商务英语翻译之合同翻译模板.doc

商务英语翻译　之协议翻译

第一节　商务协议基础知识
第二节　协议英语词汇特点及翻译关键点
第三节　协议英语句法特点及翻译关键点
第四节　协议内容翻译
第五节　商务协议翻译标准
第一节 商务协议基础知识
一、 概念与文体
即使中国外对协议定义各不相同, 但都有一个共同点: A contract is an agreement, which legally binds the parties concerned。比如, 99年中国《协议法》要求, Contacts referred to in this Law are agreements establishing, modifying and terminating the civil rights and obligations between subjects of equal footing, that is, between natural persons, legal persons or other organizations。
在由Steven H. Gifts编著“Law Dictionary”中, contract被定义为 “a promise, or a set of promises, for breach of which the law gives remedy, or the performance of the which the law in some way recognize as a duty.”依据这一定义, 协议是一个承诺, 违反承诺能够得到法律救助, 在某种意义上, 法律将推行该承诺看作是一个赔偿。综上可见, 协议是平等主体之间设置确定民事权利和义务法律协议。

　　商务协议是依法成立法律性文件, 自有其特殊文体特征。通常所谓“文体（style）”是指大家利用语言时, 总是依据一定交际内容、 交际目和交际场所, 来选择一定表示形式, 即所谓语言风格; 这种风格, 既要适应交际对象, 又受到特定语言环境制约。依据美国语言学家Martin Joos（1962）年分类, 协议英语属于庄重文体（the frozen style）, 是多种英语文体中正式程度最高一个。总体来说, 这种正式性表现在内容专业性、 语言严谨性和结构完整性等方面。

依据当事人之间权利和义务关系, 关键可做以下分类:
Contracts for International Sale of Goods
Contracts for International Technology Transfer
Contracts for Sino-foreign Joint Ventures
Contracts for Sino-foreign Contractual Joint Ventures
Contracts for International Engineering Projects
Contracts for Compensation Trade
Contracts for Sino-foreign Cooperation Development of Natural Resources
Contracts for Foreign Labor Services
Contracts for International Leasing Affairs
Contracts for Sino-foreign Credits and Loans
Contracts for International Build-Operate-Transfer, 等。

二、 分类与结构
根据格式繁简程度不一样, 国际商务协议能够采取正式协议（Contract）、 协议书（Agreement）、 确定书（Confirmation）、 备忘录（Memorandum）、 定单（Order）等书面形式。在协议签署和推行过程中, 当事人之间往来信函、 电子邮件、 电报等也是协议组成部分, 一样含有一定法律效力。不过, 为了顺利、 正确无误地完成协议推行, 保护当事人各方正当权益, 全部商业往来应以协议、 协议书和确定书签订为前提和基础。

　　从结构上看, 国际商务协议通常包含以下四个部分[1] 当然, 格式和内容并非一成不变, 当事人能够依据各自交易情况做出调整或增删。
, 具体说明以下:
（一）协议名称（Title）: 即协议标题, 表明协议内容和性质。
（二）前文[2] 从结构上讲, 本条属于“前文”部分; 但从内容上讲, 又属于协议通常条款。
（Preamble）: A. 订约日期和地点; B. 协议当事人及其国籍、 主营业所或住所; C. 当事人正当依据; D. 订约缘由/说明条款
（三）正文（Main Body）: A. 通常条款（General Terms and Conditions）; B. 特殊条款[3] 所谓“特殊条款”, 是指只有在一些特定性质合约中才会出现条款, 比如合资契约中通常会约定当事人合资成立企业由谁来管理, 董事与监察人由谁来担任等等问题, 不过抵押契约就不会有这些约定。反过来说, 抵押契约中一定要记载抵押品项目、 抵押期限等等, 在合资契约中就不会出现。再如, 因为当事人双方来自不一样背景, 各自对一些关键词解释和使用也不完全一样, 就有必需在协议中添加“定义条款”（Definition Clause）, 把相关关键词汇、 专有名词和术语加以解释和说明, 以确定其含义。
（Other Conditions）。
（四）结尾条款（WITNESS Clause）: A. 结尾语; B. 署名（Signature）; C. 盖印（Seal）。

三、 商务协议关键内容
协议内容由当事人约定; 结合1999年中国《协议法》第12条要求, 协议关键内容通常包含以下条款:
A．Titles or names of the parties and the domiciles thereof;
B．Date and place of signature of the contract）;
C．Type of the contract and the kind, scope of the subject matter of the contract;
D．Technical conditions, quality, standard, specifications and quantities of the subject matter of the contract;
E．Time limit, place and method of performance;
F．Terms of price, amount and way of payment and various additional charges;
G．Whether the contract could be assigned or conditions for assignment;
H．Compensation and other liabilities for breach of the contract;
I．Ways of settlement of disputes in case of disputes arising from the contract;
J．Languages to be used in the contract and their effectiveness。

第二节 协议英语词汇特点及翻译关键点

　　商务协议属于庄重文体, 用词极其考究, 含有特定性和严厉风格。总体上看, 协议词汇特点表现在以下两大方面:
一、 用词专业, 含有法律意味（professional or legal）
二、 用词正式、 正确（formal and accurate）

（1）使用正式法律用词
The Appendix hereto shall, through the contract period, be deemed (被认为) to be construed (了解)as part of this Contract. 整个协议期间, 本协议附件应被视为协议一部分给予解释。
The headings and marginal notes in these conditions shall not be deemed part thereof or be taken into consideration in the interpretation or construction thereof or of the Contract. 本协议条件中标题和旁注不应视为协议文本一部分, 在协议条件或协议本身了解或解释中也不应考虑这些标题和旁注。
Construction 比 explanation 要正式。
The Employer hereby covenants to pay the Contractor in consideration of the execution and completion of the Works and the remedying of defects therein the Contract Price. 业主特此立约确保向承包人支付协议总价, 以作为本工程施工、 完工及修补工程中缺点酬劳。
Covenants是法律用词, 意为签署有法律约束力正式协议。

（2）同义词连用
对部分关键性词采取同义词连用以克服因为英语词一词多意可能产生语意不明、 避免协议双方按各自意图来了解协议条文。
This agreement is made and entered into by and between Party A and Party B. 本协议由甲方和乙方签署。
The Contractor shall, without limiting his or the Employee’s obligations and responsibilities under Clause 20, insure the Works, together with materials and plant for incorporation therein, to the full replacement cost. 在不限制第20条中要求承包人和业主义务和责任条件下, 承包人应该以全部重置成本对工程、 用于工程中材料和工程配套设备进行保险。

（3）外语与相关专业知识和国际法知识相结合
The Engineer shall have authority to issue to the Contractor, from time to time, such supplementary Drawings and instructions as shall be necessary for the purpose of the proper and adequate execution and completion of the works and the remedying of any defects therein. 工程师有权随时向承包人发出为合理和合适施工, 完工及修补工程中缺点所必需补充图纸和指示。
“施工, 完工及修补工程中缺点”用了两个and (execution and completion of the works and the remedying of any defects )。
依据通常国际承包工程做法以及国际工程承包法规（FIDIC协议条款）要求, 工程分为两个阶段完成:
第一个阶段为: 设计、 施工和完工。完成后承包人取得业主签发移交证书(Taking-over Certificate)。
第二个阶段为修补工程中缺点。完成后承包人取得业主签发缺点责任证书(Defects Liability Certificate)。到时, 承包人和业主双方协议义务都已解除。
若用execution, completion of the works and the remedying of any defects , 则意味着两个阶段合并为一个阶段, 使承包人该移交工程不能交出去。

一、 用词专业, 含有法律意味（professional or legal）
（一）依据不一样专业来确定词义。比如:
　 1）The premium rates vary with differed interests insured.
　 2）If the buyer fails to pay any account when due, the buyer shall be liable to pay the seller overdue interest on such unpaid amount from the due date until the actual date of payment at the rate of five percent per annum, such overdue interest shall be paid upon demand of the seller.
　 3）The articles of our immediate interest are your 　“CHON-HOI” brand Agricultural Washing Machines.
以上三句均含有“interest”一词, 不过因为行业背景不一样, 其意义也大相径庭。第一句出自保险业, 意思是“被保险货物”; 第二句源于国际贸易, 意思是“一方因为未能支付到期应付款项而向另一方支付利息”; 而第三句属于营销业, 此时interest则应译成“对什么产品、 品牌感爱好”。由此可见, 在协议翻译过程中, 要尤其注意专业性问题。

（二）注意协议本身术语
　　协议本身也有大量含有法律特征协议术语。比如, “权利和义务”（rights and obligations)、 “仲裁”( arbitration）、 “终止”（termination）、 “不可抗力”（force majeure）、 “管辖”（jurisdiction）等。这些专业或法律术语语义相对固定单一, 通常无法用其她词语替换, 任何人在任何情况下都必需对它们作同一解释。所以在翻译过程中, 译者要对这些词语在通常文体中和法律文体中意义进行区分。比如:

请再看以下几例:
　 4）Contractor shall assure full responsibility for the entire project work until its acceptance. (初始译文: 在项目接收之前, 承包方应对工程负担全部责任。)
　 5）Full set clean on board marine Bill of Lading issued to the order of the shipper and blank endorsed. (初始译文: 承运人签发全套整齐、 已装船海运提单, 空白背书。)
　 6）The payment shall be made by confirmed. irrevocable and documentary L／C. (初始译文: 付款方法为经确定、 不可撤销、 书面信用证。)
　 在以上三句中, acceptance、 clean、 to the order of、 confirmed和documentary翻译均未能完全真实表示协议意思, 这些词汉字完整意思分别是“验收”、 “清洁”、 “以……为抬头”、 “保兑”和“跟单”。由以上各例可见, 因为对商务协议中专业词汇错误了解和翻译, 从而传达了一个错误信息从而可能引发法律纠纷。

（三）注意部分以here、 there或where等作前缀副词。
　　这些虚词使用使得句子简练、 严谨, 从而显示出该类语言正规、 严厉、 权威等文体特征。下表中词语均是约定俗成特殊用语。一个简单了解方法是: here代表this, there代表that, where代表what/which。比如:
　 7) We hereby certify to the best of our knowledge that the foregoing statement is true and correct and all available information and data has been supplies herein, and that we agree to show you documentary proof upon your request.
　 从语法角度分析, 本句中hereby语法功效为副词, 在这句中是强调所说明、 证实内容, 所以可译为“特此”。

除了语法分析法之外, 还能够利用奈达动态等值理论, 将前后语篇综合起来考虑, 并寻求适宜、 最对等词意, 用旧体词来保持商务协议庄重、 严厉文体风格, 比如:
　 8) The undersigned hereby certify that the goods to be supplied are made in USA.（下列签署人兹确保所供给之货物系在美国中国制造。）
　 9) The titles to the articles are for convenience of reference only, not part of this contract and shall not in any way effect the interpretation thereof.
　 在前一句中, “hereby”一词翻译成了“兹”, 这是一个常常在汉字商务协议中使用词, 符正当律文书文体特征。另外两个旧体词“之”和“系”显示协议翻译风格正式而紧凑经典特点; 在后一个例子中, 依据上下文来看, “thereof”一词意思是“of the said contract”, 译为“本协议”。此句中“thereof”相当于“of that”, 然而, 奈达动态等值理论标准是用最适宜对等词来表示源出语意义, 所以“that”能够用“the said contract”来替换。如将“the said contract”综合全句来看, 则其最对等译文为“上述内容”。

进行对外经济协议文件写作时, 在用词上不仅要求正确, 而且要求简练。
英语中一些副词如“here”和 “where”在法律文件中往往看成前缀, 与另外一个词组成一个正式法律词汇中副词, 在法律文件中用这些词, 能够避免反复, 使行文正确、 简练。
对外经济协议文件是法律文件, 为了维护法律权威性, 在进行这类文件英文写作时, 常常使用那些我们平时不常见、 法律文件中专用正式词汇。

——hereby
Hereby: by means of ; by reason of this. 特此, 所以, 兹。
The Employer hereby covenants to pay the Contractor in consideration of the execution and completion of the Works and the remedying of defects therein the Contract Price or such other sum as may become payable under the provisions of the Contract at the time and in the manner prescribed by the Contract. 业主特立此约确保在协议要求期限内, 按协议要求方法向承包人支付协议价, 或协议要求其它应支付款项, 以作为本工程施工、 完工及修补工程中缺点酬劳。
We hereby certify to the best of our knowledge that the foregoing statement is true and correct and all available information and data have been supplied herein（在申明中）, and that we agree to provide documentary proof upon your request. 特此证实, 据我们所知, 上述申明内容真实, 正确无误, 并提供了全部现有资料和数据, 我们同意, 应贵方要求出具证实文件。
This contract is hereby made and concluded by and between×××Co. (hereinafter referred to as Party A) and ×××Co. (hereinafter referred to as Party B) on×××(data), in×××(Place), China, on the principle of equality and mutual benefit and through amicable consultation. 本协议双方, ×××企业 (以下称甲方) 与×××企业(以下称乙方) 于×××(日期)在中国×××(地点), 本着平等互利和友好协商标准特签署本协议。

——hereof
Hereof: of this, 相关此点, 在本文中。
The terms, conditions and provisions hereof: 本协议条件和条款。
Foreign trade dealers as mentioned in this Law shall, in accordance with the provisions hereof （本法所称）, cover such legal entities and other organizations as are engaged in foreign trade dealings. 本法所称对外贸易经营者是指依据本法要求从事对外贸易经营活动法人和其她组织。
This decision shall apply to the crimes committed against Article 9, Article 10 and Article 11 hereof by the staff and workers of enterprises other than limited liability companies and companies limited by shares. 有限责任企业和股份有限企业以外企业职员有本决定第九条、 第十条和第十一条要求犯罪行为, 适用本决定。

——hereto
Hereto: to this, 至此, 在此上。在表示上文已提及“本协议¼本文件¼”时, 使用该词。
The parties hereto: 本协议双方
Appendix 4 hereto: 本协议附件4
All disputes arising from the performance of this Contract shall, through amicable negotiations, be settled by the Parties hereto. Should, through negotiation, no settlement be reached, the case in question shall then be submitted for arbitration to the China International Economic and Trade Arbitration Commission, Beijing and the arbitration rules of this Commission shall be applied. The award of this arbitration shall be final and binding upon the Parties hereto. The Arbitration fee shall be borne by the losing party unless otherwise awarded by the Arbitration Commission. 对于因推行本协议所发生一切争议, 本协议双方应经过友好协商处理, 如协商无法处理争议, 则应将争议提交中国国际经济贸易仲裁委员会（北京）, 依据其仲裁规则进行仲裁。仲裁裁决是终局性, 对双方都有约束力。仲裁费用应由败诉方负担, 但仲裁委员会另有裁定除外。
“Patented Technology” means such patent, and such applications for the patent as are presently owned or will hereafter be acquired in the future by Party B, or as Party B has or may have the right to control, or as are permitted to be transferred during the effective period of this Contract in any or all countries of the world, and as are applicable to or may be used in the manufacture of Contract Products specified by the Parties hereto. “专利技术”系指乙方现在拥有或未来取得, 或乙方有权或可能有控制权, 或在本协议使用期在世界任何国家许可转让, 适适用于或可能适用制造本协议双方要求本协议产品专利和专利申请。

——herein
Herein: in this. 此中, 于此。在表示上文已提及“本协议（中）¼本文件（中）¼”时, 使用该词。
The term “company” mentioned herein refers to such a limited liability company or such a company limited by shares as are established within the territory of China in accordance with this Law. 本法所称企业是指依据本法在中国境内设置有限责任企业和股份有限企业。
The term “FOB”, “CFR” or “CIF” shall be subject to the “International Rules for the Interpretation of Trade Terms” (INCOTERMS, ) provided by International Chamber of Commerce (ICC) unless otherwise specified herein (in this Contract). 除非本协议另有要求, “FOB”, “CFR” 或 “CIF” 均应依据国际商会制订《国际贸易术语解释通则（INCOTERMS）》办理。
“FOB” (free on board) (¼Named port of shipment) 船上交货(¼<指定装运港>)
“CFR” (cost and freight): 成本加运费
“CIF” (cost, insurance and fright): 成本、 保险加运费

——hereinafter
Hereinafter: later in the same Contract. 以下, 在下文。通常与to be referred to as, referred to as, called 等词组连用, 以避免反复。
When existing Chinese-foreign equity joint ventures, Chinese-foreign cooperative joint ventures and wholly foreign-owned enterprises (hereinafter referred to as “enterprise with foreign investment”) apply to reorganize themselves into a company, the enterprises with foreign investment shall have a record of making profits for the recent three consecutive years. 已设置中外合资企业、 中外合作企业和外商独自企业（以下简称外商投资企业）, 如申请转变为企业, 应有最近连续3年盈利统计。

——therein
therein: in that, in that particular context, in that respect. 在那里, 在那点上, 在那方面。在表示上文已提及“协议中¼, 工程中¼”等时, 能够使用该词。
The contractor shall not, without the prior consent of the Employer, assign the Contract or any part thereof, or any benefit or interest therein or thereunder, otherwise than by: 没有业主事先同意, 承包人不得将协议或协议任何部分, 或协议中或协议名下任何利益或好处进行转让, 但下列情况除外:
Therein: in the contract
Thereunder: under the contract

——thereof
thereof: of that, of it. 由此, 其。在表示已提及“人或事¼”时, 能够使用该词。
“Tests on Completion” means such tests specified in the Contract or otherwise agreed by and between the Engineer and the Contractor as shall be made by the Contractor before the Employer takes over the Works or any section or part thereof. 完工检验指协议要求或由工程师与承包人另行约定检验。这些检验是由承包人在业主接收工程或工程任何部分之前进行。
If this Agreement is terminated for any reason whatsoever, all such drawings, transparencies, specifications, and any other manufacturing or engineering information as are supplied by Party A, including all the copies thereof, shall be returned to Party A, and Party B shall cease to manufacture the said Licensed Products or Components, or parts of the Licensed Products. 如本协议因任何理由而终止, 全部甲方提供图纸、 图片、 规格以及其她全部生产和操作资料, 包含全部复制品, 均返还甲方, 同时, 乙方应停止生产上述许可证产品或部件或零件。

——thereafter, thereto, therewith, therefor, thereunder
Thereafter: after that, 以后, 以后
Thereto: to that, 随附, 附之
Therewith: with that, 与此, 与之
Therefor,: for that, 因之, 为此
Thereunder: under that, 在其下, 依据

“Contract Products” means the products specified in Appendix 2 to this Contract, together with all improvements and modifications thereof or developments with respect thereto. “协议产品”指本协议附件2中要求产品及其改善和开发产品。
The Borrower fails to pay any amount payable thereunder as and when such amount shall become payable. 借款人未能支付依据该协议要求到期应付款项。
The decision and award of the arbitration tribunal shall be final, and judgment on the decision and award in question may, under the request of either party to the Contract, be made by any court having jurisdiction. The parties thereto shall, in good faith, comply with the decision and award of the arbitration tribunal. 仲裁庭仲裁决定或裁决是终局性, 任何一方能够要求任何有管辖权法院对此做出司法判决。双方须以良好诚信态度遵守仲裁庭决定。

——whereas
Whareas: considering that, 鉴于, 就¼而论。常见于协议协议书开头段落以引出协议双方签订协议理由或依据。
Whereas Party B has the right and agrees to grant Part