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林业生态建设中林业技术推广发展探讨.docx

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林业生态建设中林业技术推广发展探讨 林业产业的发展与林业生态建设的关系 中国林业沿处在较低层次的发展阶段,森林资源增长缓慢与社会对林业日益 增长的多种需求之间的矛盾成为现阶段林业的主要矛盾,生态需求成为社会对林业的主要需求,生态建设是林业建设的首要任务。本文就我国林业生态建设的现状及存在的问题进行分析;就林业产业的发展与林业生态建设的问题进行探讨。 thedevelopmentofchina'sforestryisinthelowerlayeralongthephase,theslowgrowthofforestresourcesandthesocialdemandforforestgrowingavarietyofcontradictionbetweenthecontradictionbecomethemaincurrentforestry,ecologicaldemandbecamethemaindemandofforestrysociety,ecologicalconstructionistheprimarytaskofforestryconstruction.inthispaper,thepresentsituationofecologicalconstructionofforestryinchinaandtheanalysisofexistingproblems;asfarasthedevelopmentofforestryindustryandforestryecologicalconstructionwerediscussed.一、我国的林业生态建设直接影响林业产业的快速发展 a,ourcountry'sforestryecologyconstructiondirectlyaffectstherapiddevelopmentofforestryindustry 世纪之交的1998年,一场持续百天的全国性特大洪水,冲毁了无数良田、家园, 洪峰频率之密、洪水流量之大、流域范围之广,百年罕见。全国共有29个省(区、市)遭受了不同程度的洪涝灾害,受灾2.3亿人,死亡人数3000人,各地估报的直接经济损失2484亿元。新世纪的第一个春天,我国北方地区连续发生10余次扬沙、浮尘和沙尘暴天气,造成部分地区机场关闭、交通中断,其频率之高、来势之猛、影响范围之大,不断刷新新中国成立以来的沙尘暴和沙尘灾害纪录。2008年初我国南方大面积的冰雪灾害,叫人不得不联想气候变化的影响和危害。 attheturnofthecenturyin1998,anationwidefloodinglastonehundreddays,countlessfertileland,homes,wasdestroyedbythefloodfrequencyofdense,big,wideriverbasinofthescopeofthefloodflow,rareinonehundred.atotalof29provinces(area,city)suffereddifferentdegreesoffloods,theaffected230millionpeople,thedeathtollof3000people,aroundfordirecteconomiclossof248.4billionyuan.thefirstspringofthenewcentury,thecontinuousoccurredinnorthchinamorethan10timesflyingsand,dustandsandstormweather,causingpartsofairportsanddisruptedtraffic,itsfrequencyishigh,withfierce,influencescopeoflarge,constantlyrefreshedsincethefoundingoftheduststormsanddustdisasteronrecord.largeareasofsnowandicedisasterinearly2008,thesouthofchina,peoplehavetolenovo,theeffectsofclimatechangeanddamage.大洪水的背后是植被破坏、水土流失;沙尘暴的背后是沙漠化、荒漠化;气候 变化背后是气候变暖,极端天气增加和自然灾害的频发。事实上,中国的生态危机远不止此,当前全世界普遍存在的沙漠化、水土流失、干旱缺水、洪涝灾害、物 种灭绝、温室效应加剧等六大生态危机,每七一样都与森林的植被破坏息息相关。新中国成立后的近半个世纪的时间里,由于国家经济建设的需要,以木材生产为主一直是中国林业的首要任务。中国林业的状况产出多于投入,中国生态的状况破坏大于治理,总体形势十分严峻。 thefloodisbehindvegetationdamage,soilandwaterloss;sandstormisbehinddesertification,desertification;behindclimatechange,climatewarming,extremeweatherandfrequentnaturaldisasters.infact,china'secologicalcrisisismuchmorethanthis,thecurrentwidespreadallovertheworlddesertification,soilerosion,drought,floods,speciesextinction,thegreenhouseeffectintensifyingecologicalcrisis,andsoonsixbigeverysevenasiscloselyrelatedtoforestvegetationdestruction.nearlyhalfacenturyafterthefoundingofnewchina,asaresultoftheneedofnationaleconomicconstruction,mainlywoodproductionhasalwaysbeenthepriorityofchina'sforestry.thestatusofthechineseforestryoutputmorethaninput,thestatusoftheecologicaldamageisgreaterthanthegovernanceinchina,theoverallsituationisverygrim.20世纪末,随着国家六大林业生态工程的相继启动,我国的林业生态体系建 设步入了快速发展轨道,近年来生态环境的恢复和治理成效显着,生态环境整体恶化的趋势得到了初步遏制,局部乃至区域性的生态环境开始好转。但是,由于经济社会的调整发展生态建设面临的形势依然十分严峻,森林生态基础还十分脆弱,生态建设的速度与高速发展的经济不相协调,部分地区水土流失仍呈上升趋势,洪涝、干旱、沙尘暴等自然灾害频发,极端性天气增多等主要原因: theendofthe20thcentury,withthecountrythesixforestryecologicalengineeringofsuccessivelylaunched,ourcountry'sforestryecologysystemconstructionenteredarapiddevelopmenttrack,inrecentyears,therecoveryofecologicalenvironmentandgovernanceeffectsignificantly,theoverallecologicalenvironmentdeteriorationtrendgotpreliminarycontrol,localandregionalecologicalenvironmentbeginstoimprove.but,duetotheadjustmentoftheeconomicandsocialdevelopmentsituationisstillverysevereecologicalconstruction,forestecologicalbaseisveryfragile,thespeedofecologicalconstructioninharmonywiththehighspeeddevelopmentofeconomy,isstillontheriseinpartsofthesoilandwaterloss,flood,drought,duststormsandothernaturaldisasters,moreextremeweathersuchasmainreason: 1、我国森林资源底子薄,表现在问题不足,人均森林面积不到世界平均水平的 1/4,人均森林蓄积不到世界平均水平的1/6;质量不高,平均每公顷林分蓄积量仅是世界平均水平的85%左右;分布不均,我国森林资源主要分布在东部沿海工区和东北地区,西部森林资源极度匮乏;经营水平低,人工林经营水平不高,树种单一,林木过量采伐现象依然存在。 1,forestresourcesinourcountry,apoorperformanceintheproblemofinsufficient,forestareapercapitaislessthan1/4oftheworldaverage,percapita forestaccumulationislessthan1/6oftheworldaverage;qualityisnothigh,theaverageperhectareforeststockvolumeisonlyabout85%oftheworldaverage;distributionofforestresourcesinchinaaremainlydistributedintheeasterncoastalareaandnortheastchina,thewesternextremescarcityofforestresources;managementlevelislow,plantationmanagementlevelisnothigh,singlespecies,forestharvestingphenomenonstillexists.2、人口、经济调整增长带来对森林资源的高需求,森林资源与社会需求之间 的仍相当尖锐,带来森林资源的巨大消耗。 2,thepopulation,adjusttheeconomicgrowthbringsthehighdemandforforestresources,forestresourcesandthesocialdemandisstillverysharp,bringsthehugeconsumptionofforestresources.3、林业投入长期不足。近年启动的国家林业六大生态工程的建设资金主要 来自国债资金,国家财政资金所占比重不高,生态建设投入保障体系尚未建立。 3,theforestryinvestmentshortageforalongtime.launchedinrecentyearsstatesixecologicalengineeringofforestryconstructionfundsmainlycomefromthesaleoftreasurybonds,nationalfinancefundproportionisnothigh,thesafeguardsystemforecologicalconstructionhasnotyetbeenestablished.4、林业行业各项改革滞后于其他行业,管理体制、运营机制不顺,影响社会资 源向林业行业集中,制约了林业生态建设的发展。 4,thereformsofforestryindustrylagsbehindotherindustries,managementsystem,operationmechanismandeffectsofsocialresourcestoconcentrateintheforestryindustry,restrictingthedevelopmentoftheforestryecologicalconstruction.5、我国主要林区90%为山区,森林生态区位重要的地区是我国经济发展相对 滞后的地区,生态建设和经济发展问题还没有完全协调好。中国林业尚处在较低层次的发展阶段,森林资源增长缓慢与社会对林业日益增长的多种需求之间的矛盾成为现阶段林业的主要矛盾,生态需求成为社会对林业的主要需求,生态建设成为林业建设的首要任务。 5,themainmountainforestarea90%,forestecologicalnichesimportantareaistherelativelagofregionaleconomicdevelopmentinourcountry,theecologicalconstructionandeconomicdevelopmentisstillnotfullygoodcoordination.forestryinchinaisstillatalowerlevelofdevelopmentstage,theslowgrowthofforestresourcesandthesocialdemandforforestgrowingavarietyofcontradictionbetweenthecontradictionbecomethemaincurrentforestry,ecologicaldemandbecamethemaindemandofforestrysociety,becomeaprimarytaskfortheconstructionofforestryecologicalconstruction.二、发展林业产业必须正确处理与林业生态建设的关系 second,thedevelopmentofforestryindustrymustcorrectlyhandletherelationshipbetweenforestryandecologicalconstruction 和谐社会一方面要求社会经济的发展应在木资源的承载力之内;另一方面,要 求在资源可持续的基础上,达到社会经济的发展。换言之,既要做到林业自身的可持续发展,又要参与整个经济社会的可持续发展,这里面既包含要不断发展林业产业,满足人们日益增长的物质林产品的需求,又包含加强林业生态建设,滞社会对生态的需求。林业产业和林业生态建设作为林业整体中的两个方面,两者之间有着天然的密切的因果关系。 harmonioussocietyrequiresthedevelopmentofsocialeconomyontheonehandshouldbewithinthebearingcapacityofwoodresources;requirements,ontheotherhand,onthebasisofresourcesustainable,toachievesocialandeconomicdevelopment.,inotherwords,toachievethesustainabledevelopmentofforestryitself,andtoparticipateinthewholeeconomicandsocialsustainabledevelopment,whichcontainsbothtodevelopmentofforestryindustry,meettheneedsofpeople'sgrowingmaterialandforestproducts,andtostrengthentheconstructionofforestryecology,sluggishdemandforecologicalsociety.forestryindustryandforestryecologicalconstructionasawholeintwoaspects:naturalcloselybetweencauseandeffect.在林业发展的过程中,始终伴随着如何认识和协调两者关系的问题。而且,随 着人们对森林功能多样性认识的深化和对森林不同效益的追求,对林业产业和林业生态建设之间关系的认识也在不断完善。生态和产业是相互依存、相互制约、相互促进,互动发展的对立统一的辩证关系。 intheprocessofforestrydevelopment,alongwithhowtounderstandandcoordinatetherelationshipbetweentheproblems.and,withfurtherunderstandingofforestfunctiondiversityandthepursuitofdifferentforestbenefit,forestryindustryandtheunderstandingoftherelationshipbetweentheforestryecologicalconstructionarealsoconstantlyimprove.ecologicalandindustryistheinterdependence,mutualrestriction,mutualpromotionandmutualdevelopmentoftheunityofoppositesofdialecticalrelationship.1、林业产业与林业生态的矛盾与制约。 1,forestryindustryandforestryecologicalcontradictionsandconstraints.林业产业和林业生态之间存在着矛盾与制约的关系,这种矛盾与制约关系主 要是由人们在林业生产过程中,不同利益取向和与劳动者自身利益关系不同造成的。在林业生产和再生产过程中,投入和耗费一定的劳动,同时会产生一定的经济和生态效益(可能是负效益),但这两种效益被劳动者感觉到的时间先后和效果是 完全不同的。发展林业产业主要产出体现的是经济效益,劳动者的获得是直接可见,与劳动者之间是眼前的局部的直接利益关系;而生态建设主要产出的是生态效益,生态效益的体现是一个累积的过程,是不容易被立即感觉到的。 thereiscontradictionbetweenforestryindustryandforestryecologicalandrestrictrelationship,thiskindofcontradictionandrestrictionrelationsmainlybypeopleintheprocessofforestryproduction,differentinterestorientationandinterestrelationswithlaborer.inforestryproductionandreproductionprocess,investmentandcostoflabor,atthesametimewillproducecertaineconomicandecologicalbenefits(possiblynegativebenefit),butbothbenefittheworkersfeeltimesuccessivelyandtheeffectiscompletelydifferent.mainoutputreflectsthedevelopmentofforestryindustryeconomybenefit,workersaredirectlyvisible,andlaborerisinfrontoflocaldirectinterestrelationshipbetween;theecologicalconstructionisthemainoutputofecologicalbenefit,ecologicalbenefitembodimentisacumulativeprocess,itisnoteasytobefeltimmediately. 2、林业产业与林业生态的依存与促进。 2,forestryindustryandforestryecologicalinterdependencewiththepromotion. 在林业生产过程中,林业产业和林业生态之间不仅存在着矛盾与制约的关系,更主要的是依存与促进的关系,这种依存和的关系同样与人们对森林、林业产业及林业生态的认识和利益取向有直接的关系。主要体现在: intheprocessofforestryproductionandforestryindustryandforestryecologicalexistsnotonlybetweencontradictionandrestrictrelationship,moreimportantisinterdependenceandpromotetherelationshipoftheinterdependenceandtherelationshipwiththesamepeopleforforestsandforestryindustryandforestryecologicalawarenessandinterestorientationhasadirectrelationship.mainlyreflectsin: 林业产业发展和林业生态建设两者统一以森林为基础。林业生态建设的任务就是要恢复森林植被,增加森林的数量,提高森林的质量,最大限度地发挥森林的生态效益,离开森林也就无所谓林业生态建设;而林业产业的发展是以森林资源为前提的,没有森林资源,就没有林业产业,更谈不上发展,二者是相互依存的关系。 forestryindustryandforestryecologicalconstructionconvergencebasedontheforest.forestryecologicalconstructionmissionistorecoveryofforestvegetation,increasethenumberoftheforest,improvethequalityoftheforest,andmaximizetheecologicalbenefitsofforest,awayfromtheforestandyoucan'thaveforestryecologicalconstruction;andtheforestryindustrydevelopmentisthepremiseofforestresources,noforestresources,forestryindustry,letalonedevelopment,thetwoaremutuallydependentrelationship.林业生态建设是林业产业为发展的基础。这种基础关系是由森林的功能、作用和地位决定的。森林是陆地上生态系统中生物量最大、结构最复杂、功能最完善的生态系统。森林的主体植被是木本植物,森林植被及其覆被下的其他生物和各种环境因子共同形成森林群落。森林是木材及其林副产品等工业原料的基地,是动物的栖息场所,是一个巨大的生物多样性的“基因库”,是一个巨大的“绿色水库”,在净化空气、防治污染、调节气候等方面,有“环境卫士”之称,是天然的“过滤器”,森林对人类的生存和发展有着无法估量的作用。林业产业发展,说到底是在认识森林生态系统及其内在的运动规律,借助一定的技术手段,改善和利用森林资源,把森林潜在的生产力转化为现实的生产力结构实行最佳组合。 theforestryecologicalconstructionisthebasisforthedevelopmentofforestryindustry.thebasicrelationshipisdeterminedbytheforestfunction,roleandstatus.forestlandecologicalsysteminthelargestandmostcomplicatedstructureofbiomass,themostcompleteecosystem.forestvegetationisthemainbodyofwoodyplants,forestvegetationandunderthecoverofothercreaturesandvariousenvironmentalfactorstogetherformforestcommunity.forestwoodandforestbyproductssuchasindustrialrawmaterialbase,isananimalhabitats,biodiversityisahuge"genepool",isahuge"greenreservoir",inthecleanair,preventionandcontrolofpollution,regulatingclimate,etc.,have"environmentaldefence,"said,isanatural"filter",forestforhuman'ssurvivalanddevelopmenthasimmeasurablerole.forestryindustrydevelopment,attheendofthedayisintheforestecologicalsystemanditsinnermotionlaw,withtheaidofcertaintechnicalmethod,improvementandutilizationofforestresources,theforestpotentialproductivityintorealproductivitystructureadoptsabestcombination. 林业产业与生态建设的辩证统一。按照生态经济学的原理,林业产业和生态建设的实质是经济效益和生态效益的关系,两者结合的结果就是生态经济学讲的生态经济效益。在林业社会化生产中,如果把林业产业发展与生态建设结合救民于水火,提高经济效益与提高生态效益相结合,即实现经济效益和生态效益的统一,就能使二者相得益彰,既林业产业的发展,又可在产业调整发展中保护和建设林业生态,达到提高生态经济效益的目的 thedialecticalunificationofforestryindustryandecologicalconstruction.accordingtotheprincipleofecologicaleconomics,forestryindustryandtheessenceoftheecologicalconstructionistherelationshipbetweeneconomicbenefitandecologicalbenefit,asaresultofcombinationofecologicaleconomics,ecologicalandeconomicbenefits.intheforestrysocializationproduction,iftheforestryindustrydevelopmentandecologicalconstructionincombinationwiththeirnationindistress,increasetheeconomicbenefitandecologicalbenefit,whichrealizetheunificationoftheeconomicbenefitsandecologicalbenefits,canmakethetwocomplementeachother,boththedevelopmentofforestryindustry,butalsointhedevelopmentofindustryadjustmentforestryecologicalprotectionandconstruction,achievethepurposeofimprovingecologicaleconomicbenefits 第16页 共16页
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