened species and will receive special protection under U.S. law. In his statement, Secretary of the Interior Dirk Kempthorne noted that the decline of Arctic sea ice is the greatest threat to the bears.

Polar bears live in the Arctic and hunt seals and other fatty marine mammals from sea ice. They also travel, mate, and sometimes give birth on the ice. But sea ice is melting as the planet warms, and it is predicted to continue to do so for several more decades.

"Because polar bears are vulnerable to this loss of habitat, they are—in my judgment—likely to become endangered in the foreseeable future," Kempthorne said.

Although many scientists say that human activity is directly responsible for the melting sea ice, the new polar bear protections will not change U.S. climate policy.

The U.S. classifies the polar bear as a marine mammal, which means that the bear's new threatened status will not stop oil exploration within its habitat.  Hunting of polar bears as a food source by certain native people and trade in native handicrafts made from polar bears will also continue. However, importing polar bear products from Canada (where trophy hunting is legal) will be banned.
Scott Bergen is a landscape ecologist with the New York-based Wildlife Conservation Society and a contributing author to U.S. Geological Survey studies released in 2023 that found two-thirds of the world's polar bears could go extinct by 2050. He and other WCS staff are "almost elated" with the decision, he said.

"Even though it doesn't directly influence carbon emissions so to speak, we think it is a definite decision in the right direction and we're pleased to see the Fish and Wildlife Service is supporting the best science on this species," he added.

Bergen noted that saving the polar bear will depend on international cooperation. Permanent sea-ice habitat is likely to remain in areas outside of the U.S., particularly in Canada and Greenland.

Scientists view these areas as refuges that could allow some polar bear populations to survive over the long term and repopulate the Arctic if temperatures decrease and sea ice returns.

"If you take a long-term view—meaning a hundred-year view into the future," he said, "polar bears' existence is not necessarily totally dependent on what happens in the United States."

READING PASSAGE TOPIC:
文章结构

体 裁
说明文
主 题
北极熊
段落概括

A段
北极熊濒危
B段
北极熊保护对政策的影响
C段
倡议国际合作保护北极熊
本节考察词汇

A段
threaten
威胁
directly
直接的，立即
responsible for
是导致…的因素
marine mammals
海洋哺乳动物
vulnerable
易受袭击的
judgment
判断
decades.
十年
melting
融化的
foreseeable
可预知的
B段
classify
分类.分等
policy
政策方针
status
情形 ，状况
source
来源
exploration
探险，探测
trade in
抵价购物
handicrafts
手工艺
ban
严禁
C段
landscape
美化
International
cooperation
国际合作
Wildlife Conservation
野生生物资源保护
contributing to
捐献
Geological Survey
地质勘测
released
版本，发布
extinct
灭绝的
existence
存在
refuges
避难所
Wildlife
野生动植物
参考译文

A 北极熊已经被列入濒危物种的行列之中，并且会在美国法律中受到特殊的保护。Kempthorne 在他的陈述中表白北冰洋的衰退时对于北极熊最大的威胁。北极熊栖居在北极，以猎食海豹和其他海洋哺乳动物为生。它们也会迁徙，交配，有时还在冰上繁衍后代。 但是随着全球变暖，海里的冰开始融化，据预测，这样的情况还会再连续几十年。“由于北极熊对于栖息地的破坏很敏感，在我看来，它们在可预见的未来很有也许濒临灭绝，”Kempthorne说道。
B 尽管很多科学家说人类活动是导致冰川融化的直接因素，新的北极熊保护措施不会改变美国的气候政策。美国把北极熊划为海洋哺乳动物，这就意味着对北极熊的威胁不会阻止在这些动物栖息地内的石油勘探。本地人对北极熊的捕猎，用北极熊制造手工艺品的贸易，都会继续进行。然而，从加拿大进口北极熊的产品，将会被严禁。
C Scott Bergen是纽约野生动物保护协会的一位生态学家，也是美国2023年出版的国家地理调查的作者之一。该调查发现世界三分之二的北极熊到2050年会灭绝。他和其他WCS员工几乎对这一决定感到十分肯定。“尽管这不直接影响到二氧化碳的排放量，我们认为这是一个对的方向的拟定的决定，我们不久乐看到Fish and Wildlife Service支持对于该物种的最佳的保护方案.”他补充道。Bergen表白拯救北极熊要依靠国际合作，永久的海冰栖息地很也许在美国之外的其他地方继续存在，特别是在加拿大和格陵兰。科学家把这些地方看做可以允许一些北极熊长期存活的避难所，假如气温下降，海冰恢复，北极熊还可以重新入住北极。 “假如你从长远来看，未来一百年” 他说：“北极熊的存活不一定完全取决于美国的情况。”
二．发展史类：
History of Russian Archeology
Archeology as scientific study of objective historical monuments was well established in Russia not until the 19th century. Describing and collecting archeological monuments, however, started much earlier: relics of religious significance were kept in church vestries, whereas various antique valuables were gathered in tsars?treasuries.
Initially authorities regarded archeological finds merely as hoards; for example ancient coins were melted down to mint new coins. Yet some of our ancestors, apparently, recognized the possibility of historical interest in the finds: thus, for instance, a description of old metal objects found during the diggings at Iset River under the reign of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich, has been preserved.
Governmental support of archeological studies in Russia dates back to the epoch of Peter the Great, whose order of February 13, 1718 assigned remuneration for various things?that can be found nder the ground or in water? Peter the Great ordered Messershmidt to collect antiquities in Siberia, and to send urious?things of silver and gold to Saint Petersburg without melting them.
Peter the Great Kunstkammer founded in 1714 was filled with numerous archeological rarities, especially those from Siberia and the East. Later the antiquities were delivered partly to the Academy of Sciences, and partly to the Moscow collections of the Armoury Chamber, Stable Yard and Workshop Chamber, and so on.
Under the reign of Anna Ioannovna V.N. Tatishchev wrote an instruction for gathering geographical, ethnographical and archeological data; the paper was approved by the Academy of Sciences and sent to all the provinces of Russia.
In 1759 the Academy intending to make up a new atlas of Russia endeavoured to gather information on the land antiquities. The year 1761 saw the expedition of the artist Grekov for copying icon and fresco images in churches and monasteries.
In the epoch of Catherine the Great researches drew up descriptions of Siberian and Bulgarian antiquities, as well as Permian and Yekaterinoslav barrows. In the late 18th century one of the most active figures of Russian archeology was Count A.I. Musin-Pushkin, the author of one of the first attempts of expounding the antiquities.
The activities of Russian archeologists set its right course from the early 19th century, especially after the establishment of the Russian History and Antiquities Society, which published a range of news and articles on archeology in its issues. One of the patrons of archeology in those years was Count N.P. Rumyantsev. In 1806 rules for maintaining the Workshop and Armoury Chambers and keeping in order and safety the relics kept therein; next year the first description of the Armoury Chamber was issued. In 1822 regulations on preserving the monuments of archeology in Crimea were set forth.
The year 1820 saw the publication of roject of Research Journey around Russia for Explaining Slavic History?by Zorian Dolugi-Hodakovsky, who raised the issue of ancient settlement sites and developed a peculiar theory giving a key to them. The controversy concerning the ancient sites brought about a range of precious studies.
Emperor Nicholas I issued numerous regulations for preserving ancient castles, fortresses, and houses. His reign is marked with significant achievements in archeology, such as the activities of Adelung, who described Korsun Gates in Kiev, of Keppen, who compiled the list of Russian monuments, burial mounds, etc., of numismatist Fren, of archeographers Kalaidovich and P.M. Stroyev, of Metropolitan Evgeny, and many other scholars.
The activities of Odessa History and Antiquities Society, Kerch Museum and archeological committee attached to His Emperor Majesty Cabinet succeeded in ascertaining much about the ancient history of the Northern coast of the Black Sea.
Publications of Saint Petersburg Archeological Society provided numerous reports and news about local antiquities found in Russia; the Society awarded prizes for issuing collections of old Russian inscriptions and reporting data on Russian archeology subjects.
Emperor Archeological Committee founded in 1859 at the Ministry of Emperor Yard was mainly into exploration of tumuli in Dnepr, Crimean and Taman regions. The Committee was in charge of finding antiquities, collecting information on monuments of the past and scientific evaluation of discovered relics. Unlike other societies, it did not, however, carry out scientific research. The foremost finding of the Committee was the discovery of rich royal tombs on Taman Peninsula in 1879. The Committee became famous with its restoration activities.
It was the Academy of Arts that greatly contributed to the preservation of antique buildings, churches and, in general, monuments of historic art. Moscow Archeological Society founded in 1864, was especially successful in arranging archeological congresses. Its major figures were Count A.S. Uvarov, K.K. Gerts, and A.A. Kotlyarevsky. Special educational scientific institution is the Saint Petersburg Archaeological Institute founded by N.V. Kalachov in 1877. It trains artful paleographers and experts of archives. Another archaeological institute was founded in Constantinople in 1894 for studying Byzantine antiquity.
At present there are a great number of scientific societies majoring in archeology in Russia.

READING PASSAGE TOPIC:
文章结构

体 裁
发展史类
主 题
俄罗斯考古学发展史
段落概括

A段
直到19世纪，考古学才作为一门研究历史遗迹的社会科学在俄罗斯被认可。然而，考古活动实际在沙皇统治时期就开始了。
B段
阿列克谢.米哈伊洛维奇沙皇统治时期，考古学的发展。
C段
彼得大帝对考古学的奉献
D段
彼得大帝 kunstammer的成立及作用
E段
在Anna Ioannovna V.N.统治时期，塔季谢夫对考古的奉献
F段
俄罗斯科学院编写新的地图集
G段
俄国女皇凯瑟琳大帝统治时期，俄考古学的发展。
H段
19世纪中期，俄罗斯考古学的发展。
I段
182023Zorian Dolugi-Hodakovsky发起了关于古代定居地的辩论
J段
尼古拉斯一世统治时期的考古学发展
K段
黑海北海岸考古学的研究
L段
圣.彼得堡考古社团的出版物的发行
M段
1859年，在Yard任职期间，帝王考古学委员会成立及其对考古学的奉献。
N段
俄罗斯成立了一些与考古学相关的学院
O段
目前，在俄罗斯有许多以考古为宗旨的科学团队。
本节考察词汇

A段
Archeology
考古学
relic
遗迹
antique
古代的
B段
preserve
保护 保持 保存
hoard
储藏
melt
熔化
mint
锻造 铸造
C段
Date back to
追溯到
Antiquity
古代 古代的遗物 古老
remuneration
报酬
D段
rarity
稀有物 珍品
F段
atlas
地图 地图集
endeavour to do
尽力做某事 竭力做某事
expedition
远征 探险
fresco
壁画
icon
圣像
G段
barrow
古墓
expounding
解释 说明 阐述
H段
patron
资助人
maintain
维持 保持 维修
therein
缘于
regulation
规则 制度
set forth
宣布 颁布
I段
controversy
辩论
issue
辩论
settlement site
定居地
precious
珍贵的
peculiar
奇特的 独特的 特有的
J段
castle
城堡
fortress
堡垒 要塞
numismatist
古币收藏家
burial mound
坟丘
compile
编译 汇编
K段
ascertain
拟定
attached to
依附于
L段
inscription
铭文 碑铭
M段
Ministry
神职任期
tumuli
坟墓
restoration
修复 重建
N段
congress
代表大会
paleographer
古文书学家

参考译文

俄罗斯考古学的历史
直到19世纪，考古学才作为一门研究历史遗迹的社会科学在俄罗斯被认可。然而，叙述及收集考古纪念碑（的活动）却早已开始了。在教堂的礼拜室中保存着具有重要宗教价值的遗迹，沙皇的宝库中更是收集了各种古代珍贵的物品、

初期的权贵只是把考古发现当作是财富积累的方法，如一些古钱币被溶化重新铸导致新的钱币。然而，似乎我们的一些祖先页结识到考古发现成为历史爱好的也许性。因此，在阿列克谢.米哈伊洛维奇沙皇统治时期，在挖掘伊赛特河流域时所发现的记叙古老金属物品（的书籍）被保存了下来。

在俄罗斯，政府支持考古学研究的活动可追溯到彼得大帝时代。他于1720232月13日颁布了一个法令，规定给予在地下或水下发现各种东西的人以酬金。彼得大帝还命令Messershmidt在西伯利亚收集古物，并把各种银制及金制的古物送到圣.彼得堡而不是熔化掉。

建立于172023的彼得大帝 kunstammer存放着许多考古珍品，特别时一些发现于西伯利亚及East的珍品。后来这些珍品一部分被存放于俄罗斯科学院，另一部分被存放于莫斯科兵器陈列馆, Stable Yard and Workshop Chamber 等地。
品的hangshif Russian Archeology1111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111
在Anna Ioannovna V.N.统治时期，塔季谢夫著作了关于收集地理及人类考古数据的指导书。这一书经俄罗斯科学院验证后送往俄罗斯各地。

1759年，为了收集遗迹信息，俄罗斯科学院决定编写一本新的地图集。1976年，艺术家格列科夫开始了他在教堂及寺院复制圣像及壁画的探险之旅。

在俄国女皇凯瑟琳大帝统治时期，一些学者拟定了关于西伯利亚、保加利亚遗迹的文献以及关于二叠纪及叶卡特琳诺斯拉夫古墓的文献。18世纪晚期，在俄罗斯考古学界最活跃的人物之一是A.I. Musin-Pushkin伯爵,他是第一批尝试叙述遗迹的作者之一。

19世纪中期，俄罗斯考古学家的（考古）活动得以开展，特别是在俄罗斯历史及遗迹社团成立之后。他们发表了一系列的关于考古学的信息及文章。在那些年中， N.P. Rumyantsev伯爵是考古学的资助人之一。正是由于（他的资助）保护作坊及军火库以及保持历史遗迹安全的法令才得以颁布。次年，第一本描述军火库的著作得以发表。182023，颁布了保护克里米亚考古遗迹的法令。

182023，为例解释斯拉夫的历史，由Zorian Dolugi-Hodakovsky组织的有关研究之旅的出版物得以发表。Zorian Dolugi-Hodakovsky发起了关于古代定居地的辩论，并且形成了独特的理论。这一关于古代定居地的辩论带来了一些类的具有很大价值的研究活动。
尼古拉斯一世制订了许多保护古代城堡、堡垒及建筑物的规定。在他的统治时期，俄罗斯的考古取得了重要的成就。例如：这一时期出现了阿德隆对于基辅的Korsun Gates 进行了叙述, Keppen, 编译了俄罗斯纪念碑及坟墓的目录，古币收藏家 Fren, archeographers Kalaidovich 、P.M. Stroyev、Metropolitan Evgeny 以及其他的众多学者。
在皇家内阁的支持下，敖德萨历史及古迹社团、克尔齐博物馆及考古学委员会成功的拟定了许多关于黑海北海岸的古代历史。
圣.彼得堡考古社团的出版物提供了许多关于俄罗斯本地遗迹的报告及信息，这一团队还对于收集古俄罗斯铭文及在提供俄罗斯考古信息的（行为）予以奖励。
1859年，在Yard任职期间，帝王考古学委员会成立了，旨在发现第聂伯河、克里米亚半岛及塔曼地区的坟墓。这个委员会负责发掘古物，收集关于古老的纪念品的信息遗迹对发现的遗迹进行科学评估。然而，这个委员会不像其他的社会团队，他们并不举行科学研究活动。这个委员会最大的发现是于1879年在塔曼半岛发现了一些富有的皇家坟墓。也正是由于对这些坟墓的修复重建活动，使得这个委员会得以闻名。
俄罗斯艺术学院为保护古代建筑、教堂及历史文艺纪念碑等文物做出了巨大的奉献。成立于1864年的莫斯科考古学社团在安排考古大会上有卓越的成就。它的重要成员有Count A.S. Uvarov, K.K. Gerts, 和A.A. Kotlyarevsky. 由N.V. Kalachov于1877年成立的圣.彼得堡考古学院是一所专业的教育科学学院。它哺育了专业的古文书学家及考古学家。此外一个考古学院是