高中定语从句讲解与归纳.docx

高中定语从句精讲

一、误认为关系代词whose只用于修饰人
whose用作疑问代词时，主要用于指人；但用作关系代词时，它既可指人也可指物。如：
It was an island, whose name I have forgotten. 它是一座岛，名字我忘了。
The factory, whose workers are all women, is closed during the holidays. 这家工厂工人都是妇女，在假期中工厂关门了。

二、混同定语从句与并列句
请看下面两题：
1. He has two children, and both of _________ are abroad.
A. them B. which C. whom D. who
2. He has two children, both of _________ are abroad.
A. them B. which C. whom D. who
第1题选A，第2题选C。因为第1题中用了并列连词and，从而使整个句子为并列句，and后应是一个独立简单句，所以选A不选C；第2题没有并列连词and，both of whom are abroad为非限制性定语从句。另外，请比较下面一题：
He has two children, both of _________ being abroad.
A. them B. which C. whom D. who
此题答案为A，其中both of them being abroad为独立主格结构，用作状语。
请再看一组类似例子：
1. He wrote a lot of novels, many of _________ translated into foreign languages.
A. it B. them C. which D. that
2. He wrote a lot of novels, many of _________ were translated into foreign languages.
A. it B. them C. which D. that
第1应选B，而不能选C，是因为句中 translated 是过去分词(非谓语动词)，若选C，则该从句无谓语；第2应选C，因为句中有谓语 were translated。比较下面一例：
He wrote a lot of novels, and many of _________ were translated into foreign languages.
A. it B. them C. which D. that
此题与上面第2题不一样，两句间多了一个并列连词and，说明这是一个并列句，故应选B，则不能选C。

三、混同关系代词与关系副词
有同学一看到先行词是表示时间、地点、原因名词，就认为一定要用关系副词，其实也不一定。在此情况下，还要看关系词在定语从句中是用作什么成份，若是用作状语，则用关系副词，若不是用作状语(如用作主语、宾语等)则不能用关系副词，而用关系代词。比较：
This is the factory where I want to work. 这就是我想工作工厂。(work为不及物动词where在从句中用作状语)
This is the factory that I want to visit. 这就是我想参观工厂。(visit为及物动词，that用作visit宾语)
The reason why he can’t come is that he is ill. 他没来是因为他病了。(come为不及物动词，why在定语从句中用作状语)
The reason that he put forth is very important. 他提出理由很主要。(put forth为及物动词，that在定语从句中用作其宾语)

比较下面考题：
1. This is the room _________I lived ten years ago.
A. that B. where C. who D. what
2. This is the room _________I lived in ten years ago.
A. that B. where C. who D. what
3. This is the room _________I bought ten years ago.
A. that B. where C. who D. what
4. This is the room _________I visited ten years ago.
A. that B. where C. who D. what
5. This is the room _________I was born ten years ago.
A. that B. where C. who D. what
第1题选B，因为 live 是不及物动词，它无需接宾语；第2题选A，因为即使 live 不及物，但live in 却是及物，它应有自己宾语；第3、4题也应选A，因为 buy 和 visit均为及物动词，它们应有自己宾语；第5应选B，因为 be born 无需有自己宾语。

四、误认为逗号后一定是非限制性定语从句
有同学一看见逗号，就认为一定要选which而不选that，但问题是有时根本就不是定语从句。如：
1. If a book is in English, _________ means slow progress for you.
A. as B. which C. what D. that
2. When I say two hours, _________ includes time for eating.
A. as B. which C. what D. that
以上两题均应选that，而不能选which，因为它们根本不是定语从句。之所以选that，是因为句中已经有if和when引导状语从句，逗号后为主句，that为主句主语。
第一个类型：考查which引导非限制性定语从句

which指代整个主句内容，它引导定语从句通常位于主句后面，它意思是“这(那)件事……”，在这些从句中which作主语或宾语。如：
1. Jim passed the driving test, _________ surprised everybody in the office. (浙江卷)
A. which B. that C. this D. it
解析：which引导非限制性定语从句并在从句中作主语。答案为A。

第二种类型：考查as引导非限制性定语从句
as也可指代整个主句内容，但不一样于which是，它引导定语从句既能够位于主句前面，也能够位于主句后面。它意思是“正如”，在这些从句中as 作主语或宾语。如：
1. _________ I explained on the phone, your request will be considered at the next meeting. (浙江卷)
A. When B. After C. As D. Since
解析：引导非限制性定语从句且位于主句之前，用as引导。答案为C。

第三种类型：考查由“介词＋关系代词”引导定语从句
用于这种情况关系代词通常为which(指物)和whom(指人)。在这种结构中，介词选择非常关键，能够遵照以下四个标准：(1)依照定语从句中谓语动词确定介词，其动词与介词搭配，组成动词短语。(2)依照定语从句中形容词确定介词，其形容词与介词搭配，组成形容词短语。(3)依照定语从句修饰先行词确定介词，其先行词往往是表示时间、地点、原因、方法、工具等词，它们与介词之间有一定联络。当“介词＋关系代词”在定语从句中充当初间、地点、原因状语时，可分别用when, where, why替换。(4)依照句子意思确定介词。有些句子，先行词完全一样，定语从句中谓语动词不是由固定动词短语组成，这时，要依照句子所要表示意思，选取不一样介词。如：
1. He was educated at a local grammar school, _________ he went on to Cambridge. (山东卷)
A. from which B. after that C. after which D. from this
2. The schools themselves admit that not all children will be successful in the jobs _________ they are being trained. (江西卷)
A. in that B. for that C. in which D. for which
解析：第1题选C，after which 指“在此之后”；第2题选D，考查对应搭配是be trained for the jobs。

第四种类型：考查由where, when, why引导定语从句
关系副词where, when, why引导定语从句时，它们分别在从句中充当地点时间、原因状语。如：
1.—Is that the small town you often refer to?
—Right, just the one _________ you know I used to work for years. (福建卷)
A. that B. which C. where D. what
解析：选where，表示“……地方”，引导定语从句，表示地点。

定语从句中怎样判断关系代词与关系副词
方法一： 用关系代词，还是关系副词完全取决于从句中谓语动词。及物动词后面无宾语，就必须要求用关系代词；而不及物动词则要求用关系副词。比如：
This is the mountain village where I stayed last year.
I'll never forget the days when I worked together with you.
判断改错（注：先显示题，再显示答案，横线；用不一样颜色表示出。）
　 （错） This is the mountain village where I visited last year.
　 （错） I will never forget the days when I spent in the countryside.
　 （对） This is the mountain village (which) I visited last year.
　 （对） I'll never forget the days (which) I spent in the countryside.

习惯上总把表地点或时间名词与关系副词 where, when联络在一起。此两题错在关系词误用上。

方法二： 准确判断先行词在定语从句中成份(主、谓、宾、定、状)，也能正确选择出关系代词/关系副词。
例1. Is this museum ___ you visited a few days age?
　 A. where　B. that　 C. on which　 D. the one
例2. Is this the museum ____ the exhibition was held.
　 A. where　　B. that　 C. on which　　D. the one
答案：例1 D，例2 A
例1变为必定句： This museum is ___ you visited a few days ago.
例2变为必定句： This is the museum ___ the exhibition was held.

在句1中，所缺部分为宾语，而where, that, on which都不能起到宾语作用，只有the one既做了主句表语，又可做从句宾语，能够省略关系代词，所以应选D。

而句2中, 主、谓、宾俱全，从句部分为句子状语表地点，既可用副词where，因 in the museum词组，可用介词in + which 引导地点状语。而此题中，介词on 用不对，所以选A。

定语从句中that和which区分；

首先，that和which在从句里都能够做宾语和主语，做宾语时能够省略。在定语从句中,有种说法叫"关宾省",意思是关系代词在限制性定语从句中作宾语能够省略,不论是that，which，还是whom。不过which能引导非限制性定语从句，that则不行。

其次，记得以下只能用that几个情况：

1. 当先行词为all, much, little, none及由any, every, some, no所组成复合不定代词时。

如：We should do all that is useful to the people. 我们应该做一切有益于人民事情。

Please tell me anything that you know about the matter. 关于此事，凡是你所知道请告诉我。

2. 当先行词被any, few, little, no, all, much, some等词修饰时。

如：You can take any seat that is free. 任何空着座位你都能够坐。

There is little work that is fit for you. 几乎没有适合你工作。

3. 当先行词为序数词或被序数词所修饰时。

如：When people talk about the cities of China, the first that comes to my mind is Beijing. 人们谈论起中国城市时候，我首先 想到是北京。

This is the fourth film that has been shown in our school this term. 这是我们校本学期放映第四部电影。

4. 当先行词为形容词最高级或被形容词最高级修饰时。

如：The best that I could do was to apologize. 我唯一能做就是赔礼道歉了。

This is the most interesting story book that I have ever read. 这是我读过一本最有趣故事书。

5. 当先行词被the very, the only, the last, the just, the same等修饰时。

如： This is the very book that I'm looking for. 这正是我在找书。

The only thing that we could do was to wait. 我们唯一能做事就是等候。

注意：先行词被the same修饰时，关系代词也可用as。

如：I need the same book that / as you have. 我需要有你一样书。

6. 当先行词既包含人又包含物时。

如： They are talking of the heroines and their deeds that interest them. 他们正在谈论他们感兴趣女英雄及她们事迹。

7. 当先行词是疑问代词who，which，what或主句以这些词开头时。

如：Who that has ever worked together with him doesn't admire him? 曾经和他一起工作过谁不钦佩他？

Which is the star that is nearer to the earth？ 哪个是离地球比较近星星？

8. 当先行词为主句表语或关系代词为从句表语时。

如：That's a good book that will help you a lot. 那是本对你很有帮助书。
Our school is no longer the place that it used to be. 我们学校现在已不是过去那个样子了。

9. 先行词为time时，当time表示次数，引导词用that, 可省略。 当表示时间，可用that或when引导，都可省略。

如：I do remember the first time(that) I had ever heard the sweetest voice in the world.我很清楚地记得当我第一次听到世界上最美声音时候。

I did't remember the exact time （when/that） I arrived in Shanghai last month. 我不记得上个月抵达上海确实切时间了。

最终，请注意以下几个只能使用which情况:

1. 在“介词＋关系代词”结构中，关系代词必须用which。

如： The house in which we live is very large. 我们住房子非常大。

This is the reference book of which the teacher is speaking. 这就是老师正在谈及那本参考书。

注意： 假如介词不放在修饰事物限定性定语从句句首， which就可换为that， 比如： This is the question which/that we've had so much discussion about. =This is the question about which we've had so much discussion. 这就是我们已经数次讨论过问题。

2. 先行词为“those＋表事物复数名词”时， 关系代词通常只用which而不用that。

如：you should grasp well those skills which may be used in the future work.

最终，记得这个特殊情况吧：当先行词是表示原因或方式名词时，能够用that引导定语从句，相当于介词+which，that能够省略。

如： She likes the child for the very reason that (=for which) she loves his father. 她喜欢那个孩子因为她爱着孩子父亲。

He didn't like the way that (=in which) she speaks to his mother. 他不喜欢她对他母亲那样说话。

Imagine the speed that (=at which) he drives the car. 极难想象，他开车开得那么快。

The reason (that /for which /why) he came here was to ask for our help.他来这里原因是寻求我们帮助。

关系副词when引导定语从句，从句现行词通常都是表示时间名词。此时，关系副词when在定语从句中作时间状语。When含义有时候相当于"介词+which"，所以经常跟"介词+which"交替使用。下面和小编一起详细了解一下关系副词when引导定语从句详细使用方法吧！

When引导限定性定语从句是对先行词进行修饰限定，在语法功效上就是一个定语。
例句1：There are occasions when (on which) one must yield.

任何人都有不得不屈服时候。

例句2：I will never forget the days when (in which) we shared all the roses and thorns.

我永远都不会忘记我们在一起同甘共苦日子。

关系副词when引导非限定性定语从句

When引导非限定性定语从句时对先行词补充说明，在语法功效上其实相当于补语。
例句1：It was on Mid-Autumn Festival, when all family members reunite, that I left my hometown for a strange city alone.
正是在中秋节这个家人团圆日子，我却独自离开故乡去了一个陌生城市。
注释：when在这里引导非限定性定语从句，并在从句中充当状语，这里也能够用on which代替。

关系副词when引导定语从句时含糊化

在when引导定语从句时，大多数时候定语从句先行词都是比较显著时间词，比如：time, year, month等。不过，有一些抽象先行词具备含糊时间概念，比如：stay, visit, occasion, interval, moment, span, age等。此时，假如定语从句需要用关系副词连接，一样也用when。

例句1：I will brand my golden stay in Paris on my heart when I led a happy and fruitful life.
我会将我在巴黎那段幸福而有收获日子铭记于心。
注释：此时先行词stay就是一个具备含糊时间概念先行词，when在定语从句中充当初间状语，相当于during which。

例句2：At the age when other people retire, Francis began the greatest cause in his life.
在一个他人退休年纪，弗朗西斯开始了他一生中最伟大事业。
注释：此时age是一个具备含糊概念先行词，when在定语从句中充当初间状语，相当于in which）