完型填空解题高分策略之三.doc

完型填空解题高分策略之三
为了培养良好的语感和整体理解的能力，在平时的完型填空练习中，同学们可以先撇开选项信息，尝试着根据整体语篇大意和上下文关系填入一个既符合逻辑又符合语法的单词或词组，待整篇都填完后，再核对参考答案，并找出错误的原因，总结经验和教训，从而提高解答这种补全型阅读的能力。我们可将这种方法命名为“预设答案法”。事实上，经过这种训练的同学，都具有较高的完型填空解题能力，尤其具有较强的捕捉空格处所缺信息的敏感性。
这种方法也可以推广到一般英语文章的阅读过程中去。在阅读一篇英文时，可一边阅读，一边推测作者接下来将要讲什么，他的态度是什么，最终想要达到一个什么目的，等等。这种阅读习惯非常有利于培养我们解答完型填空的能力，持之以恒，定能把我们的答题能力提高到一个较高的水平。
“预设答案法”在具体解题的过程中有以下几个好处：
1、  有利于保持阅读过程的连续性，不因不断地跳到后面查看选项而半途终断；
2、  凭借良好的语感和第一遍通读后对整篇大意的了解，推测出来的答案往往更有效，更准确；同时还省了干扰项带来的不必要的干扰；
3、  可以有效地节约答题时间，为高质量地完成整套试题提供了充足的时间保证。
必须再强调一遍：这种方法必须建立在对文章大意和主要细节已经大致掌握的基础之上，因此先通读一遍再做题，这是最重要的原则。当你预设的词或词组与参考选项中某一项相符时，答案必然是它；但是当预设的词或词组与选项中某个词是近义词，或者这个干扰项在逻辑上似乎也“正确”时，就需要把两个选项置于具体语境中进行比较，筛选出正确答案。当然，所预设的任何答案都必须最终符合所给选项中的某一项；否则，尽管从语境和逻辑上都正确，也不能用，此时则应该从所给选项中找出一个语义与之相同或相近的答案。另外，这种方法也不适用于任何空格，我们所要求的只是那些根据上下文能推知答案的空格。
下面就让我们试着用“预设答案法”做一篇完型填空题（只对能用此法的部分题进行解答和分析），从中领悟出它的机巧和奥妙。
Each of us fails from time to time. If we are wised, we accept these failures as a   1  part of the learning process. But all too often as parents and teachers we disallow this  2  right to our children.
When I see a child  3  to this kind of pressure, I think of Donnie.
Donnie was my youngest third-grader. His  4  of failure kept him from classroom games that other children enjoyed. He  5  answered questions—he might be wrong.
I tried to build his  6 . but nothing changed until midterm, when Mary Anne, a student teacher, was assigned to our classroom.
She was young and pretty, and she loved children. My pupils, Donnie included,  7  her.
One morning, we were working math problems at the chalkboard. Donnie had  8  the problems with painstaking neatness. Pleased with his progress, I  9  the children with Mary Anne and went for art materials. When I returned, Donnie was in  10 . he’d missed the third problem.
My student teacher looked at me in despair. Suddenly her face  11 . from the desk we shared, she got a container filled with pencils.
“Look, Donnie,” she said, kneeling beside him and gently  12  the tear-trained face from his arms. “I’ve got something to  13  you. She removed the pencils, one at a time, and placed them on the desk.
“See these  14 , Dannie,” she continued. “”They belong to Mrs. Lindstorm and me. See how the erasers are  15 ? That’s because me make mistakes too. But we erase the mistakes and try again. that’s what you  16  learn to do, too.”
She kissed him and stood up. “Here,” she said, “I’ll leave one of these pencils on  17  desk. So you’ll remember that everybody makes mistakes,  18  teachers.” Donnie looked up with love in his eyes and a smile.
The pencil became Donnie’s  19  possession. That, together with Mary Anne’s frequent encouragement, gradually  20  him that it’s all right to make mistakes— as long as you erase them and try again.
1.       A. small         B. basic         C. necessary      D. large
2.       A. correct        B. same         C. important      D. natural
3.       A. suffer         B. object        C. fall           D. subject
4.       A. fear          B. lesson         C. chance        D. sense
5.       A. always        B. often         C. never         D. seldom
6.       A. self-protection  B. self-improvement  C. self-confidence  D. self-learning
7.       A. respected      B. disliked       C. avoided       D. mined
8.       A. worked out    B. coped         C. gone over      D. leaned
9.       A. left           B. offered       C. missed        D. parted
10.   A. surprise       B. astonishment   C. anger         D. tears
11.   A. darkened      B. brightened     C. pulled        D. loosened
12.   A. lifting         B. picking       C. holding       D. pushing
13.   A. help          B. show         C. reward        D. promise
14.   A. pencils        B. mistakes      C. marks         D. containers
15.   A. used          B. built          C. worn         D. damaged
16.   A. may          B. must          C. will          D. can
17.   A. my           B. someone’s     C. the teacher’s    D. your
18.   A. still           B. also          C. even          D. not
19.   A. prized         B. own          C. kept          D. expected
20.   A. warned        B. informed      C. persuaded      D. reminded
限时训练（15分钟）
Many people of my generation say that there is no hope for the future because of the way that young people behave today.
Their first argument is that when we were 1 -we used to look after the older people in our community and help them. They also say that young people today don' t care about anything oranyone. 2 , I think the reason why we looked after older people was that we had no 3 . People had to live with their parents and grandparents because they had no money. Young people today earn more and have more freedom to live where they want. 4 this, I think that they are still interested in older people. For example, young people often 5 to help me when I get on and off the bus with heavy shopping.
Their second argument is that in our day we didn' t 6 to be given jobs — and that young people now don' t look for jobs, but just complain about unemployment. On the other hand, things were easier in the past and it was always easy to get a job 7 you had friends and contacts. It is really harder today. Young people complain about unemploy- ment and I think they have 8 reason to complain.
In conclusion I think there is 9 for the future. This generation, like generations before them, has new 10 as well as old problems. If they learn from our mistakes the world will be a better place in future.
1. A. ignorant B. young C. childish D. innocent
2. A. Moreover B. MeanwhileC. Therefore D. However
3. A. trouble B. concept C. choice D. method
4. A. In addition to B. In spite of C. Due to D. As for
5. A. offer B. hesitate C. refuse D. mean
6. A. prepare B. regret C. decline D. expect
7. A. unless B. if C. until D. because
8. A. every B. no C. this D. another
9. A. possibility B. feasibility C. hope D. result
10. A. events B. questions C. hobbies D. opportunities

高考英语阅读策略之三——怎样做阅读理解中猜词悟义类试题
在阅读过程中，常常可能遇到我们还没有学过的词（组），如果不能弄懂它在特定场合下的具体含义，就会影响我们对文章的整体理解，而猜测词义题就是用来检测考生猜词悟义能力的。猜测词义包括对词组和句意的理解，是高考英语试题中的一类常考题（往往是每年的必考题）。答题者首先应该知道，这类题中的词、词组或句子都是可以根据文章内容推知其含义的，这是命题的基本要求。因此，只要了解它的命题特点，并找出相应的答题对策，就能将其化难为易，轻松应对。
根据所猜词的特点，我们可以把它分成以下几类：1）这个词是可以分析的，即可以运用构词法知识（如前、后缀等）来确定它的词义；2）有较完整连贯的语境，即有比较明确的情景限制，此时可根据上下文（包括对比关系、因果关系以及同等关系等方法）来推测其词义；3）有的词的上下文有类似于解释性的内容，此时可根据它所提供的信息推知其词义；4）利用语篇中的逻辑连接词如therefore, unhappily, however, on the other hand等来推测，确定词义。但总的说来，我们可以把这种试题分成两大类：第一类是可以根据构词法信息找出答案的；第二类是可以从上下文的逻辑关系或者相关信息推断出其含义的。下面分别举例介绍针对这两种试题的答题方法。
1、  构词法信息。这类题主要针对单词而言，被猜测词义的词都是由考生所熟知的词通
过构词法而构成的生词。采用的手段主要有：派生法（加上前、后缀）、合成法以及转化法。对于派生法和合成法类词，只要将已知词的词义或者前后缀的含义结合起来分析，便可以推知其词义；对于转化法类词，则应根据它本身的基本含义，结合上下文的逻辑关系推知。一般说来，构词法类试题的解答都离不开对上下文的逻辑分析。
    By describing lions as “opportunists” in the first paragraph, the author means to say that lions ____.
A. are cruel animals                     B. are clever animals   
C. like to take advantage of other animals    D. like to take every chance to eat
【答案与简析】这是阅读理解C篇的一道试题，本篇的内容是描述狮子的生活习性，尤其是它们捕猎觅食的特性和规律等的文章。第一段的前几句是这样的：Lions are opportunists. They prefer to eat without having to do too much work. … If another animal has made a kill, they will drive it off and take the kill for themselves. 首先，从单词本身的词形可知，这是一个名词，同时它是由opportunity“机会；时机”派生的，而后缀-ist的基本含义是“者；分子”等，由此可大致知道其含义是“善于利用机会的人（或动物）”；其次，根据后面两句内容可知，这里具体指的是“利用其他动物的劳动”不劳而获。所以可由此推知答案是C。
The word “talion” in introducing the book Eye for an Eye is probably a concept of ____.
A. medicine    B. trade    C. avenging    D. striving
【答案与简析】这是阅读理解C篇的一道试题，本篇是新书介绍。这道题是猜测第一本书Eye for an Eye的内容介绍中用到的词talion的词义。这里，破折号后面的内容实际上就是对该词意思的解释，即“an eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth”，而且本段最后进一步指出了其原始定义：pay back。至此不难知道他的意思是“以眼还眼，以牙还牙”，也就是“报复”，所以答案是C，avenging“复仇的”。
2、  上下文信息。在猜测词义的试题中，这一类的比例最大。它包括对单词词义的推断，
对词组含义的推断，以及对整个句子的意思的猜测。近几年的高考试题中，猜测整个句意或者短语意思的试题越来越多。例如2006年湖南卷就考了四个猜词悟义的题，其中三个都是有关词组和句意的试题。
The underlined sentence in Paragraph 1 means Sontag ____.
A. was a symbol of American cultural life   
B. developed world literature, film and art
C. published many essays about world culture
D. kept pace with the newest development of the world culture
【答案与简析】 这是阅读理解E篇的一道试题，这是一篇介绍美国著名作家Susan Sontag的文章。文章说她一生坚守自己信奉的文化信条，至今仍是世界上最有影响力的人。第一段简要介绍了Susan Sontag，最后两句的内容是：When she was still in her early 30s, publishing essays in such important magazines as Partisan Review, she appeared as the symbol of American cultural life, trying hard to follow every new development in literature, film and art. With great effort and serious judgment, Sontag walked at the latest edges of world culture.
题目要求是解释划线的黑体字部分的确切含义。前面介绍了Sontag，同时前一句说在她三十多岁的时候就在Partisan Review那样重要的杂志上发表了不少文章，表现出她在美国文化生活中的象征地位，并且一直努力保持着与文化最新发展的节奏，后面便说了这样一句话，可见是总结概括性的语言。而选项D的说法恰好与trying hard to follow every new development in literature, film and art同义，可知答案应该是D。这是根据上下文逻辑关系推断句意的一个例子。这样的题例在历年的高考试题中并不少见。限于篇幅，不再举例。请同学们用上面介绍的方法，试着做下面的高考模拟试题。

高考英语模拟试题实战演练
Heavy rains across the country have not put any major dent to the cotton crop and growers are optimistic of achieving the target set for the season
They said the June-July flood, which hit the standing crops in Sindh and Punjab, had not damaged a larger sowing area as the arrangements were being made to avoid such losses.
“The recent rain in fact proved good for the crop in Punjab,” said Wahid Balgamwallah, a ginner（轧棉工）from Rahimyar Khan. “Before the rain, there were fears of insects’ attacks, which were driven away by the heavy rains. We did not witness any major loss.”
He said as per reports received by the authorities and farmers, crops in Rahim Yar Khan, Layyah, Multan, Jhang, Bahawlpur and Khushab were damaged to some extent during the flood and heavy rains. 
Over a dozen people were killed when rain poured across Sindh including Karachi and Hyderabad. Farmers escaped heavy losses, but the officials and ginners say heavy rains may slow down ginning operations in the province.
“The cotton soaked after the rains, so it may take time to get dry for ginning,” said a ginner in Sindh. “The Sindh cotton crop makes early its way into the market compared to Punjab, but the recent rains may delay its arrival in the local market.”
The federal government earlier this year fixed the cotton production target at 12 million bales（大包）, but encouraged by the growth in cotton production during 2004-05, it revised the target to 15 million bales.
The target area in Punjab has been set at 2.55 million acres for the current season against the 2.54 million and similarly sowing in Sindh has been fixed at 638,000 acres against last year's 635,000 acres. The authorities are optimistic that farmers are going to beat it again. 
1.       What does the underlined word “sent” in Para.1 probably mean?
A. great function    B. whole process    C. bad effect    D. good expectation
2.       According to the passage, the underlined words “Rahim Yar Khan, Layyah …” refer to ____.
A. some people                B. some countries   
C. names of some storehouses    D. some cities and provinces
3.       Which of the following is nearest in meaning to “soaked” in Para.6?
A. grew better    B. got wet    C. became even whiter    D. almost died 
4.       By “beat it” (in the last paragraph) the writer means “____”. 
A. gain better harvest than last year    B. conquer the bad weather   
C. be against their plan              D. defeat the government authorities
5.       When was the report most probably written? 
A. July, 2006.    B. July, 2005.    C. June, 2005.    D. August, 2004.

限时阅读（7分钟）
Life comes in a package. This package includes happiness and sorrow, failure and success, hope and despair. Life is a learning process. Experiences in life teach us new lessons and make us a better person. With each passing day we learn to handle various situations.
Love
Love plays a pivotal role in our life. Love makes you feel wanted. Without love a person could go hayward(不归路) and also become cruel and ferocious. In the early stage of our life, our parents are the ones who show us with unconditional love and care; they teach us about what is right and wrong, good and bad. But we always tend to take this for granted. It is only after marriage and having kids that a person understands and becomes sensitive to others’ feelings. Kids make a person responsible and mature and help us to understand life better.
Happiness and Sorrow
Materialistic happiness is short­lived, but happiness achieved by bringing a smile on others’ face gives a certain level of fulfillment. Peace of mind is the main link to happiness. No mind is happy without peace. We realize the true worth of happiness when we are in sorrow. Sorrow is basically due to death of a loved one, failure and despair. But these things are temporary and pass away.
Failure and Success
Failure is the path to success. It helps us to touch the sky, teaches us to survive and shows us a specific way. Success brings in money, fame, pride and self­respect. Here it becomes very important to keep our head on our shoulder. The only way to show our gratitude to God for bestowing success on us is by being humble, modest, courteous and respectful to the less fortunate ones.
Hope and Despair
Hope is what keeps life going. Parents always hope their children will do well. Hope makes us dream. Hope builds in patience. Life teaches us not to despair even in the darkest hour, because after every night there is a day. Nothing remains the same. We have only one choice keep moving on in life and be hopeful.
Life teaches us not to regret over yesterday, for it has passed and is beyond our control. Tomorrow is unknown, for it could either be bright or dull. So_the_only_alternative_is_to_work_hard_today,_so_that_we_will_enjoy_a_better_tomorrow.
(　　)1.In the passage, the author compares life to ________.
A．a package 　　　　　B．joy and sorrow
C．failure and success D．hope and despair
(　　)2.In which section can readers probably read the passage?
A．Opinions. B．Politics.
C．Education. D．Lifestyles.
(　　) 3.How is the passage organized?
A．In order of rules.
B．In order of frequency.
C．By making comparison.
D．In order of importance.
(　　) 4.What’s the general meaning of the last sentence of the whole passage?
A．If you work hard, you’ll have a better life in the future.
B．When choosing between “today” and “tomorrow”， you’d better enjoy tomorrow.
C．What you only can choose is to work hard today rather than tomorrow.
D．Enjoying a better tomorrow is your only choice.
(　　) 5.What’s the purpose of the passage?
A．To encourage people to love each other.
B．To tell people how to deal with happiness and sorrow.
C．To remind people of keeping having a beautiful dream.
D．To give readers some information about life.

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