英语写作7名师优质课获奖市赛课一等奖课件.ppt

,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,本幻灯片资料仅供参考，不能作为科学依据，如有不当之处，请参考专业资料。,Paragraph,（2）,Ways of developing paragraph,段落展开法,第1页,一.,叙述法(narration),叙述法,发展段落主要是按照事物本身,时间、过程,或,空间,排列次序表示主题句一个写作伎俩。,按时间展开（development by time）,按过程展开（development by process）,按空间展开（development by space）,第2页,叙述法,展开段落，作者能够清楚连贯地交待事物本末，从而能够使读者能够清楚、完整地了解文章含义,第3页,1.按时间展开（development by time）,当一段文字是记叙一连串接着发生事物时，必须依照事物发生时间，按先后次序排列，方可一目了然,。,如：,Toward the end of the afternoon everything begins to close.The bank closes,first,.Mr Fisher locks the bank doors promptly,at four oclock,.Miss Mary Smith leaves the Post Office,an hour after that,.,A half hour later,Barney Jones locks his grocery store,and Miss Minie Mason leaves school.If the three-thirty train is on time,Ben Cook walks past the Farmers Bank,at Five-thirty,.,By six oclock,everything is closed along Main Street except the gas station,the restaurant,and the drugstore.,By six oclock,most people are at home getting ready for dinner.,第4页,After lunch,while,the other girls were sunbathing,Pat and I returned to the water.,Soon,cramps spread from my stomach to my legs.Immobilized by pain and fear,I yelled for help.My friend thought I was joking:so she ignored me.However,Sister Theresa came to my rescue,when,she noticed my plight.She pulled me out of the water and administered resuscitation.,When,regaining consciousness,I realized how close I had come to death.My experience with near death reminds me every day how close we all are to death in our daily lives.,在这个段落里，作者用了after lunch;while.;soon;when.等时间连接语按时间先后次序记叙了一件发生在午饭后事。,第5页,表时间次序惯用词及短语,Now,nowadays,between and,Since,later,afterwards,earlier,formerly,In the first/second/place,To begin with,at the turn of the century,At birth,in childhood,in infancy,in adolescence,as an adult,in adulthood,in old age,at death,Next,then,subsequently,later,in conclusion.,第6页,2.按过程展开（development by process）,为了讲清楚怎样做一件事情，我们通常按其步骤先后次序逐项说明。,在这一类文章里，假如文章中说明至今有效，须在行文中使用现在时。for example:,第7页,There are four separate stages in making bread.,The first stage begins,by mixing yeast with warm water.This mixture is,then,added to half the amount of flour.The resultant batter mixture is then left for an hour.,At the next stage,the rest of the flour is added to the risen batter mixture,along with salt and oil.,The main step in the second stage,is a thorough kneading of the dough,after which it is left to rise.,The third stage,involves shaping the dough into loaves;the shaped loaves are then put into bread tins and left to prove(rise).,In the final stage,the bread is cooked in a hot oven.The whole process of making bread finishes when the bread is taken from the oven and left to cool on wire racks.,这个段落采取过程叙述法描述了做面包过程。作者用了The first stage begins by.,At the next stage.,The third stage involves.和In the final stage.等连贯性词语详细地按照先后次序介绍了四个步骤。,第8页,3.按空间展开（development by space）,描写事物时，有时需要按照事物发生地点(location)及相互空间关系(spatial relationship)排列，才能使读者取得较清楚概念。,空间次序指按物体空间位置（自左至右，由近到远，由上至下，由下到上，由里到外，由外到里，由中间到两边等次序）来展开段落。如：,第9页,This is a dining room,.,It is not large,but it is not small.It is medium-sized.,The table,which is round,is in the middle of the room.,The chairs,are around the table,and the table-cloth is on the table.,The glasses and china,are on the shelves and in the cabinet.,The buffet,is in the back of the table.,The large picture,which is above the buffet,is between the two small pictures.,The plant,is on the floor to the right of the buffet.It is in the corner.,读完这段用空间次序展开文字后，我们能够想象出餐厅里摆设。,第10页,Great Britain is an island that lies off the northwest coast of Europe.The nearest country is France which is 20 miles away from which Great Britain is separated by the English Channel.The island is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean to the west,and the North Sea to the east.It comprises the mainland of England,Wales and Scotland.Scotland is in the North,while Wales is in the west.Ireland,which is also an island,lies off the west coast of Great Britain.It consists of Northern Ireland and the Irish Republic.Great Britain together with Northern Ireland constitutes the United Kingdom.Thus,the United Kingdom is composed of four parts.The largest of these is England which is divided into 43 administrative counties.The capital city is London which is situated in southeast England.,这个段落主要是采取由外到里空间次序法进行描写。先从外围描述大不列颠地理位置，接着从内部仔细介绍它各个组成部分 英格兰、苏格兰和威尔士相对位置，同时描述了爱尔兰岛相对位置，最终作者又特意指出英国首府伦敦地理位置。,第11页,表示空间关系惯用词及短语,Under,below,beneath,down,over,above,on the top of,inside,beside,along,North,northern,to the left,to the right,To the north,on the left,on the right,At the back of,in front,in the middle,Next to,close to,Adjacent,parallel to,intersection,horizontal.Surface.,第12页,二.,用举例,列举或归纳法(example or generalization),一段文字仅有理论性论点是不够，还需要实例来支持或证实论点。往往以实例来说明主题。请看下面一段文字：,There are several advantages of learning to type.,For example,typing is faster and less tiring than writing.Typed paper is neater,and it helps you get better grades.Besides,learning to type can help you find a summer or part-time job easily.,第13页,1.,举例法(example),作者经过举出详细事例来阐述、说明主题句内容，严格地讲，举例法也是列举法一个，它们区分在于：,举例法,侧重经过举出,经典事例,来解释作者观点，且事例可多可少；,列举法,侧重罗列事实，所列事实,力争全方面,。,我们来看下面这个用举例法展开段落。,第14页,It is very difficult to evaluate another persons performance objectively.For example,Linda recently wrote irresponsible remarks about her instructor because she was failing the course.Her friend Jack wrote a marvelous description of the same instructor because he was receiving an A in the course.Both Linda and Jack were not fairly evaluating the instructor.They were influenced by the grades they were earning and were biased in their judgment.,第15页,2.,列举法(details),作者利用列举法，是经过列举一系列论据对topic sentence中摆出论点进行广泛、全方面地陈说或解释，列举次序能够按照所列各点内容相对主要性、时间、空间等进行。,以下面一段话：,第16页,Yesterday was one of those awful days for me when everything I did went wrong,.,First,I didnt hear my alarm clock and arrived late for work.,Then,I didnt read my diary properly and forgot to get to an important meeting with my boss.,During the coffee break,I dropped my coffee cup and spoilt my new skirt.,At lunch time,I left my purse on a bus and lost all the money that was in it.,After lunch,my boss was angry because I hadnt gone to the meeting.,Then,I didnt notice a sign on a door that said Wet Paint and so I spoilt my jacket too.,When I got home,I couldnt get into my flat because I had left my key in my office.,So,I broke a window to get in and cut my hand.,依据本段主题句中关键词组everything I did went wrong，作者列举了8点内容，分别由first,then,during the coffee break,after lunch time等连接词语引出，使得该文条理清楚、脉络分明、内容连贯。,第17页,惯用于列举法过渡连接词有：,for one thing,for another,finally,besides,moreover,one another,still another,first,second,also等。,第18页,3.,归纳法(generalization),另一个经过举例或细节展开段落方法是从细节到归纳，即先铺叙细节，把归纳性中心句放在段尾。,段落中细节和例子往往按照它们主要性或趣味性排列：分量,轻,或趣味性,弱,靠前，分量,重,或趣味性,强,致后。,第19页,Basketball,football and volleyball are team sports,which require two teams playing against each other.They compete with one another to get the best score.Dual sports,on the other hand,are played between two persons.Both players have to make the greatest effort to beat their opponent.Dual sports include such sports as tennis,ping-pong,and boxing.Individual sports require neither a team nor an opponent.Typical individual sports are swimming,running and walking.,So there are three main kinds of sports:team sports,dual sports and individual sports.,第20页,Exercise,Use examples,details or generalization to develop the following topic sentence(50-80 words):,There are many different forms of exercises to suit different tastes.,第21页,Paragraph for reference,There are many different forms of exercises to suit different tastes.,For example,those who enjoy competitive sports may take up ball games.,For another example,if they prefer to exercise alone,they can have a run or take a walk in the morning or in the evening.,Besides,people can go swimming in the summer and go skating in the winter.,In short,no matter what their interests are,people can always find more than one sports that are suitable to them.,第22页,三.类比和对比法（comparison/contrast）,当段落主题是要指出两件事物相同点(similarities)和不一样点(differences)时，可用类比和对比方法来说明，但类比或对比两件事必须属于同一类别。,将同类事物按照某种特定规则进行比较分析是一个惯用思维方法。经过对比，更轻易阐述所述对象之间异同和优缺点，比如：,第23页,The heart of an electronic computer lies in its vacuum tubes,or transistors.Its electronic circuits work,a thousand times faster than,the nicer cells in the human brain.A problem that might take a human being,a long time,to solve can be solved by a computer,in one minute,.,在这段文字上，作者为了突出电子计算机运行速度之快，首先将它与人脑进行了比较，-a thousand times faster than-;而后，又将这一概念详细到了 a problem上，经过对比使读者从-a long time-in one minute上有愈加直观认识。,第24页,As food is to the body,so is learning to the mind.,Our bodies grow and muscles develop with the intake of adequate nutritious food.Likewise,we should keep learning day by day to maintain our keen mental power and expand our intellectual capacity.Constant learning supplies us with inexhaustible fuel for driving us to sharpen our power of reasoning,analysis,and judgment.,第25页,Why do so many graduates gravitate into business instead of into teaching?Part of the reason is the ever-widening pay gap between these two professions.A secretary,an office clerk or a bank employee can earn monthly income as high as RMB 2，000,and when one is promoted to the position of a business executive or manager,the salary is even higher.But a college graduate with a masters degree can only get a salary of RMB 1，000 per month for his teaching job.No wonder,college graduates are attracted into more lucrative（盈利，有利润）fields.,第26页,There are striking similarities between two of the most popular U.S.presidents,Abraham Lincoln and John F.Kennedy.Both men had their elections legally challenged.Lincoln and Kennedy are both remembered for their sense of humor,as well as for their interest in civil rights.Lincolns secretary was Mrs.Kennedy;Kennedys secretary was Mrs.Lincoln.Neither man took the advice of his secretary not to make a public appearance on the day on which he was assassinated.Lincoln and Kennedy were both killed on Friday in the presence of their wives.And finally,the same caisson（弹药车）carried the bodies of both men in their funeral processions.,本段采取对比法经过第一个路径展开段落。这里，作者将美国历史上两位伟大总统林肯与肯尼迪从六个方面作了比较，描述他们相同之处。,第27页,Assignment,Use comparison and contrast to develop a paragraph.,Please write down with the following topic sentence.,I have two good friend who are quite different in character and yet have something in common.,第28页,