英美概况英国教育.pptx

ESSENCE DILIGENCE UNITY CREATIVITY APPRECIATIONG TOLERANCE IMAGINATION OBJECT NECESSITY 实质实质 勤奋勤奋 和谐和谐 创造创造 感恩感恩 宽容宽容 想像想像 目标目标 需要需要Early Forms of EducationModern System of EducationRecent ChangesoBritish education,in the early period,was closely related to religion.nMost schools were run by churches and monasteries to educate scholars,civil servants and people who likely to take up pastoral(牧师的)services.nLatin was brought to the forefront of education in the middle ages due to the close association between education and religion.oThree kinds of schools could been found in the early period.n nLatin grammar schoolsLatin grammar schools-enroll male students from rich families;n nSmall parish(Small parish(教区教区教区教区)schools and song)schools and song schools-schools-provided informal education to students of poor families;n nPublic schools-Public schools-privately endowed boarding schools with the aim of producing elites.oThe revolution of industry,politics and social life in 19th century witnessed the start of real modern education.nThe 1870 Fosters Elementary Education Fosters Elementary Education ActAct brought elementary education to every child and School BoardsSchool Boards were established to build more schools nationwide.nIn the end the 19th,elementary education became free.nEducation Act 1944 brought the free secondary education to all children by the introduction of the Tripartite System(三部分系统).nUnder 11-plus examination students of all social classes were encouraged to attend the stated-funded secondary grammar,secondary grammar,technical or modern schoolstechnical or modern schools.nThe secondary schools prepared candidates for universities,and technical or modern schools trained technicians and manual workers.nThe comprehensive schools and direct grant schools met the needs of the public for equal chances in education to prevent students from streaming into strands too early by allotting a direct grant from the ministry of education to independent schools.nThe age students leaving school was further raised,and more and girls and working class pupils received a wider chance of attending higher education.oEducation Reform Act 1988:nThe introduction of a national curriculum for pupils aged 5-16,directing the responsibility of deciding what to teach from individual teachers to the central government;nThe establishment of compulsory national tests,publishing the results annually to allow schools to compete for pupils and to be compared directly with one another;nConsiderable freedom and flexibility in management was given to school to run their own budges;nA new type of school,city technology college,was set up in inner city areas,specializing in technology,the arts,mathematics and science;nA series of standards in education were finally set up.oNew century saw the great changes continue to take place in UK.nPaying more attention on each childs ability;nEstablishing more specialist schools;n nThe Children Act 2004The Children Act 2004 led to the welfare for all children,young people and their families in all parts of the United Kingdom,incorporating the needs of disabled children as well.Two education systems:1)1)National CurriculumNational Curriculum:England,Wales and Northern Ireland English,mathematics,science,technology,physical education and religious education as the core subjects.emphasizing the depth of knowledge2)Scottish model2)Scottish model:independent education and testing system emphasizing the breadth of knowledge In primary and second school education:1)state-funded schools:the majority2)Private or independent schools:the minority In UK,primary and secondary education is compulsory.By law any child between 5 and 16 must receive full-time education.94%pupils choose attending public-funded state schools which free of fees.the rest choose independent fee-paying schools or receiving home schooling.Parents will be sued at law if failing to make their children have education.Before school ageBefore school age:pre-school education provided by child care child care centerscenters,nursery schoolsnursery schools,playgroundplayground,kindergartenkindergarten and nursery classes.nursery classes.AimAim :cultivate childrens basic and comprehensive competence in creativity,social abilities,language and physical development.5-115-11thth year year:primary education.SubjectsSubjects:English,mathematics,history,geography,science,art&design,design&technology,information&communication technology(ICT),music,physical education.AimAim:*achieve basic literacy and numeracy;*establish foundation in science,geography,history and other social sciences.Academic yearAcademic year:September to July,split into 3 terms by Christmas,Easter and a summer holiday.Test Test:at the end of six years of primary school,the national tests are held,known as Standard Assessment Tests(SATs),in 3 core subjects:English,Maths and Science.SchoolsSchools:*public-funded schools:fee free and financed by tax payers *private or independent schools:fee-charging,financed by tuition charges,gifts,donations,etc.11-1611-16thth year year:secondary educationSubjectsSubjects:citizenship,modern foreign language,religious educaiton,sex education and careers education.(parents have the right to choose the subjects as they wish)TestTest:*GCSEs(General Certificate of Secondary Education)in England,Wales and Northern Ireland.*Standard Grade in Scotlandschools schools :*Comprehensive schools-free education resources/full range of subjects/88%S.E.Gs *grammar schools-oldest form of formal education in Uk/state-funded schools/take students who passed 11plus/educate students in natural science,history,geography etc.*City Technology Colleges(CTC)-non-fee paying/established by the government for business training *Secondary modern schools-students who failed to have a good scores in 11plus.IS IS:schools usually operated independently of state educational system and financed by private sources in forms of fees charges,gifts,and charitable endowments.PS PS:the most prestigious independent schools.The most widely known public schools are EtonEton,HarrowHarrow,WinchesterWinchester and RugbyRugby.All students are required to sit the Common Entrance Exams(CEE)conducted by the Independent Schools Examination Board.ETON16-18th years 16-18th years:further educationSubjectsSubjects:a variety of vocational courses in technology,business,health and so on.TestTest:the General Certificate of Education,Advanced Level-GCE A Level/A LevelAn entry qualification for universitiesSchoolSchool:Specialist and Sixth Form College The British universities are often categorized into four major types:1)The ancient universities2)Red brick universities3)Plate glass universities4)New universities the ancient universitiesthe ancient universities:universities which came into existence for centuries.Before 19th century,only male students are enrolled.1)Oxford University(1167)2)Cambridge University(1209)3)St Andrews(1410)4)Glasgow(1451)5)Aberdeen(1495)Red brick universitiesRed brick universities:universities which were established at the turn of the twentieth century before World War I.1)The University of Birmingham(1825)2)Liverpool(1888)3)Leeds(1904)4)Sheffield(1905)5)Bristol(1833)6)Manchester(1824)Plate glass universitiesPlate glass universities:universities which built in the 1960s with peculiar modern architectural design.They always take new initiates in education methods.1)Bath University(1966)2)Essex University(1965)3)Kent University(1965)4)Warwick University(1965)New universitiesNew universities:universities which transformed from the former vocational polytechnics since the Further and Higher Education Act 1992.1)Greenwich University(1890)2)Coventry University(1970)3)Manchester Metropolitan University(1992)4)Sheffield Hallam University(1843)Open universitiesOpen universities:One distance learning university founded by the British government in 1969.“Open to people,places,methods and ideas”“Supported open learning”:students receive supports from tutors,students centre services staffs and centralized libraries.The qualifications of OU are increasingly recognized in the society.