语言学概论考试重点-选择-填空-判断.doc

31. If a linguistic study describes and analyzes the language people actually use, it is said to be _C_A. prescriptive B. analytic C. descriptive D. linguistic 32.Which of the following is not a design feature of human language? DA. Arbitrariness B. Displacement C. Duality D. Meaningfulness 33. Modern linguistics regards the written language as _C_A. primary B. correct C. secondary D. stable 34. In modern linguistics, speech is regarded as more basic than writing, because _D_. A. in linguistic evolution, speech is prior to writing B. speech plays a greater role than writing in terms of the amount of information conveyed. C. speech is always the way in which every native speaker acquires his mother tongue D. All of the above 35. A historical study of language is a _B_study of language. A. synchronic B. diachronic C. prescriptive D. comparative 36.Saussure took a (n)_A_ view of language, while Chomsky looks at language from a _ point of view. A. sociologicalpsychological B. psychologicalsociological C. applied pragmatic D.semantic and linguistic 37. According to F. de Saussure, _C_ refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community.A. parole B. performance C. langue D. Language 38. Language is said to be arbitrary because there is no logical connection between _B_ and meanings. A. sense B. sounds C. objects D. ideas 39. Language can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of the speaker. This feature is called_A_, A. displacement B. duality C. flexibility D. cultural transmission40.The details of any language system is passed on from one generation to the next through _D_, rather than by instinct. A. learning B. teaching C. books D. both A and B Chapter 235 Of all the speech organs, the _C_ is/ are the most flexible. A. mouth B. lips C. tongue D. vocal cords 36The sounds produced without the vocal cords vibrating are _A_ sounds. A. voiceless B. voiced C. vowel D. consonantal 37_B_ is a voiced alveolar stop. A. /z/ B. /d/ C. /k/ D./b/ 38The assimilation rule assimilates one sound to another by “copying” a feature of a sequential phoneme, thus making the two phones _D_. A. identical B. same C. exactly alike D. similar 39Since /p/ and /b/ are phonetically similar, occur in the same environments and they can distinguish meaning, they are said to be _A_. A. in phonemic contrast B. in complementary distribution C. the allophone D. minimal pair 40The sound /f/ is _D_. A. voiced palatal affricate B. voiced alveolar stopC. voiceless velar fricative D. voiceless labiodental fricative 41. A _C_ vowel is one that is produced with the front part of the tongue maintaining the highest position. A. back B. central C. front D. middle 42. Distinctive features can be found running over a sequence of two or more phonemic segments. The phonemic features that occur above the level of the segments are called C_. A. phonetic components B. immediate constituents C. suprasegmental features D. semantic features 43. A(n) _D_ is a unit that is of distinctive value. It is an abstract unit, a collection of distinctive phonetic features. A. phone B. sound C. allophone D. phoneme 44 The different phones which can represent a phoneme in different phonetic environments are called the _D_ of that phoneme. A. phones B. sounds C. phonemes D. allophones Chapter 321. The morpheme “vision” in the common word “television” is a(n) _D_. A. bound morpheme B. bound formC. inflectional morpheme D. free morpheme 22. The compound word “bookstore” is the place where books are sold. This indicates that the meaning of a compound _D_.A. is the sum total of the meaning of its componentsB. can always be worked out by looking at the meanings of morphemesC. is the same as the meaning of a free phrase.D. None of the above.23. The part of speech of the compounds is generally determined by the part of speech of _B_.A. the first element B. the second elementC. either the first or the second element D. both the first and the second elements.24. _B_ are those that cannot be used independently but have to be combined with other morphemes, either free or bound, to form a word.A. Free morphemes B. Bound morphemes C. Bound words D. Words25. _C_ is a branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed.A. Syntax B.Grammar C. Morphology D. Morpheme26.The meaning carried by the inflectional morpheme is _C_. A. lexical B. morphemic C. grammatical D. semantic 27. Bound morphemes are those that _D_. A. have to be used independently B. can not be combined with other morphemes C. can either be free or bound D. have to be combined with other morphemes. 28. _A_ modify the meaning of the stem, but usually do not change the part of speech of the original word. A. Prefixes B. Suffixes C. Roots D. Affixes 29. _ B_ are often thought to be the smallest meaningful units of language by the linguists. A. Words B. Morphemes C. Phonemes D. Sentences 30. “-s” in the word “books” is _C_. A. a derivative affix B. a stem C. an inflectional affix D. a root Chapter 425. A sentence is considered _D_ when it does not conform to the grammatical knowledge in the mind of native speakers. A. right B. wrong C. grammatical D. ungrammatical 26. A _D_ in the embedded clause refers to the introductory word that introduces the embedded clause. A. coordinator B. particle C. preposition D. subordinator 27. Phrase structure rules have _A_ properties. A. recursive B. grammatical C. social D. functional 28. Phrase structure rules allow us to better understand _D_. A. how words and phrases form sentences. B. what constitutes the grammaticality of strings of words C. how people produce and recognize possible sentences D. All of the above. 29. Syntactic movement is dictated by rules traditionally called _A_. A. transformational rules B. generative rules C. phrase structure rules D. x-bar theory 30. The theory of case condition accounts for the fact that _A_. A. noun phrases appear only in subject and object positions. B. noun phrases can be used to modify another noun phrase C. noun phrase can be used in adverbial positions D. noun phrase can be moved to any place if necessary. 31. The sentence structure is _D_. A. only linear B. Only hierarchical C. complex D. both linear and hierarchical 32. The syntactic rules of any language are _C_ in number. A. large B. small C. finite D. infinite 33. The _D_ rules are the rules that group words and phrases to form grammatical sentences.A. lexical B. morphological C. linguistic D. combinational 34._B_ rules may change the syntactic representation of a sentence. A. Generative（可生性） B. Transformational（转换性） C. X-bar D. Phrase structure Chapter 521. The naming theory is advanced by _A_. A. Plato B. Bloomfield C. Geoffrey Leech D. Firth 22. “We shall know a word by the company it keeps.” This statement represents _B_. A. the conceptualist概念论者 view B. contexutalism C. the naming theory D.behaviourism 行为主义22.23. 23. Which of the following is not true? DA. Sense is concerned with the inherent固有的，内在的 meaning of the linguistic form. B. Sense is the collection of all the features of the linguistic form. C. Sense is abstract and de-contextualized. D. Sense is the aspect of meaning dictionary compilers are not interested in. 24. “Can I borrow your bike?” _D_ “ You have a bike.” A. is synonymous with B. is inconsistent with C. entails D. presupposes 25. _B_ is a way in which the meaning of a word can be dissected into meaning components, called semantic features. A. Predication analysis B. Componential analysis C. Phonemic analysis D. Grammatical analysis 26. “alive” and “dead” are _C_. A. gradable antonyms B. relational opposites C. complementary antonyms D. None of the above 27. _A_ deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience. A. Reference B. Concept C. Semantics D. Sense 28. _C_ refers to the phenomenon that words having different meanings have the same form. A. Polysemy B. Synonymy C. Homonymy D. Hyponymy29. Words that are close in meaning are called _D_. A. homonyms B. polysemy C. hyponyms D. synonyms 30. The grammaticality of a sentence is governed by _A_. A. grammatical rules B. selectional restrictions C. semantic rules D. semantic features Chapter 625. _A_ does not study meaning in isolation, but in context. A. Pragmatics B. Semantics C. Sense relation D. Concept 26. The meaning of language was considered as something _C_ in traditional semantics语义学. A. Contextual上下文的 B. Behaviouristic行动主义的 C. intrinsic 固有的 D. logical 27. What essentially distinguishes semantics语义学 and pragmatics语用学 is whether in the study of meaning _D_ is considered. A. reference B. speech act C. practical usage实际使用 D. context 28. A sentence is a _B_ concept, and the meaning of a sentence is often studied in isolation孤立. 26. A. pragmatic B. grammatical C. mental D. conceptual 29. If we think of a sentence as what people actually utter完全的，彻底的 in the course of communication, it becomes a(n) _C_. A. constative B. directive C. utterance D. expressive 30. Which of the following is true? B A. Utterances usually do not take the form of sentences. B. Some utterances言论 cannot be restored to complete sentences. C. No utterances can take the form of sentences. D. All utterances can be restored to complete sentences. 31. Speech act theory言语行为理论 did not come into being until _A_. A. in the late 50s of the 20the century B. in the early 1950s C. in the late 1960s D. in the early 21st century. 32. _C_ is the act performed by or resulting from saying something; it is the consequence推论，重要性 of, or the change brought about by the utterance说话方式. A. A locutionary act说话行为 B. An illocutionary act 言外行为 C. A perlocutionary act言后行为 D. A performative 施为功能act 33. According to Searle瑟尔, the illocutionary point of the representative is _B_. A. to get the hearer to do something B. to commit the speaker to somethings being the case C. to commit the speaker to some future course of action D. to express the feelings or attitude towards an existing state of affairs. 34. All the acts that belong to the same category share the same purpose, but they differ _C_. A. in their illocutionary acts. B. in their intentions expressed C. in their strength or force D. in their effect brought about 35. _A_ is advanced by Paul Grice保罗格莱斯 A. Cooperative Principle 合作原则 B. Politeness Principle 礼貌原则 C. The General Principle of Universal Grammar 普遍语法的一般原则 D. Adjacency Principle 邻近原理 36. When any of the maxims under the cooperative principle is flouted嘲笑，藐视, _D_ might arise. A.impoliteness B. contradictions C.mutual understanding D. conversational implicatures 会话含意1. Affixes are of two types: inflectional affixes and derivative affixes. 2Tone are pitch variations, which are caused by the differing rates of vibration of the vocal cords and which can distinguish meaning just like phonemes. 26. Chomsky defines “ competence” as the ideal users knowledge of the rules of his language. 22.Langue refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community while the parole is the concrete use of the conventions and application of the rules. 27. Duality is one of the design features of human language which refers to the phenomenon that language consists of two levels: a lower level of meaningless individual sounds and a higher level of meaningful units. 24.Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication. 25. The discipline that studies the rules governing the formation of words into permissible sentences in languages is called syntax 26. Human capacity for language has a genetic basis, but the details of language have to be taught and learned. 27. Parole refers to the realization of langue in actual use.28. Findings in linguistic studies can often be applied to the settlement of some practical problems. The study of such applications is generally known as applied linguistics.29.Language is productive in that it makes possible the construction and interpretation of new signals by its users. In other words, they can produce and understand an infinitely large number of sentences which they have never heard before.30. Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language.21.A spiration refers to a strong puff of air stream in the production of speech sounds. 22Articulatory phonetics describes the way our speech organs work to produce the speech sounds and how they differ. 23The four sounds /p/,/b/,/m/ and /w/ have one feature in common, i.e., they are all bilabial sounds. 24Of all the speech organs, the tongue is the most flexible, and is responsible for arieties of articulation than any other. 25English consonants can be classified in terms of manner of articulation or in terms of place of articulation. 26When the obstruction created by the speech organs is total or complete, the speech sound produced with the obstruction audibly released and the air passing out again is called a stop. 27Suprasegmental features are the phonemic features that occur above the level of the segments. They include stress, tone, intonation, etc. 28 The rules that govern the combination of sounds in a particular language are called sequential rules. 29The transcription of speech sounds with letter-symbols only is called broad transcription while the transcription with letter-symbols together with the diacritics is called narrow transcription. 30When pitch, stress and sound length are tied to the sentence rather than the word in isolation, they are collectively known as intonation. 31Phonology is a discipline which studies the system of sounds of a particular language and how sounds are combined into meaningful units to effect linguistic communication.