永丰商业银行股份有限公司.pptx

Transducer Device when activated from one form energy converted to another quantity orDevice which converts one physical quantity or condition to another Physical quantity heat,intensity of light,flow rate,liquid level,humidity etcSensor:sense physical quantity Classification of transducers1.Based on principle of transduction2.Active&passive3.Analog&digital4.Inverse transducerBased on principle usedThermo electricMagneto resistiveElectro kineticOptical Passive transducerDevice which derive power reqd.for transduction from auxiliary power source-externally poweredEg:resistive,inductive,capacitiveWithout power they will not workActive transducerNo extra power reqd.to produce I/pSelf generatingDraw power from input appliedEg.Piezo electric xtal used for accelartion measurementAnalog transducer convert I/p quantity into an analog o/p Analog o/p-a continuous fn.Of timeEg.Strain gauge,L VDT,thermocoupleDigital transducerConverts I/p into an electrical o/p in the form of pulses Inverse transducerWhich converts electrical signal to physicalquantityTransducer for pressure measurementWhat is pressure?force/unit areaUnit (N/sq.m)PaPressure measured can be absolute,gauge or differential depending on type of referenceTypes of pressure transducersGravitational eg:manometerElastic force converted to strain eg.Diaphragm,capsule,bellows,bourdon tubesDiaphragmCommon pressure sensing elastic elementThin circular plate stretched&fastened at its peripheryMade of elastic alloys of bronze,phosphor bronze,stainless steel or alloys like Monel,Nickel span-CStructure flat or corrugatedTop view of flat typeTop view of corrugated typeFlat type high natural frequency Corrugated for large deflectionsCapsuleCapsuleTwo corrugated metal diaphragms sealed together at peripheryForms a shell like structureOne diaphragm has a port at centre to admit pressure to be measuredOther diaphragm linked to a moveable mechanical part.Capsule Displacement proportional to difference b/w outer&inner pressure.Bourdon tubescurved or twisted metallic tubes with elliptical cross sectionSealed at one endTends to straighten when pressure applied.Angular sensitivity proportional to pressure appliedSpirial bourdon tubesBourdon tubes C typeHelical typeTube in the form of helixBourdon tubeMore sensitive to shock&vibrationsGood repeatabilityBellowsBellowsThin walled cylindrical sheets with deep convolutions sealed at one endSealed end moves axially when pressure is appliedNo.of convolution s vary from-2 to 50 depends on range,operating tempUsed for low pressure measurementBellows displacement y=2.n.A q P Rx 2/(Et 2.)where n no.of convolutions A q-effective area Et -youngs modulus of elasticityRx radius of diaphragmP pressure ie,Y P Resistive typeEg.Strain gaugeCapacitiveInductive typeEg.LVDTMeasurement of velocityVelocity linear or angularLinear velocityElectromagnetic transducersO/p voltage E=/t =N I/R2.dR/dt where N I/R2 is a constant R-reluctance so E proportional to reluctance R proportional to air gap&air gap proportional to velocityTypes Moving coilMoving magneticAngular velocityTachometer-typesMechanical ElectricalMHD sensor magneto hydrodynamic sensor highly sensitiveHigh precisionTransducer for vibrationVibrations give early warning of impending conditions which may develop&vlead to complete failure&destruction of equipmentUsed in power plants,turbinesMost vibrations are sinusodial in natureGot amp&freq.Amp gives displacementBy measuring displacement,velocity or acceleration -vibrations measuredVibration transducerAccelometer measures shock or vibration Pot type or LVDT typePot type accelrometerLVDT accelorometerTHANK 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