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口语 四川与福建文化.doc

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四川与福建文化的差异 1. 历史文化差异。 2. 食物差异。 3. 民俗差异。 Sichuan is a province in the central-western China with its capital at Chengdu. Most people living in Sichuan are Han. There are also Tibetans, Yi people, Qiang and Naxi in the western side.  The territory of the province and its vicinity were the cradle of unique local civilizations, which can be dated to at least fifteenth century BC (i.e. the later years of Shang Dynasty). Beginning from the ninth century BC, Shu (today Chengdu) and Ba (today Chongqing City) emerged as cultural and administrative centers where two rival kingdoms were established. Shu's existence was unknown until an archaeological discovery in 1986 at a small village named Sanxingdui in Guanghan County. Believed to be an ancient city of the Shu Kingdom, the excavations yielded invaluable archaeological information. Although the Qin Dynasty came to destroy the civilizations of Shu and Ba, the culture of Shu and Ba was preserved and inherited by people in Sichuan until today. The Qin government also accelerated the technological and agricultural advancements of Sichuan comparable to that of the Huang He (Yellow River) Valley. The Dujiangyan Irrigation System, built in 3rd century BC under the inspection of Li Bing, was the symbol of modernization of that period. Composed of a series of dams, it redirected the flow of Min Jiang, a major tributary of Yangtze River, to fields and relieved the damage of seasonal floods. The construction and various other projects greatly increased the harvest of the area which thus became the main source of provision and men for Qin's unification of China. Various ores were abundant. Adding to its significance, the area was also on the trade route from Huang He Valley to foreign countries of the southwest, especially India. Food Sichuan cuisine has an international reputation for being hot and numbing ("麻辣" in Chinese), because of the common ingredient of the Sichuan peppercorn (called "花椒" in Chiense). Some well-known Sichuan dishes include Kung Pao chicken (宮保雞丁 Gōng Bǎo Jī Dīng) and Twice Cooked Pork (回鍋肉 Huí Guō Ròu). Culture 四川文化 The Li Bai Memorial (located at his birthplace, Zhongba Town of northern Jiangyou County) is a museum in memory of the Chinese poet of the Tang Dynasty, Li Bai. It was prepared in 1962 on the occasion of 1,200th anniversary of his death, completed in 1981 and opened to the public in October of 1982. The memorial is built in the style of the classic garden of the Tang Dynasty. Music 川乐 Sichuan has a long history of folk and classical music. Sichuan opera is an ancient tradition that very is well-known. The Sichuan lantern drama is popular in Sichuan. The Sichuan Conservatory of Music in Chengdu is one of the oldest of musical education in China, having been established in 1939. There is also religious music in Sichuan, played by Daoist priests in their temples. Traditional Sichuan folk music is usually played with instruments such as the bamboo flute, pan and cymbals, gong and horn. Fujian Tulou is a property of 46 buildings constructed between the 15th and 20th centuries over 120 km in south-west of Fujian province, inland from the Taiwan Strait. Set amongst rice, tea and tobacco fields the Tulou are earthen houses. Several storeys high, they are built along an inward-looking, circular or square floor plan as housing for up to 800 people each. They were built for defence purposes around a central open courtyard with only one entrance and windows to the outside only above the first floor. Housing a whole clan, the houses functioned as village units and were known as “a little kingdom for the family” or “bustling small city.” They feature tall fortified mud walls capped by tiled roofs with wide over-hanging eaves. The most elaborate structures date back to the 17th and 18th centuries. The buildings were divided vertically between families with each disposing of two or three rooms on each floor. In contrast with their plain exterior, the inside of the tulou were built for comfort and were often highly decorated. They are inscribed as exceptional examples of a building tradition and function exemplifying a particular type of communal living and defensive organization, and, in terms of their harmonious relationship with their environment, an outstanding example of human settlement.  Located in the southeast of Fujian and at longitude 117°-118°east and latitude 23.8°-25°north, Zhangzhou is close to Taiwan Straits and facing Xiamen across the sea. It borders Quanzhou City to the east, Longyan City to the northwest and Shantou City of Guangzhou Province to the southwest.  Covering a total area of 12,600 square kilometers, Zhangzhou governs eight counties (Zhangpu, Yuxiao, Dongshan, Zhaoan, Pinghe, Nanjing, Huaan, Changtai and Longhai City) and two district (Xiangcheng and Longwen). The total population amounts to 4,500,000, most of which are of the Han nationality, as well as 21 minority nationalities as She and Gao-Shan. Being a famous hometown of overseas Chinese, there are 700,000 overseas Chinese and Hong Kong & Macao compatriots.  Known as “City of flowers and fruits” and “hometown of fish and rice”, Zhangzhou is a historic and cultural city, famous for its rich produce. It produces a lot of “6 famous fruits” (tangerines, lichis, bananas, longans, pomelos, and pineapples) and “3 famous flowers” (Narcissus, camellia, and orchid), as well as valuable seafood, including prawns, groupers, abalones, lobsters, mud crab, scallops, oysters, mud clams and squids. Narcissus, medicine “Pianzihuang”, and “Inkpad” produced locally are known as “three treasures” of Zhangzhou”, famous both in China and abroad. The tourism handicrafts of puppet carving, seashell pictures and jade carvings of the nine-dragon wall are very popular among Chinese and foreign tourists.  Zhangzhou is a famous hometown for the overseas Chinese and Taiwanese. Over 700,000 people from Zhangzhou are now living in Hong Kong and Macao. About one third of the population in Taiwan is originally from Zhangzhou. It has become a destination of pilgrimage and paying visits to their native hometown for the overseas Chinese and Taiwan patriots 福建food Fujian-stule suisine is known to be light but flavourful,soft ,and tender,with particular emphasis on umami taste.The emphasizes seafood, river fish, and shrimp.The Fujian coastal area produces 167 varieties of fish and 90kinds of turtles and shellfish. Buddha Jumps over the wall Oyster omelette Fuzhou fish balls Spring rolls The Fujian economy and culture began to flouring after the southern Song Dynasty.and develop during the middle Qing Dynasty. 闽菜是福建菜的简称,它是中国烹饪主要菜系之一,在中国烹饪文化宝库中占有重要一席。福建的经济文化是南宋以后逐渐发展起来的,清中叶后闽菜逐渐为世人所知。   闽菜由福州、闽南、闽西三路菜组成。福州菜路流行于闽东、闽中、闽北地区;闽南菜则广传于厦门、泉州、漳州、闽南金三角;闽西菜则盛行于闽西客家地区,极富乡土气息。闽菜的风格特色是:淡雅、鲜嫩、和醇、隽永。口味偏重甜、酸和清淡,常用红糟调味。   闽菜的特点主要表现在四个方面:   一、烹饪原料以海鲜和山珍为主  由于福建的地理形势倚山傍海,北部多山,南部面海,苍茫的山区,盛产菇、笋、银耳、莲子和石鳞、河鳗、甲鱼等山珍野味;漫长的浅海滩涂,鱼、虾、蚌、鲟等海鲜佳品常年不绝。平原丘陵地带则稻米、庶糖、蔬菜、水果誉满中外。山海赐给的神品,给闽菜提供了丰富的原料资源,也造就了几代名厨和广大从事烹饪的劳动者,他们以擅长制作海鲜原料,并蒸、氽、炒、煨、爆、炸、•康确矫娑谰咛厣!    二、刀工巧妙,一切服从于味  闽菜注重刀工,有“片薄如纸,切丝如发,剞花加荔”之美称。而且一切刀工均围绕着“味”下功夫,使原料通过刀工的技法,更体现出原料的本味和质地。它反对华而不实,矫揉造作,提倡原料的自然美并达到滋味沁深融透,成型自然大方、火候表里如一的效果。   三、汤菜考究,变化无穷 闽菜重视汤菜,与多烹制海鲜和传统食俗有关。闽厨长期以来把烹饪和确保原料质鲜、味纯、滋补联系起来,从长期积累的经验认为,最能保持原料本质和原味的当属汤菜,故汤菜多而考究。有的白如奶汁,甜润爽口;有的汤清如水,色鲜味美;有的金黄澄透,馥郁芳香;有的汤稠色酽,味厚香浓。   四、烹调细腻,特别注意调味  闽菜的烹调细腻表现在选料精细、泡发恰当、调味精确、制汤考究、火候适当等方面。特别注意调味则表现在力求保持原汁原味上。善用糖,以甜去腥膻;巧用醋,因酸能爽口,味清淡则可保持原味。因而有甜而不腻,酸而不淡而不薄的盛名。   著名的菜肴有:佛跳墙、醉糟鸡、酸辣烂鱿鱼、烧片糟鸡、太极明虾、清蒸加力鱼、荔枝鱼肉。    佛跳墙起源于清朝末年,为福州“聚春园”名师郑春发所创制,至今已有100多年的历史。它采用多种精料精心煨制而成,程序复杂,各料互为渗透,味中有味,质地软嫩脆润、浓郁荤香,营养丰富,是福州传统名菜之首。   福建菜系英语介绍    Fujian Cuisine     会员限时特惠最后一天,文档免下载券特权立即送     Fujian cuisine, also called Min Cai for short, holds an important position in China's culinary art. Fujian's economy and culture began flourishing after the Southern Song Dynasty (1127-1279). During the middle Qing Dynasty around 18th century, famous Fujian officials and literati promoted the Fujian cuisine so it gradually spread to other parts of China.   Fujian cuisine comprises three branches -- Fuzhou, South Fujian and West Fujian. There are slight differences among them. Fuzhou dishes, quite popular in eastern, central and northern Fujian Province, are more fresh, delicious, and less salty, sweet, and sour; South Fujian dishes, popular in Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou and the golden triangle of South Fujian, are sweet and hot and use hot sauces, custard, and orange juice as flavorings; West Fujian dishes are salty and hot, prevailing in Hakka region with strong local flavor. As Fujian people emigrate overseas, their cuisine become popular in Taiwan and abroad. Generally speaking, Fujian dishes are slightly sweet and sour, and less salty, and often use the red distiller's grain for flavoring.   Fujian cuisine is characterized by the following four aspects:   (1)Ingredients of seafood and mountain delicacies: Fujian cuisine emphasizes seafood and mountain delicacies. Fujian Province has a favorable geographical location with mountains in its north and sea to its south. Many mountain delicacies such as mushroom, bamboo shoots and tremella are often found here. The coastal area produces 167 varieties of fish and 90 kinds of turtles and shellfish. It also produces edible bird's nest, cuttlefish, and sturgeon. These special products are all used in Fujian cuisine. The local people are good at cooking seafood, featuring in methods of stewing, boiling, braising, quick-boiling, and steaming, etc.   (2) Fine slicing techniques: Fujian cuisine stresses on fine slicing techniques so much that it is reputed as sliced ingredients are as thin as paper and shredded as slim as hairs. Everything sliced serves its original aroma. Fine slicing techniques may better show the aroma and texture of food. Cutting is important in Fujian cuisine. Most dishes are made of seafood, and if the seafood is not cut well, the dishes will fail to have their true flavor.   (3) Various soup and broth: The most characteristic aspect of Fujian cuisine is that its dishes are served in soup.    (4) Exquisite culinary art: Fujian dishes are tasty because of their emphasis on a series of delicate procession: selecting ingredients, mixing flavors, timing the cooking and controlling the heat. When a dish is less salty, it tastes more delicious. Sweetness makes a dish tastier, while sourness helps remove the seafood smell.   Typical dishes are Buddha-jumping-over-the-wall, flaked spiral shell lightly pickled in rice liquor, litchi fish, and mussels quick-boiled in chicken broth, of which Buddha-jumping-over-the-wall is the most famous; the name implies the dish is so delicious that even the Buddha would jump over a wall to have a taste once he smelled it. A mixture of seafood, chicken, duck, and pork is put into a rice-wine jar and simmered over a low fire. Sea mussel quick-boiled in chicken soup is another  Fujian delicacy.  闽菜是福建菜的简称,它是中国烹饪主要菜系之一,在中国烹饪文化宝库中占有重要一席。福建的经济文化是南宋以后逐渐发展起来的,清中叶后闽菜逐渐为世人所知。   闽菜由福州、闽南、闽西三路菜组成。福州菜路流行于闽东、闽中、闽北地区;闽南菜则广传于厦门、泉州、漳州、闽南金三角;闽西菜则盛行于闽西客家地区,极富乡土气息。闽菜的风格特色是:淡雅、鲜嫩、和醇、隽永。口味偏重甜、酸和清淡,常用红糟调味。   闽菜的特点主要表现在四个方面:   一、烹饪原料以海鲜和山珍为主  由于福建的地理形势倚山傍海,北部多山,南部面海,苍茫的山区,盛产菇、笋、银耳、莲子和石鳞、河鳗、甲鱼等山珍野味;漫长的浅海滩涂,鱼、虾、蚌、鲟等海鲜佳品常年不绝。平原丘陵地带则稻米、庶糖、蔬菜、水果誉满中外。山海赐给的神品,给闽菜提供了丰富的原料资源,也造就了几代名厨和广大从事烹饪的劳动者,他们以擅长制作海鲜原料,并蒸、氽、炒、煨、爆、炸、•康确矫娑谰咛厣!    二、刀工巧妙,一切服从于味  闽菜注重刀工,有“片薄如纸,切丝如发,剞花加荔”之美称。而且一切刀工均围绕着“味”下功夫,使原料通过刀工的技法,更体现出原料的本味和质地。它反对华而不实,矫揉造作,提倡原料的自然美并达到滋味沁深融透,成型自然大方、火候表里如一的效果。   三、汤菜考究,变化无穷 闽菜重视汤菜,与多烹制海鲜和传统食俗有关。闽厨长期以来把烹饪和确保原料质鲜、味纯、滋补联系起来,从长期积累的经验认为,最能保持原料本质和原味的当属汤菜,故汤菜多而考究。有的白如奶汁,甜润爽口;有的汤清如水,色鲜味美;有的金黄澄透,馥郁芳香;有的汤稠色酽,味厚香浓。   四、烹调细腻,特别注意调味  闽菜的烹调细腻表现在选料精细、泡发恰当、调味精确、制汤考究、火候适当等方面。特别注意调味则表现在力求保持原汁原味上。善用糖,以甜去腥膻;巧用醋,因酸能爽口,味清淡则可保持原味。因而有甜而不腻,酸而不淡而不薄的盛名。   著名的菜肴有:佛跳墙、醉糟鸡、酸辣烂鱿鱼、烧片糟鸡、太极明虾、清蒸加力鱼、荔枝鱼肉。    佛跳墙起源于清朝末年,为福州“聚春园”名师郑春发所创制,至今已有100多年的历史。它采用多种精料精心煨制而成,程序复杂,各料互为渗透,味中有味,质地软嫩脆润、浓郁荤香,营养丰富,是福州传统名菜之首。   福建菜系英语介绍    Fujian Cuisine     会员限时特惠最后一天,文档免下载券特权立即送     Fujian cuisine, also called Min Cai for short, holds an important position in China's culinary art. Fujian's economy and culture began flourishing after the Southern Song Dynasty (1127-1279). During the middle Qing Dynasty around 18th century, famous Fujian officials and literati promoted the Fujian cuisine so it gradually spread to other parts of China.   Fujian cuisine comprises three branches -- Fuzhou, South Fujian and West Fujian. There are slight differences among them. Fuzhou dishes, quite popular in eastern, central and northern Fujian Province, are more fresh, delicious, and less salty, sweet, and sour; South Fujian dishes, popular in Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou and the golden triangle of South Fujian, are sweet and hot and use hot sauces, custard, and orange juice as flavorings; West Fujian dishes are salty and hot, prevailing in Hakka region with strong local flavor. As Fujian people emigrate overseas, their cuisine become popular in Taiwan and abroad. Generally speaking, Fujian dishes are slightly sweet and sour, and less salty, and often use the red distiller's grain for flavoring.   Fujian cuisine is characterized by the following four aspects:   (1)Ingredients of seafood and mountain delicacies: Fujian cuisine emphasizes seafood and mountain delicacies. Fujian Province has a favorable geographical location with mountains in its north and sea to its south. Many mountain delicacies such as mushroom, bamboo shoots and tremella are often found here. The coastal area produces 167 varieties of fish and 90 kinds of turtles and shellfish. It also produces edible bird's nest, cuttlefish, and sturgeon. These special products are all used in Fujian cuisine. The local people are good at cooking seafood, featuring in methods of stewing, boiling, braising, quick-boiling, and steaming, etc.   (2) Fine slicing techniques: Fujian cuisine stresses on fine slicing techniques so much that it is reputed as sliced ingredients are as thin as paper and shredded as slim as hairs. Everything sliced serves its original aroma. Fine slicing techniques may better show the aroma and texture of food. Cutting is important in Fujian cuisine. Most dishes are made of seafood, and if the seafood is not cut well, the dishes will fail to have their true flavor.   (3) Various soup and broth: The most characteristic aspect of Fujian cuisine is that its dishes are served in soup.    (4) Exquisite culinary art: Fujian dishes are tasty because of their emphasis on a series of delicate procession: selecting ingredients, mixing flavors, timing the cooking and controlling the heat. When a dish is less salty, it tastes more delicious. Sweetness makes a dish tastier, while sourness helps remove the seafood smell.   Typical dishes are Buddha-jumping-over-the-wall, flaked spiral shell lightly pickled in rice liquor, litchi fish, and mussels quick-boiled in chicken broth, of whi
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