英语专业四级语法复习考点名师优质课获奖市赛课一等奖课件.ppt

单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,本幻灯片资料仅供参考，不能作为科学依据，如有不当之处，请参考专业资料。,FOR,TEM 4,第1页,重点语法复习,Grammar,第2页,说明,以下总结专四常考点，我们不着重与详尽语法介绍，只是对历年专四常考语法进行总结。我们目标是对于必考语法点完全拿下。,第3页,一 比较结构,(,comparative Construction),英语中比较结构最主要有三种：,asas,结构,morethan,结构,the most,结构,第4页,1.asas,结构,基本模式：,as+adj/adv(,原级）,+as,否定形式：,1)not as/so+adj/adv(,原级）,+as,2),也可用,lessthan,e.g John is,as,bright,as,Bob.,(,否定）,John is,not as,bright,as,Bob.,John is,less,bright,than,Bob.,第5页,使用方法：,主语不一样，比较项目相同。,This parcel is as heavy as that one.,2.,主语相同，比较项目不一样。,The girl was as brilliant as she was beautiful.,这姑娘既漂亮又聪明,。,3.,主语和比较项目都不一样。,The swimming pool isnt,twice as wide as that one is long,.,（倍数,+as+adj/adv+as.),第6页,另一个模式：,as much/many+n+as,否定形式：,not as/so much/many+n+as,1)He took as much butter as he need.,He didnt take as/so much butter as he needed.,2)She has written as many essays as her brother(does).,She hasnt written as many essays as her brother(does).,第7页,变体形式：,as+adj(,原级）,+,名词词组,+as,(,注意以下句子语序）,1.George is,as efficient a,worker,as,Jack.,(,名词意义受到强调）,or George is a worker(who is),as,efficient,as Jack,.(,形容词意义受到强调）,2.I dont want,as expensive a car as,this.,第8页,2.more than,结构,1),用于在两个人或物之间作同首先比较。,The concert,was,more,enjoyable,than,lecture,.,2),用于同一个人或物本身作不一样方面比较。,The present crisis is much,more,a political,than,an economic crisis.,当前危机,与其说,是,经济,危机，,不如说,是,政治,危机。,此使用方法也可用于,lessthan,结构，但得出,相反,含义。,The present crisis is much,less,a political,than,an economic crisis.,当前危机,与其说,是,政治,危机，,不如说,是,经济,危机。,第9页,3.,（,the,）,+adj/adv,最高级,+,比较范围,比较级形式表示最高级意义时，比较对象范围应用：,any other+,单数名词,the other+,复数名词,the others,anyone/anything else,上述词是用来将比较级结构转变成最高级意义关键词语，切不可遗漏，不然会造成逻辑混乱错误。,第10页,补充说明,1,not soas&not so much as,London isnt so big as Tokyo.,伦敦没有东京大。,It wasnt so much his appearance I liked as his personality,.,(,与其说,我喜欢他外表，,不如说,我喜欢他为人。）,前一例相当于普通比较结构，后一例相当于,less,than,含义。,not so much,as,是一个专四常考结构,。,第11页,真题举例：,It is,not,so,much,the language,as,the background that makes the book difficult to understand.(99,45)(07.57)【,注：同一个句子专四考了两次，这说明了重复看往年题主要性,】,That trumpet player was certainly loud.But I was,nt,bothered,by,his loudness,so much as,by,his lack of talent.(04,41),第12页,2.not more/-er than,与,no more/-er than,John is,not,better than Tom.(,否定前者，必定后者,),John is,no,better than Tom.(,对前后者都否定）,真题举例：,Over population pose a terrible threat to human race.Yet it is probably,not more,a threat,than,environmental destruction.(07.62),第13页,3.no more than(=notany more than),二者一样都不,A whale is,no more,a fish,than,a horse is.,鲸不是鱼，如同马不是鱼一样。,Fat can,not,change into muscle,any more than,muscle changes into fat.(99.44),脂肪不能变成肌肉，就如同肌肉不能变成脂肪一样。,第14页,4.the morethe more,与,more and more,the more.the more,表示,两个过程中同时递增,，是主从结构。,more and more,只,表示一个过程不停增加。,如,the wilder the range of our life and the more various the contacts we have,the wilder and suppler must be our command over a rang of English styles.,第15页,5.“of a+n”,比较级,“,of a+n”,相当于一个形容词，表示含有后面那个名词性质；若该名词为,可数名词，,名词之前要加,不定冠词,。它比较级也要用,more,来修饰。如,He is more of a doctor.,他更像个医生。,该结构也能够用于同级比较结构中。如,He is as of an athlete as she.,他和她一样具备运动员素质。,第16页,二,虚拟语气,1.,主从句谓语动词时态,(1),掌握主从句谓语动词规范搭配,:,主 句,从 句,与现在事实相反,would/,情态动词过去式,+do,were(,不分人称,)/did,与过去事实相反,would/,情态动词过去式,+have done,had done,与未来事实相反,would/,情态动词过去式,+do,should do/were to do,第17页,Would,you,have been surprised,if I,had arrived,yesterday without letting you know before hand?(04,年,),与过去事实相反,All of us,would have enjoyed,the party much more if there,hadnt been,quite such a crowd people there.,（,00,年）,与过去事实相反,If your car,should need,any attention during the first 12 months,take it,to an authorized dealer.,（,98,年）,第18页,(2),区分主从句表示不一样时间概念：,主从句谓语动词所指时间不一样，这叫做,错综时间条件句,，动词形式应依据实际情况来调整。如：,Had it not been for,the timely investment from the general public,our company,would not be,so thriving as it is.,(,主句与现在事实相反，从句与过去事实相反,),第19页,(3),识别事实和假设混合句：,Your maths instructor,would have been,happy to give you a make-up examination,had,you,gone,and explained that your parents,were ill,at the time.,(,句子,前半部分,为假设情况，而“父母病了”是事实,),第20页,I,would have gone,to visit him in the hospital,had it been,at all possible,but I,was,fully occupied the whole of last week.,(,前半部分,为假设，,后半部分,是事实,),第21页,2.,名词性从句虚拟形式,名词性从句是指宾语从句、主语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。从句谓语动词需用,(should+),动词原形表示虚拟。考生应熟悉：,(1),以下动词做谓语时，,that,宾语从句中动词用虚拟形式：,第22页,desire,advise,recommend,command,direct,order,ask,demand,request,require,insist,maintain,move,propose,prefer,urge,vote,。,如：,In the past men generally,preferred,that their wives work in the home.,I,move,that he be discharged for his serious mistake.,第23页,(,2),以下形容词和分词做表语或补语时，,that,主语从句中动词用虚拟形式：,advisable,desirable,insistent,preferable,urgent,appropriate,compulsory,crucial,essential,imperative,important,necessary,obligatory,possible,probable,proper,vital,advised,arranged,commanded,demanded,desired,ordered,proposed,recommended,requested,required,suggested,。如,：,第24页,The board deem it,urgent,that these files should be printed right away.,It is,essential,that all these figures be checked twice.,第25页,真题举例：,It is absolutely,essential,that William,continu,e,his study in spite of some learning difficulties.(07,65),It is,imperative,that the government,attract,more investment into the shipbuilding industry.(06.59),The opening ceremony is great occasion.It is essential,for us to be prepared,for that.,第26页,(3),以下名词接同位语从句或表语从句时，从句中动词用虚拟形式：,insistence,preference,recommendation,suggestion,proposal,motion,desire,requirement,request,order,necessity,importance,regulation,rule,resolution,understanding,。,如：,第27页,John Wagners most enduring contribution to the study of Afro-American poetry is,his insistence,that,it,be,analyzed,in a religious,as well as worldly,frame of reference.,第28页,3.,含蓄虚拟条件句谓语动词形式,含蓄虚拟语气是指假设条件不经过,if,从句表示，而是暗含在其它结构中。考生应熟悉：,(1),连词,but,but that,or,or else,；副词,otherwise,unfortunately,等表示转折假设。如：,1.A safety analysis would have identified the target as a potential danger.,Unfortunately,it was never done.,2.Victor obviously doesnt know whats happened;,otherwise,he,wouldnt have made,such a stupid remark.,第29页,(,2),介词短语暗含假设条件，惯用有：,without,but for,under more favorable conditions,等。,如：,But for,your timely advice,I,would never have known,how to go about the work.,（,94,年）,第30页,(3),intended/meant/hoped/wished/plann,或,was/were+,不定式完成式或,had,intended/meant/planned/hoped/wished,+,不定式普通式暗示虚拟语气。,如：,I,intended to have called,on you,but I was busy at that time.,第31页,(4),情态动词完成式暗示虚拟语气。如：,I,should have called,to make an airline reservation,but I didnt.,第32页,4.,惯用虚拟形式句型,(1),从句中动词用过去式或过去完成式表示虚拟句型：,would rather would as soon,as though suppose,had rather would sooner,as if supposing,第33页,If only,It is(high)time that,(,从句中动词只用过去式,),Its high time we,stopped,cutting down the rainforests.(06,54),第34页,(2)If it were not for(,与现在事实相反,),If it had not been for(,与过去事实相反,),相当于,but for,。如：,If it had not been for,his help(=,but for,his help),we would not have succeeded.,第35页,(3)If only,谓语动词视情况选取适当形式。如：,If only the committee,would approve,the regulations and,put,them into effect as soon as possible.,第36页,If only the patient,had received,a different treatment instead of using antibiotics,he,might still be alive,now.(07,54),第37页,If only I,could play,the guitar as well as you!(06,年,),第38页,(4)lest/for fear that/in case,从句谓语用,(,should+),动词原形,。如：,The mad man was put in the soft-padded cell lest he,injure,himself.,第39页,(5)whetheror,有时谓语用,be,原形，引导,让步虚拟从句,，这种使用方法经常采取,倒装结构,。如：,The business of each day,be it,selling goods or shipping them,went quite smoothly.,第40页,Church as we use the word refers to all religious institutions,be they,Christian,Islamic,Buddhist,Jewish,and so on.,第41页,三 时态 语态,需要掌握关键点：,1.,表示未来时形式：,(1),在时间、条件、让步从句中，普通现在时代替未来时，但要注意区分从句类型，如：,Ill tell him when you will ring again.,我告诉,他你什么时候再来电话。,(,宾语从句,),比较,：,Ill tell him when you ring again.,你再,打电话时我告诉他。,(,状语从句,),第42页,(2),在,make sure,make certain,see(to it),后,that,从句中,，谓语动词,用普通现在时代替未来时,，如：,See to,it that you,include,in the paper whatever questions they didnt know the answer to last time.,(include,不能用,will include,或其它形式）,第43页,2.,完成时是时态测试重点，注意与完成时连用句型和时间状语：,(,1)by/between/up to/till+,过去时间、,since,、,by the time/when+,表示过去发生情况从句，,主句用,过去完成时,。如：,We,had just had,our breakfast when an old man,came,to the door.,第44页,Between 1897 and 1919,at least 29 motion pictures in which artificial beings were portrayed,had been produced,.,(,表示,1919,年时已发生情况,),第45页,(,2)by+,未来时间、,by the time/when+,谓语动词是普通现在时从句，,主句用,未来完成时,。如：,By the time you arrive in London,we,will have stayed,in Europe for two weeks.,I hope her health,will have improved,greatly by the time we come back next year.,第46页,(,3)by now,、,since+,过去时间,、,in/during/for/over/the past/last few(,或详细数字,)years/days/months,，主句用,现在完成时,The changes that,had taken place,in air travel,during the last sixty years,would have seemed completely impossible to even the most brilliant scientists at the turn of the 19th century.,第47页,但在,it is+,详细时,since/before,这一句型中，主句更多时候不用完成时。如：,It is,four years,since,John,left,school.,第48页,(4),在,It is the+,序数词,/,形容词最高级,+that,定语从句中，,谓语动词惯用,现在完成时,。如：,It isnt the first time that I have found myself in an embarrassing situation.,第49页,(5),在,no soonerthan,hardly/scarcelywhen,句型中，主句惯用过去完成时。,第50页,3.,完成进行时指动作在,完成时基础上还要继续下去,。如：,The company has been promising a rise in salary for ages,but nothing has happened.,真题举例：,第51页,Jack,has been missing,from home for two days now,and I am beginning to worry about his safety.(03,42),第52页,For some time now,world leader,have been pointing,out the necessity for agreement on arms reduction.(02,43),第53页,时态 语态答题思绪,(1),先依据选项区分点,确定考题关键点,为时态，然后,回到题句中寻找给出或暗示时间状语,，,缩小选择范围,，进而选出正确答案；,(2),依据谓语动词与句子主语或非谓语动词与其逻辑主语关系，确定句子是主动语态还是被动语态。,第54页,相关于时态历年真题：,Linda,was to have started,the experiment a month ago,but she changed her mind at the last minute.(07,55)【,未来完成时,】,第55页,I,have been and always will be,conscious of my moral obligations as a citizen.(05,年）,第56页,James has just arrived,but I didnt know he,was coming,until yesterday.(05,年）,【,过去进行时,】,第57页,四 平行结构,1.,注意比较结构中相比较内容在语法形式上是否相同。如：,It is better,to die,on ones feet,than,to live,on ones knees.,Despite the temporary difficulties,the manager prefers,increasing,the output,to,decreasing,it.,第58页,2.,其它含有并列或比较意义短语。,(,1)rather than,let alone,虽不是并列连词，但在结构上连接两个语法形式相同成份。如：,We are taught that a business letter should be written,in a formal style,rather than,in a personal style,.,第59页,For the new country to survive,let alone,for its people to enjoy prosperity,new economic policies will be required.,第60页,(2),假如平行两个成份在形式上是,介词短语,，而且,介词相同,，普通说来,第二个介词不要省略,。如：,At times,more,care goes,into,the composition of newspaper and magazine advertisements,than,into,the writing of the features and editorials.,第61页,五 非谓语动词,（,一）不定式,1.,不定式做主语,(1),引导逻辑主语介词：,不定式逻辑主语普通由介词,for,引导,但以下表示人性格行为特征形容词做表语时,不定式逻辑主语则由,of,引导：,第62页,absurd,bold,brave,courageous,careful,careless,clever,wise,foolish,silly,stupid,good,nice,kind,thoughtful,considerate,greedy,generous,honest,modest,polite,rude,cruel,selfish,lazy,wicked,wrong,。,如：,第63页,Experts say walking is one of the best ways for a person to stay healthy.,Its clever of you to have invented such a device.,第64页,(2),不定式做主语补足语：,掌握惯用不定式做主语补足语句型。注意不定式表示动作发生时间，并采取对应形式,。如：,be,said/reported/thought/believed/known/supposed+to do sth.,第65页,The Minister of France,is believed to be thinking,of imposing new taxes to raise extra revenue.(04,年）,第66页,Professor Johnson,is said to have made,some significant advance in his research,in the past year,.(99,年,),第67页,2.,不定式做宾语,掌握要求接不定式做宾语动词：,afford,arrange,attempt,claim,desire,determine,expect,fail,guarantee,endeavor,intend,pledge,pretend,resolve,request,swear,tend,venture,。,第68页,如：,Even though the children,pretended to be asleep,the nurses were not deceived when they came into the room.,第69页,3.,不定式做定语,(1),被修饰名词前有,序数词,、,形容词最高级或,next,last,only,not a,the,very,等限定词时,，该名词用不定式做定语。如：,In 1938 Pear S.Buck became the,first,American woman,to receive,the Nobel Prize for Literature.,第70页,(3),假如其形容词形式要求接不定式做补语，对应名词普通用不定式做定语。如：,ambition to do“,干,雄心”,be ambitious to do“,有雄心干,”,curiosity to do“,对,好奇心”,be curious to do“,对,好奇”,ability to do“,做,能力”,able to do“,有能力做,”,第71页,According to Darwin,random changes that enhance a species,ability to survive,are naturally selected and passed on to succeeding generation.,第72页,(4),表示方式、原因、时间、机会、权利等名词用不定式做定语，这些名词包含：,way,method,reason,time,place,chance,occasion,opportunity,evidence,power,right,movement,drive,(,运动,),，,effort,等。,第73页,如：,I worked so late in the office last night that I hardly had time to catch the last bus.,第74页,(5),不定代词,something,nothing,little,much,a lot,习惯上用,不定式做定语,。如,：,Though we have made great progress,there is still,much to be improved,.,第75页,4.,不定式做状语,不定式做状语主要表示目标、程度、结果、方式。,(1)in order to(do),so as to(do),结构引导目标状语，,so as to,不能置于句首。,第76页,(2)soas to,suchas to,enoughto,tooto,结构做程度状语。如：,The vocabulary and grammatical differences between British and American English are so trivial and few as hardly to be noticed.,第77页,(3),不定式做结果状语只能出现在句子末尾，表示不愉快结果，有时用,only,加强语气。,常见不定式动词有,find,hear,see,be told,form,give,make,produce,等。如：,The three men tried many times to sneak across the border into the neighbouring country,only to be captured,by the police each time.(99,年,),第78页,(,4),not/never too to,too not to,but/only tooto,too ready/eager/apt/inclined to,表示必定意义。如：,I am only,too,pleased,to,hear from you further.,能再听到你消息，我太高兴了。,第79页,（二）动名词,1.,必须接动名词做宾语动词,切记以下要求接动名词做宾语动词：,acknowledge,advocate,anticipate,appreciate,avoid,admit,confess,consider,delay,deny,enjoy,escape,excuse,fancy,favor,finish,forgive,imagine,involve,justify,mention,pardon,practice,postpone,recall,，,recollect,，,risk,resist,suggest,tolerate,。,如：,I appreciate having been given the opportunity to study abroad two years ago.,第80页,2.,动名词做介词短语,尤其要识别以下短语中,to,是介词,，不是不定式符号：,object to,resort to,react to,contribute to,look forward to,be accustomed to,be committed to,be exposed to,be subjected to,be devoted to,第81页,be dedicated to,be opposed to,be reconciled to,be contrary to,be(get)used to,come close to,get down to,give oneself up to,preferto,see to,set to,take to,in addition to,with regard to,with a view to,on the way to,。,第82页,真题举例：,1.The meeting was put off because we,objected to having,a meeting without John.(05,62),第83页,（三）分词,分词起形容词和副词作用，在句中做定语或状语。在概念上应清楚：,现在分词表示主动，表示动作在进行。,过去分词表示被动，表示动作结束了状态或结果。,第84页,1.,分词做定语，搞清现在分词与过去分词区分,分词短语做定语相当于省略了定语从句，考生应掌握：,(1),现在分词,与,被修饰词,之间含有,主动意义。,如：,Its easy to blame the decline of conversation on the pace of modern life and on the vague,changes taking place,in our ever-increasing world.(,相当于,the changes which take place.),第85页,There was a very interesting remark in a book by an Englishman that I read recently giving what he thought was a reason for this American characteristic.,(,相当于,which gave.),第86页,How many of us,attending,say,a meeting that is irrelevant to us would be interested in the discussion?,(,相当于,How many of us,who will attend,.),第87页,(2),过去分词与被修饰词之间含有被动意义。如：,Good news was sometimes released prematurely,with the British recapture of the port announced half a day before the defenders actually surrendered.(,相当于,recapture of the port which had been announced),第88页,(3),以下不及物动词也以过去分词形式做定语或表语，但