高一至高二衔接----虚拟语气.doc

高一至高二衔接英语·语法-----------虚拟语气

虚拟语气在非真实条件句中

从句
主句
例句
与现在事实相反的假设
If + 主语+助动词的过去式（were, did, had）
主语+ should/would/could/might+动词原形
If I had time, I would attend the meeting.
If I were you, I should seize the opportunity to go abroad.
与过去事实相反的假设
If +主语+had+过去分词
主语+should/would/could/might +have+过去分词
If you had taken my advice, you would not have failed in the exam.
与将来事实相反的假设
① If+主语+动词过去式
② If+主语+were to+动词原形
③ If+主语+should+动词原形(注意不能是would)
主语+ should/would/could/might+动词原形
If you came tomorrow, we would have the meeting.
If it were to rain tomorrow, we would put off the sports meeting.
If he should not come tomorrow, we should put off the meeting till next Monday.

①错综时间条件句:
当条件状语从句表示的行为和主句表示的行为所发生的时间不一致时，被称为错综时间条件句，动词的形式要根据它表示的时间作出相应的调整。如：
If you had followed my advice just now, you would be better now.
If you had studied hard before, you would be a college student now.

②if省略句
在条件句中可以省略if, 把were, had, should提到句首，变成倒装句式。如：
If I were at school again, I would study harder.
→Were I at school again, I would study harder.
如果我还有上学的机会，我会更加努力学习。
If you had come earlier, you would catch the bus.
→Had you come earlier, you would catch the bus.
如果你来得早点，你就能赶上公共汽车。
If it should rain tomorrow, we would not go climbing.
→Should it rain tomorrow, we would not go climbing.
如果明天下雨的话，我们就不能登山去了。

③用介词代替条件状语从句
常用的介词有with, without, but for。如：
What would you do with a million dollars? (=if you had a million dollars)
如果你有100万元，你会做什么？
We couldn’t have finished the work ahead of time without your help. (=if we hadn’t got your help)
没有你的帮助，我们不可能提前完成这项工作。
Without your help, we couldn’t have finished the work ahead of time.
= But for your help, …
= If it had not been for your help, …
= Had it not been for you help, …
没有你的帮助，我们不可能提前完成这项工作。

④含蓄条件句
有时在虚拟语气中并不总是出现if引导的条件句，而是通过其他手段来代替条件句。如：
I was ill that day. Otherwise, I would have taken part in the sports meeting. (副词)
He telephoned to inform me of your birthday, or I would have known nothing about it. (连词)
A man who stopped drinking water would be dead in about seven days. (定语从句)
I might have given you more help, but I was too busy. (连词)
Everything taken into consideration, they would have raised their output quickly. (独立主格结构)

⑤even if, even though也可用于虚拟语气，其形式与if 从句在虚拟语气中的形式相同。

虚拟语气(2)——虚拟语气在名词从句中
1.在由suggest, demand, require, request, insist, order, command, propose等表示建议、请求、命令、愿望等动词或其同根词引出的名词从句中，名词从句虚拟句的谓语变化的形式只有一条规律——名词从句虚拟句无论其主句的谓语动词时何种形式，从句的谓语形式均为should+动词原形，其中should可以省去。（特别提醒：不是用would,而是用should。）
常见的这类动词有: ask要求, advise, beg, suggest建议, command命令, demand要求，request请求, insist, require要求, order下令, propose, advice, recommend, intend, prefer宁愿, permit, persuade, expect, decide决定, instruct, object, determine, urge, appoint等等
Our teacher suggested that we (should) not leave the classroom. 老师建议我们不要离开教室。
He insisted that she do it right now. 他坚持她马上就做。

在It is/was +上述动词的-ed形式+that从句中
It is suggested by the doctor that I should give up smoking. 医生建议我戒烟。
当上述动词以其名词形式出现，并且被用作主语，引导一个表语从句或者同位语从句时
My suggestion is that we (should) set out tomorrow morning. 我建议我们明早动身。
The suggestion that the sports meeting (should) put off
2.
在It is /was necessary, important等形容词+that从句中，常见的这类形容词有:necessary, important, essential, vital, advisable, urgent, desirable, natural, strange, imperative等
It is necessary that you should attend the meeting. 你有必要参加会议。
It is imperative that you arrive there in time. 你必须按时到达那儿。

在It is a pity (a shame, no wonder)+that从句中
It is a pity that you fail the exam.
It is no wonder he be late for class.

虚拟语气(3)——虚拟语气的其他用法

在wish后面的宾语从句中
对现在的虚拟，从句的谓语动词用过去时
I wish I were a little younger.我希望我能够年轻一点。
对过去的虚拟，从句的谓语动词用过去完成时(had done)或“would/could+现在完成时”
I wish I had been there. 我真希望我当时在那里。
I wish I had not attended that party. 我真希望我当时没参加那个聚会。
对将来的虚拟，从句的谓语用“would/could+动词原形”
I wish he could explain what he means.

在if only感叹句中
表示“但愿”，“要是……就好了”用法和wish基本相同，只是比wish具有更强烈的感情色彩。
If only the rain would stop. (对将来的虚拟)但愿雨能停。
If only I were taller. (对现在的虚拟)我的个子要是能高一点就好了。
If only I had followed your advice! (对过去的虚拟)要是我听从了你的建议就好了！

在as if/as though引导的从句中
表示与现在事实相反或对现在情况有所怀疑，谓语用过去时
I really don’t like the way you are speaking to me. It seems as if you were my father. 我真的非常讨厌你和我说话的方式。你听起来就好像是我爸爸。
表示与过去事实相反，谓语用过去完成时
He kept telling us what had happened as if he had been there himself. 他不停地和我们讲发生的事情，好像他当时在场一样。
有时也用陈述语气，这时表示较大的真实性或可能性
It is becoming dark. It looks as if it’s going to rain. 天变黑了，似乎就要下雨了。
It seems as if he had been to America. 他好像去过美国。

在would rather结构中
would rather do sth. 表示将来或现在的事件，“主语宁愿自己做某事”
I would rather go there tomorrow. 我想明天去那里。
He would rather not stay at home tonight. 他今晚不想在家呆着。
would rather have done sth. 表示过去的事件，“主语宁愿自己过去做了某事，但实际上没有做”
She would rather not have gone to the party. 她觉得真是不该去参加那个晚会。
would rather sb. Did 表示的是将来或现在的事件，“主语宁愿让另外一个人做某事”
Don’t come tomorrow. I’d rather you came next weekend. 明天就别来了，我希望你下周末过来。
would rather sb. had done 表示过去的事件，“主语宁愿别人过去做了某事，但实际上没有做”
I would rather you had returned the book yesterday. 我真希望你昨天把这本书还了。
在 It is (about, high) time+(that)从句中
从句中用过去时，表示早该做而未做的事，并含有建议的意味。
It is high time that we began to work. 咱们应该开始干活了。

1. The two students talked as if they _____ friends for years.
A. should be　　　 B. would be
C. have been　　 D. had been
2. It is important that I _____ with Mr. Williams immediately.
A. speak　　　　　 B. spoke
C. will speak　　　 D. to speak
3. I enjoyed the movie very much. I wish I _____ the book from which it was made.
A. have read　　B. had read　　C. should have read　 D. are reading
4. You are late. If you _____ a few minutes earlier, you _____ him.
A. come; would meet　　　　　B. had come; would have met
C. come; will meet 　　D. had come; would meet
5. He looked as if he _____ ill for a long time.
A. was　　　　　 B. were　　C. has been　　 D. had been
6. If the doctor had come earlier, the poor child would not _____.
A. have laid there for two hours  B. have been lied there for two hours
C. have lied there for two hours　D. have lain there for two hours
7. I wish that I _____ with you last night.
A. went　　　　 　B. could go　　C. have gone　　　D. could have gone
8. Let’s say you could go there again, how _____ feel?
A. will you　　　　　B. should you　　C. would you　　　　 D. do you
9. I can’t stand him. He always talks as though he _____ everything.
A. knew 　　 B. knows　　C. has known　　 　　　　　　D. had known
10. _____ the fog, we should have reached our school.
A. Because of　 　B. In spite of　　C. In case of　　 D. But for
11. If you had told me in advance, I _____ him at the airport.
A. would meet　B. would had metC. would have met　 D. would have meet
12. Mike can take his car apart and put it back together again. I certainly wish he_____ me how.
A. teaches 　　B. will teach　　C. has taught　　　D. would teach
13. I would have told him the answer had it been possible, but I _____ so busy then.
A. had been　　　B. were　　C. was　　　 D. would be
14. He’s working hard for fear that he _____.
A. should fall behind　B. fell behind　C. may fall behind　 D. would fallen behind
15. If it ____another ten minutes, the game would have been called off.
A. had rained　B. would have rained　　C. have seen　　 D. rained
16. He suggested that they _____ use a trick instead of fighting.
A. should　　　　　　　 B. would　　C. do　　　 D. had
17. My father did not go to New York; the doctor suggested that he _____ there.
A. not went　　　　　 B. won’t go　　C. not go　　 D. not to go
18. I would have gone to the meeting if I _____ time.
A. had had　　　　　 B. have had　　C. had　　　 D. would have had
19. Would you rather I _____ buying a new bike?
A. decided against　　　B. will decide against
C. have decided　　　　 D. shall decide against
20. You look so tired tonight. It is time you _____.
A. go to sleep　　B. went to sleep　　C. go to bed　 D. went to bed
【解析】
1. 答案D. as if后面如果表示真实情况就不用虚拟。
2. 答案A. It is important that是主语从句的虚拟语气，从句用sb. should do的形式。
3. 答案B. wish后面用虚拟语气，表示与过去事实相反用过去完成时。
4. 答案B. 条件句表示与过去事实相反，主句用过去将来完成时，从句用过去完成时。
5. 答案D. as if后面是真实情况，不虚拟。
6. 答案D. lain是lie的过去分词，表示“躺”。
7. 答案D. could have done表示“本来可以”。
8. 答案C. 与将来相反的虚拟语气，主句用过去将来时。
9. 答案A. as if表示不可能发生的事情时用虚拟语气。
10. 答案D. but for表示“要不是……的话”，通常与虚拟语气搭配使用。
11. 答案C. in advance表示“事先”，表示与过去事实相反的虚拟语气。
12. 答案D. wish的宾语从句表示发生在将来的愿望用过去将来时。
13. 答案C. but的并列句表示真实情况，不用虚拟语气。
14. 答案A. for fear that后面的状语从句用sb. should do的形式。
15. 答案A. 表示与过去事实相反，主句用过去将来完成时，从句用过去完成时。
16. 答案A. suggest后面的宾语从句用sb. should do的形式。
17. 答案C. suggest后面的从句用sb. should do的形式，should可以省略。
18. 答案A. 表示与过去事实相反，从句用过去完成时。
19. 答案A. would rather的宾语从句用sb. did的形式。
20. 答案D. It is time后面的定语从句用sb. did的形式。