杠杆平衡条件的应用(中考题有答案).doc

一 选择题
1（2010绍兴）如图，用测力计将长杆一端A微微抬离地面，测力计示数是F1；同理，用测力计将长杆的另一端B微微抬离地面，测力计示数是F2。则长杆的重力是(测力计保持竖直向上)( )

A．(F1+F2)/2 B．F1+F2 C．F1/F2 D.F1×F2
 2   (2010广州)60kg的人站在跷跷板某一位置时，跷跷板处于如图11所示的平衡状态．由此可估测球 的质量约为
A．20kg B．30kg C．60kg D．120kg
3（2010福州）．小华用钓鱼竿钓起重为15N的鱼，如图4所示，OA=0.4m，OB=2m。下列说法正确的是A．用钓鱼竿钓鱼费距离B．钓鱼竿是个省力杠杆
C．手对鱼杆的拉力F1的大小为75ND．手对鱼杆的拉力F1的大小为3N

二/填空题
1（2010安徽）如图所示，AOB为一机械设备的简化示意图，我们可以把它看成杠杆（自重不计），已知AO=2OB。固定O点，使OB 处于水平位置，此时B 端挂一重为40N 的物体，要使杠杆不发生转动，至少需在A 端施加F=______N 的力，在图上画出此时力F的方向。
答案：20N 力F 的方向如图
2（2010盐城）．在探究杠杆平衡条件的实验中，如果杠杆右侧高左侧低，则可将左侧的平衡螺母向 ▲ 调节，使其在水平位置平衡．如图所示，在支点左侧20cm刻度处挂3个重均为0.5N的钩码，在支点右侧15cm刻度处用弹
簧测力计拉杠杆，使其水平平衡．要使弹簧测力计示数最小，弹簧测力计的拉力应沿 ▲ 方向，此时读
数为 N．
答案：右；竖直（或竖直向下）；2
3（2010肇庆）．右图是搬运泥土的独轮车，独轮车属于 ▲ 杠杆（选填“省力”或“费力”）．设车箱和泥土的总重G=1000N，运泥土时从A点提起独轮车把手的力是F，F的力臂是 ▲ m，F的大小至少是 ▲ N．

4（2010泸州）如图是一种拉杆式旅行箱的示意图，使用时相当于一个 杠杆（选填“省力”或“费力”），若箱的重量为100N，动力臂是阻力臂的4倍，要使该杠杆平衡，则竖直向上的拉力F为 N。答案：省力；25

5（2010宿迁）．小明和小华玩跷跷板，当小明坐在离支点2m处时，刚好能撬动小华，此时跷跷板在水平位置平衡．设小明体重为G1，小华体重为G2（G1＜G2），则小华离支点的距离为 ▲ m．若两人再拿同样重的铁球，则 ▲ （填“小明”或“小华”）将下降．
6（2010镇江）.在探究杠杆平衡条件的实验时，实验前发现杠杆左端低，右端高，为使杠杆在水平位置平衡，应将平衡螺母向 （选填“左”或“右”）调节；实验时，在A点悬挂两个总重为1N的钩码，在B点用弹簧测力计竖直向下拉（如图所示），使杠杆在水平位置再次平衡，则拉力应为 N，此时杠杆属于 杠杆．
答案：右；0.8；费力
 7（2010长沙）31．如图所示，在轻质杠杆OA的A端挂一边长为10cm的正方形石块，在OA的中点施加一竖直向上的力F，当力F=40N时，杠杆在水平位置平衡，则石块重________N。其密度为________kg/m3，将石块浸没于盛水的烧杯中，若杠杆仍在水平方向再次平衡，则F=________N。
答案;20 2ⅹ103 20
8 (2010六盘水)13．开瓶时使用的开瓶器如图3甲，可以简化成不计重力的省力杠杆如图3乙，若F1和F2都与杠杆垂直，且AO=6cm，BO=l cm，F1=25 N，则F2= ▲ N。
答案：150
9 (2010年东营)18．某同学在做单臂俯卧撑运动，如图所示。他的重心在A点，所受重力为520N，他将身体撑起处于平衡状态时，地面对手的支持力为 320 N。
 10 (2010厦门)22．如图所示，秤砣的质量为100 g，秤杆的质量忽略不计。秤杆水平静止时，OA=5cm，OB=25 cm，则被测物的质量为 kg。若秤砣有缺损时，则杆秤所示的质量值 被测物的真实质量值(选填“小于”、“等于”或“大于”)。
答案：0.5；大于
11（2010荆州）52．如图所示，一块均匀的厚木板长15m，重400N，对称的搁在相距8m的A、B两个支架上。一个体重为500N的人，从A点出发向左走到离A点 m处时，木板将开始翘动。答案：3.2
三 计算题
 1（2010武汉）高压起重气垫是一种适合于地震救灾的起重工具。它由如图甲所示的高压气瓶、气管、阀门与气垫连接而成。起重时，气垫放入重物与地面的间隙之间，由高压气瓶向气垫内充气，气垫在短时间内可把重物举起一定高度。

⑴高压气瓶向气垫内充气时，气瓶内的气体温度 ，内能 。如果高压起重气垫在5s内可将105N的物体举高0.1m，则其功率为 W。
⑵图乙中，质地均匀的长方体石板长为2m、重为6×104N。当气垫内最高气压比外界高106Pa时，石板恰好被顶起，此时气垫和石板的接触面是连长为20cm的正方形。
②  在图乙中画出气垫恰好顶起石板时的阻力臂l2。
②气垫恰好顶起石板时，气垫的中心至少离石板右端的支点O多远？

2（2010恩施）如图所示，把一根质量是2kg且质量均匀分布的木棒AOB从O点悬挂（AO=3OB），当在B端挂一个重物时，木棒恰在水平位置平衡。求此重物的质量是多少？答案：2kg
3  (10义乌)．某科学兴趣小组利用硬棒（质量一可忽略不计）、细线、若干已知重力的物体、刻度尺等器材来研究杠杆平衡的条件。图示，在C处挂一待测物体B，当重为 8 牛的物体A挂在 D 处时，硬棒在水平位置平衡，用刻度尺测得OC为 6 厘米，OD为 18 厘米。
( 1 ）此时物体 B 的重力是多少牛？
( 2 ）保持 O 点位置和物体 A 的重力不变，在 C 处挂上不同重力的物体，移动物体 A 的位置，使硬棒在水平位置平衡，分别在 OE 上标出相应的重力值所对应的刻度，就制成了一根能直接读出待测物体重力的杠杆。问该杠杆的刻度是否均匀？请说明理由。

4（2010常州）如图所示，一轻质杠杆OA可绕O点无摩擦转动，A端用绳子系在竖直墙壁的B点，在杠杆的C点悬挂一重为20N的物体，杠杆处于水平静止状态．已知OA长为50cm，OC长为30cm，∠OAB=30º．

(1)请在图中画出绳子对杠杆拉力F的力臂．
(2)拉力F的大小是多少?
答案：解：1）F的力臂如图所示。
2）如图，在Rt△OAD中，∠OAD=90°，∴OD=1/2OA=1/2*50cm=25cm
根据杠杆平衡条件得：F*OD=G*OC 有F*25cm=20N*30cm 解得F=24N

5（2010湘潭）26．（6分）如图，长3.0m、重10N且密度不均匀的金属杆，可绕O点在竖直平面内自由转动。现用竖直向上的拉力F使金属杆保持水平，测出O点到拉力F的距离及F的大小，再改变拉力F作用点的位置，测出相应的F与x的大小，所得实验数据如右表。

（1）由表中数据可得F与x之间的关系是：
（2）O点到金属杆重心的距离为 m。
（3）若测力计量程为25N，则应控制在 范围。
答案：（1）成反比（或“F随x的增大而减小”） （2）1.0；0.4m~3m(或大于等于0.4m)

内部资料
仅供参考
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