专题句法结构.pptx

句句 子子 结结 构构-英语的五种基本句型英语的五种基本句型为什么要学习英语的句子结构？学好句子结构是学好英语的前提句子结构是学好英语的前提1.1.帮助我们学好其他英语语法知识。帮助我们学好其他英语语法知识。2.2.帮助我们写出正确的英语句子，形成并提高英帮助我们写出正确的英语句子，形成并提高英 语书面表达的能力。语书面表达的能力。3.3.帮助我们正确使用英语单词，提高单词拼写及选帮助我们正确使用英语单词，提高单词拼写及选词填空等用词能力。词填空等用词能力。4.4.有助于我们提高阅读能力和其他英语应用能力。有助于我们提高阅读能力和其他英语应用能力。英语句子有英语句子有长在短，有简有繁，从现象看，似乎千变长在短，有简有繁，从现象看，似乎千变万化，难以捉摸，但从实质看，可以发现其内在联系，万化，难以捉摸，但从实质看，可以发现其内在联系，找出其共同规律。英语句子的基本结构可以归纳成五找出其共同规律。英语句子的基本结构可以归纳成五种基本句型及其扩大、组合、省略或倒装。掌握这五种基本句型及其扩大、组合、省略或倒装。掌握这五种基本句型，是掌握各种英语句子结构的基础种基本句型，是掌握各种英语句子结构的基础。u基本基本句型一：句型一：主主谓谓u基本基本句型二：句型二：主系表主系表u基本基本句型三：句型三：主谓宾主谓宾u基本基本句型四：句型四：主谓间宾直宾主谓间宾直宾u基本基本句型五：句型五：主谓宾宾主谓宾宾补补 定语和状语是句子中的修饰成份，不列 入基本句型中 主语：动作发出者谓语：主语发出的动作宾语：动作的承受者补语：补充说明主语或宾语状语：表示时间、地点、方式、原因、目 的、程度、比较和伴随成分基本基本句型句型 一一 主谓主谓此此句型的句子有一个共同特点，即句句型的句子有一个共同特点，即句子的谓语动词都能表达完整的意思子的谓语动词都能表达完整的意思。这这类动词叫做不及物动词，后面可以类动词叫做不及物动词，后面可以跟副词、介词短语、状语从句等。跟副词、介词短语、状语从句等。（不及物动词）（不及物动词）1.Time2.Themoon3.Theman4.Weall5.Everybody6.I7.They8.He9.He10.Theyflies.rose.cooked.eat,anddrink.laughed?woke.talkedforhalfanhour.walkedyesterdayis playinghave goneuYour father is standing there.uHis teacher came in with a book in his hand.uThe bus started and arrived there at eight oclock.uFlowers come out in spring.uThe plane has already left.uIs the baby dog sleeping?练习练习u鸟在飞翔。u她的宝宝在哭。u太阳正在落山。u谁也没笑。Birds are flying.Her baby is crying.The sun is setting.No one laughed.练习练习u 你唱得很美。u 我咳了一夜。u我们很少在外边吃饭。u昨天发生了事故。You sing beautifully.I coughed all night.We seldom dine out.The accident occurred yesterday.练习练习一个来自美国的老人午夜时分在他宽大的卧一个来自美国的老人午夜时分在他宽大的卧室里快乐地跳着舞。室里快乐地跳着舞。Atmidnight,anoldmanwhocomesfromAmericawasdancinghappilyinhisownbigbedroom.基本句型 二 基本句型基本句型 二二 主主系表系表 此句型的句子有一个共同的特点：句子谓语动词此句型的句子有一个共同的特点：句子谓语动词都不能表达一个完整的意思，必须加上一个表明主都不能表达一个完整的意思，必须加上一个表明主语身份或状态的表语构成语身份或状态的表语构成复合谓语复合谓语，才能表达完整，才能表达完整的意思的意思。这这类动词叫做连系动词类动词叫做连系动词。系系动词分两类：动词分两类：be,look,be,look,feel,smell,taste,sound feel,smell,taste,sound等属等属一类，表示情况；一类，表示情况；get,grow,become,get,grow,become,turn,goturn,go等等属另属另一类，表示变化。一类，表示变化。be be 本身没有什么意义本身没有什么意义,只起连系只起连系主语和主语和表语的表语的作用作用。其它其它系动词仍保持其部系动词仍保持其部分词义，如：分词义，如：stay,prove,stay,prove,remain,stand remain,standMr.BrownisanEnglishteacher.主语主语系动词系动词表语表语1).be动词动词解释解释说明主语的说明主语的性质或特征等性质或特征等2).感官动词感官动词：look,sound,feel,taste,smell等等3).表表”变化变化”的词的词：become,get,turn等；等；还有还有seem,keep,stay等等。（是系动（是系动词）词）(表语表语)1.This2.The dinner3.He4.Everything5.He6.The book 7.Theweather8.His face issmells(闻闻)felllooks isis becameturned anEnglishdictionary.good.happy.different.tallandstrong.interesting.warmer.red.1).His parents are in the kitchen now.2).You looked happy yesterday.3).This song doesnt sound beautiful.4).Did your father get angry?找出下列句子中的表找出下列句子中的表语：Theoldmanwasfeelingverytired.ABCDWhyisheworried?ABTheleaveshaveturnedyellow.ABCDTheyallbecameinterestedinthesubject.ABCDShewasthefirsttolearnaboutit.ABCD练习练习p今天我感觉不太舒服。今天我感觉不太舒服。p他看上去很累。他看上去很累。p你的汤味道很好你的汤味道很好。p她似乎对计划不感兴趣。她似乎对计划不感兴趣。I dont feel very well today.He looks very tired.Your soup tastes very good.She doesnt seem very interested in the plan.练习练习天越来越冷了。天越来越冷了。孩子不久就睡着了。孩子不久就睡着了。他长得相当高了。他长得相当高了。听到这消息她脸色变得苍白。听到这消息她脸色变得苍白。Itsgettingcold.Soonthechildfellasleep.Shewentpaleatthenews.Hehasgrownquitetall.基本句型基本句型 三三 主谓宾主谓宾 此此句型句子的共同特点是：谓语动词都具有实句型句子的共同特点是：谓语动词都具有实义，都是主语产生的动作，但不能表达完整义，都是主语产生的动作，但不能表达完整的意思，必须跟有一个宾语，即动作的承受的意思，必须跟有一个宾语，即动作的承受者，才能使意思完整。这类动词叫做及物动者，才能使意思完整。这类动词叫做及物动词。词。（实义动词）（实义动词）(宾语宾语)1.Who2.She3.He8.He5.They6.Danny7.I4.Heknows laughed at understands made ate likes want said theanswer?her.English.cakes.someapples.donuts.tohaveacupoftea.Goodmorning.Mybrotherdidntdohishomework.PeopleallovertheworldspeakEnglish.Howmanynewwordsdidyoulearnlastclass?cTheydontknowwhoFatherChristmasis.Someofthestudentsintheschoolwanttogoswimming.Theoldmansaidhewasill.Youwillfinditwhenyougethome.过去二十年我们取得了很大的成就。过去二十年我们取得了很大的成就。他们很快控制了病情。他们很快控制了病情。他们只是在建空中楼阁。他们只是在建空中楼阁。Weveachievedalotinthepasttwentyyears.Theysooncontrolledthedisease.Theyarejustbuildingcastlesintheair.练习练习练习练习 我十分欣赏你们的表演。我十分欣赏你们的表演。u 顾客顾客要求退款。要求退款。这会这会造成错误的印象。造成错误的印象。我们我们总是交换圣诞节礼物的。总是交换圣诞节礼物的。Ienjoyedeveryminuteofyourperformance.Thecustomerdemandedarefund.WealwaysexchangeChristmasgifts.Thatwillcreateawrongimpression.练习练习练习练习基本句型基本句型 四四 主主谓间宾直宾谓间宾直宾 此此句型的句子有一个共同特点：谓语动词必须句型的句子有一个共同特点：谓语动词必须跟有两个宾语才能表达完整的意思跟有两个宾语才能表达完整的意思。这这两个宾语一个是动作的直接承受者，另一个两个宾语一个是动作的直接承受者，另一个是是动作的间接承受者。动作的间接承受者。通常这一间接承受者用一个介词来连接，当动通常这一间接承受者用一个介词来连接，当动作的间接承受者在动作的直接承受者之前时，作的间接承受者在动作的直接承受者之前时，这一介词往往被省略。这一介词往往被省略。Shegavemehertelephonenumber.主语主语 谓语谓语 间接间接宾语宾语 直接直接宾语宾语或或：Shegavehertelephonenumbertome.主语主语 谓语谓语 直接直接宾语宾语 间接宾语间接宾语间接宾语放后面时要在其前加间接宾语放后面时要在其前加”to”或或“for”1）Ishowedhimthephotoyesterday.Ishowedthephototohimyesterday.2）Hepassedusthepapers.=He passed the papers to us.1)Myparentsboughtmeanewbag.=Myparentsboughtanewbagforme.2）Shecookedusabigmeal.=She cooked a big meal for us.常常带双宾语（直接带双宾语（直接宾语和间接宾语和间接宾语）的动词（分为宾语）的动词（分为A、B两类两类）A：动词后加：动词后加to give,show,send,bring,read,pass,lend,leave,hand,tell,return,write,throw,promiseB：动词后加动词后加formake,buy,do,get,play,order,sing,pay她给我们唱了一首英文歌曲她给我们唱了一首英文歌曲。我去给你沏点新鲜茶我去给你沏点新鲜茶。这会省去你很多麻烦这会省去你很多麻烦。请帮我把今天的报纸拿来。请帮我把今天的报纸拿来。ShesangusanEnglishsong.Illmakeyousomefreshtea.Thatwillsaveyoualotoftrouble.Pleasefetchmetodayspaper.练习练习练习练习把车钥匙递给我。把车钥匙递给我。把把你们的计划用传真发给我们。你们的计划用传真发给我们。你你可否把书单用电子邮件发给我？可否把书单用电子邮件发给我？把把那本书扔给我。那本书扔给我。Handmethecarkey.Pleasefaxusyourplans.Throwmethatbook.Canyoue-mailmethebooklist?练习练习基本句型基本句型 五五 主主谓谓宾宾补宾宾补 此此句型的句子的共同特点是：动词虽然是及句型的句子的共同特点是：动词虽然是及物动词，但是只跟一个宾语还不能表达完整物动词，但是只跟一个宾语还不能表达完整的意思，必须加上一个补充成分来补足宾语，的意思，必须加上一个补充成分来补足宾语，才能使意思完整。才能使意思完整。补语补语 补语补语是用于补充说明是用于补充说明主语主语或或宾语宾语的身份或特的身份或特征征。可以用做补语补语的有的有名词名词、形容词形容词、不定式不定式、分词分词、介词短语介词短语等等.Everyone calls him Jack.（宾补）（宾补）He is called Jack.（主补）（主补）主语主语及物动词及物动词宾语宾语宾补宾补1.We2.They3.They4.They5.What6.We7.He8.Ikeeppaintedcallfoundmakessawaskedsawthetablethedoorsupperthehousehimhimmethemclean.green.dinner.dirty.sad?out.to come back soon.getting on the bus.Theyelectedmecaptain of the team.Wetrytomakeourcountrystrong.Wefoundeverythingin good order there.Ishouldadviseyouto get the chance.Isawhimgoing upstairs.They found the house broken in.名词名词形容词形容词介词短语介词短语to do 不定式不定式现在分词现在分词 doingdone 过去分词过去分词主语主语补足语补足语 如果如果上述结构变成被动语态，原宾语成上述结构变成被动语态，原宾语成为主语，原宾语补足语相应地变为为主语，原宾语补足语相应地变为主语主语补足语补足语 I was elected captain of the team.Our country will be made strong.pTheycalledtheirdaughterAlice.pHisnewjobwasfoundboring.pShewasseenchattingwithNancy.pIwantyoutohelpmewiththehousework.宾语补足宾语补足语语宾语补足宾语补足语语主语补足语主语补足语主语补足语主语补足语我们我们把窗框漆成了黄色。把窗框漆成了黄色。她她把连衣裙染成淡蓝色把连衣裙染成淡蓝色。3 3 他发现这工作很有意思他发现这工作很有意思。4 4 什么使你这样生气？什么使你这样生气？Wepaintedthewindowframesyellow.Shedyedherdresslightblue.Hefoundthejobquiteinteresting.Whatmadeyousoangry?练习练习练习练习 我们必须在半小时内把晚饭我们必须在半小时内把晚饭做好做好 你们你们必须保持房间干净必须保持房间干净。我认为这没有必要我认为这没有必要。不久他们就把她释放了。不久他们就把她释放了。Wemustgetthesupperreadyinhalfanhour.Youmustkeeptheroomclean.Soontheysetherfree.Idontthinkitnecessary.练习练习练习练习在此句型中有时可以有在此句型中有时可以有“it”作作形式宾语形式宾语，把真，把真正的宾语放到最后正的宾语放到最后。此时作宾语此时作宾语的常是动词不定式的常是动词不定式“todo”,动词的动词的“ing”形式或宾语形式或宾语从句从句;Istillfindithardtomakegoodfriendswithher.Wethoughtitnousedoingthat.DidntImakeitcleartoyouthatIwasnotcoming?He found it difficult to stop smoking I think it best that you should do more exercise.She thought it no good worrying about him it 用作形式宾语用作形式宾语 当不定式（短语）、动名词（短语）或从句在句当不定式（短语）、动名词（短语）或从句在句子中作宾语时，为保持平衡，避免句式结构的混乱，子中作宾语时，为保持平衡，避免句式结构的混乱，常用常用it作形式宾语，而将真正的宾语放在句尾。此作形式宾语，而将真正的宾语放在句尾。此时时it只起引导作用，无意义。只起引导作用，无意义。S+v+it+adj.n(for sb)to do sth.从句从句doing sth+find possible1.S+think +it +necessary +(for sb.)to do sth./clause.feel important Sentence patterns:Sentence patterns:形式宾语形式宾语 a rule2.S+V +it +ones duty +(for sb.)to do sth./clause an honour 3.S +V+it +no good +doing sth.no use 完成句子完成句子（1）They _（发觉（发觉难）难）to finish their work in two days.（2）We _（认为（认为是我们是我们的职责）的职责）to clean our classroom every day.（3）It is important _（对她来说）（对她来说）to cometo the party.found it difficultthink it our dutyfor her 为了记忆方便我们把该句型总结为6123结构。6 指指主句中常用的动词：主句中常用的动词：think,believe,make,find,consider,feel；1 指指的是形式的是形式宾语宾语 it；2 指指的是宾补的两种形式：的是宾补的两种形式：形容词或名词；形容词或名词；3 指指的是真正宾语的三种形式的是真正宾语的三种形式：to do，v-ing或从句或从句We think it our duty to clean our classroom every day.He felt it important learning English well.They found it difficult that they would finish their work in two days.缺乏耐心使得她很难在英语上取得进步。缺乏耐心使得她很难在英语上取得进步。我认为掌握一门外语没有足够的练习是不可我认为掌握一门外语没有足够的练习是不可能的。能的。Lacking patience made it difficult for her to make progress in English learning.I dont think it possible to master a foreign language without enough practice.1.They work hard.主主 +谓谓2.The flower is dead.主主 +系系 +表表3.Plants need water.主主 +谓谓 +宾宾4.He gives me some seeds.主主 +谓谓 +直宾直宾 +间宾间宾5.We should keep the plants in the shade.主主 +谓谓 +宾宾 +宾补宾补6.Many animals live in trees.主主 +谓谓7.Hekeptmeadictionary.主主+谓谓+间宾间宾+直宾直宾8.ShallIleaveyouthecamera?主主+谓谓+间宾间宾+直宾直宾9.Wefindthebookveryinteresting.主主+谓谓+宾宾+宾补宾补10.Myuncleboughtmeane-dictionary.主主+谓谓+间宾间宾+直宾直宾11.Singingmakesmehappy.主主+谓谓+宾宾+宾补宾补12.DamingcallshiscatMimi.主主+谓谓+宾宾+宾补宾补13.Youmustlistentoher.主主+谓谓+宾宾14.Heisascientist.主主+系系+表表7.Shecookedherhusbandadeliciousmeal.主主+谓谓+间宾间宾+直直宾宾8.Hebroughtadictionaryforyou.主主+谓谓+直宾直宾+间宾间宾9.Theyappointedhimmanager.主主+谓谓+宾宾+宾宾补补10.HefounditimportanttomasterEnglish.主主+谓谓+形式宾语形式宾语+宾宾补补+宾语宾语11.Theboyintheclassroomsattherequietly.主主+谓谓12.Learningnewwordsisveryuseful.主主+系系+表表定语：用来修饰限定定语：用来修饰限定_.用来修饰名词用来修饰名词或或 代词代词的，形容词、代词、数词、名词的，形容词、代词、数词、名词、介词介词短语、不定式或相当于形容词短语、不定式或相当于形容词的的 词词或短语都可以担任定语或短语都可以担任定语。定语定语的位置很灵活的位置很灵活。单词作定语时通常放在它所修饰的名词单词作定语时通常放在它所修饰的名词之之前前；短语和从句作定语时则放在它所修饰的短语和从句作定语时则放在它所修饰的名词名词之后之后。定语名词名词1.Theyare womanworkers.2.3.Tomsfatherdidntwritehomeuntilyesterday.4.5.Maryisabeautifulgirl.6.7.Theplayhasthreeacts.8.9.Thisisher firsttripto Europe.10.11.Chinaisadeveloping country.12.13.Ihavenothingto eat.14.15.Thosewho want to go to Tibet aretosigntheirnameshere.名词名词名词所有格名词所有格形容词形容词 adj数词数词形容词形容词 /序数词序数词 /to do 不定式不定式现在分词现在分词 doingto do 不定式不定式从句从句1.Guilin is a beautiful city.2.China is a developing country;America is a developed country.3.There are thirty women teachers in our school.4.His rapid progress in English made us surprised.5.Our monitor is always the first to enter the classroom.6.The teaching plan for next term has been worked out.7.He is reading an article about how to learn English.8.She is the girl who sings best in my class.用来修饰动词、形容词或副词用来修饰动词、形容词或副词.一般表示发生一般表示发生的时间、地点、目的、方式、程度等意义。的时间、地点、目的、方式、程度等意义。一般由副词、介词短语、不定式、或相当于一般由副词、介词短语、不定式、或相当于副词的词或短语来表示。状语一般放在句末，副词的词或短语来表示。状语一般放在句末，但有的可以放在句首、句中。但有的可以放在句首、句中。状语9种状语种类如下：1.Howaboutmeetingagainatsix?2.Lastnightshedidntgotothedancepartybecauseoftherain.3.Ishallgothereifitdoesntrain.4.MrSmithlivesonthethirdfloor.5.Sheputtheeggsintothebasketwithgreatcare.（时间状语）（原因状语）（条件状语）（地点状语）（方式状语）5.Shecameinwithadictionaryinherhand.6.Inordertocatchupwiththeothers,Imustworkharder.7.Hewassotiredthathefellasleepimmediately.8.Sheworksveryhardthoughsheisold.9.Iamtallerthanheis.（伴随状语）（目的状语）（结果状语）（让步状语）（比较状语）1.Thebestfishswimnear the bottom.2.Ileftthevillagefive years ago.3.I arrived late because of the traffic jam.4.Wellsendacarto fetch you.5.Thefishcaneatapersonintwominutes,leaving only bones6.Thestudentscameintotheclassroom,singing and dancing.7.If he goes,sowillI.8.Though he is a child,heknowsalot.地点状语地点状语时间状语时间状语原因状语原因状语目的状语目的状语结果状语结果状语伴随状语伴随状语条件状语条件状语让步状语让步状语 对对前面的名词或代词做进一步的解释，通常前面的名词或代词做进一步的解释，通常由名词、数词、代词或从句由名词、数词、代词或从句担任担任;ThisisMr.Zhou,ourheadmaster.ThepresidentofAmerica,Obama,willvisitChinanextmonth.同位语（Appositive）对对一句话做一些附加的解释一句话做一些附加的解释，不影响句子成，不影响句子成分；分；通常通常有有to be honest,I think/suppose/believe)等等;To be frank,I dont quite agree with you.插入语（Parenthesis）一、指出下列句子划线部分是什么句子成分：一、指出下列句子划线部分是什么句子成分：v1.The students got on the school bus.v2.He handed me the newspaper.v3.I shall answer your question after class.v4.What a beautiful Chinese painting!v5.They went hunting together early in the morning.主语主语 定语定语 间间 接接 宾宾 语语谓语谓语 状语状语 定语定语状语状语 状语状语v6.His job is to train swimmers.v7.He took many photos of the palaces in Beijing.v8.There is going to be an American film tonight.定语定语 表语表语宾语宾语 状语状语 主语主语v9.He is to leave for Shanghai tomorrow.v10.His wish is to become a scientist.v11.He managed to finish the work in time.v12.Tom came to ask me for advice.v13.He found it important to master English.谓谓 语语主语主语 表语表语谓语谓语 宾语宾语 状状 语语 形式形式宾语宾语 真正宾语真正宾语v14.Do you have anything else to say?v15.To be honest;your pronunciation is not so good.v16.Would you please tell me your address?v17.He sat there,reading a newspaper.宾语宾语 定语定语插入语插入语 状语状语宾语宾语 （间宾（间宾+直宾）直宾）状语状语 状语状语v18.It is our duty to keep our classroom clean and tidy.v19.He noticed a man enter the room.v20.The apples tasted sweet.形式主语形式主语 表语表语 宾补宾补 宾宾 补补 表表 语语找出句子基本结构。找出句子基本结构。1.Our school is not far from my home.2.It is a great pleasure to talk with you.3.All of us considered him honest.4.My grandfather bought me a pair of sports shoes.5.He broke a piece of glass.主主+系系+表表主主+系系+表表主主+谓谓+宾宾+宾补宾补主主+谓谓+间宾间宾+直宾直宾主主+谓谓+宾宾6.He made it clear that he would leave the city7.At last he got home,tired and hungry.8.Trees turn green when spring comes.主主+谓谓+形式宾语形式宾语+宾补宾补+真正的宾语真正的宾语 主主+谓谓主主+系系+表表9.They pushed the door open.10.Grandma told me an interesting story last night.11.He wrote carefully some letters to his friends.12.All the students think highly of his teaching 主主+谓谓+宾宾+宾补宾补主主+谓谓+间间宾宾+直宾直宾主主+谓谓+间间宾宾+直宾直宾主主+谓谓+宾宾13.We need a place twice larger than this one.14.He asked us to sing an English song.15.Dont get nervous.Help yourself to what you like主主+谓谓+宾宾主主+谓谓+宾宾+宾补宾补主主+系系+表表