indrectstatement.doc

间接引语
一、如何变人称;
下面有一句顺口溜“一随主。二随宾，第三人称不更新”。“一随主”是指在直接引语变间接引语时，如果从句中的主语是第一人称或被第一人称所修饰。从句中的人称要按照主句中主语的人称变化如：
She said. "My brother wants to go with me." →She said her brother wanted to go with her.
“二随宾”是指直接引语变间接引语时，若从句中的主语及宾语是第二人称。或被第二人你所修饰。从句中的人称要跟引号外的主句的宾语一致。如果引号外的主句没有宾语。也可以用第一人称，如：
He said to Kate. "How is your sister now?" →He asked Kate how her sister was then。
“第三人称不更新”是指直接引语变间接引语时。如果从句中的主语及宾语是第三人称或被第三人称所修饰从句中的人称一般不需要变化如：
Mr. Smith said: "Jack is a good worker。"→Mr. Smith said Jack was a good worker。
二、如何变时态：
直接引语在改为间接引语时、时态需要做相应的调整。
现在时它需改为过去时态；过去时态改为完成时；过去完成时则保留原来的时态。如：
1) She said. "I have lost a pen." →She said she had lost a pen.
2) She said. "We hope so." →She said they hoped so.
3) She said. "He will go to see his friend。"→She said he would go to see his friend。
但要注意在以下几种情况下。在直接引语变为间接引语时，时态一般不变化。
①直接引语是客观真理。
"The earth moves around the sun and the moon moves around the earth, the teacher told me. → The teacher told me the earth moves around the sun and the moon moves around the earth。
②直接引语是过去进行时，时态不变。如：
Jack said. “John, where were you going when I met you in the street?” →Jack asked John where he was going when he met him in the street。
③直接引语中有具体的过去某年、某月、某日作状语，变为间接引语时，时态不变。如：
Xiao Wang said. "I was born on April 20, 1980。" →Xiao Wang said he was born on April 20, 1980。
④直接引语如果是一般现在时。表示一种反复出现或习惯性的动作，变间接引语，时态不变。如：
He said, "I get up at six every morning。" →He said he gets up at six every morning。
⑤如果直接引语中的情态动词没有过去时的形式（例：ought to， had better, used to)和已经是过去时的形式时，（例：could, should, would, might）不再变。如：
Peter said. "You had better come have today。" →Peter said I had better go there that day。
三、如何变状语：
直接引语变间接引语，状语变化有其内在规则，时间状语由“现在”改为“原来”（例：now变为then, yesterday变为 the day before）地点状语，尤其表示方向性的，或用指示代词修饰的状语，由“此”改为“彼”（例：this 改为that),如：
He said, "These books are mine." →He said those books were his.
四、如何变句型：
①直接引语如果是陈述句，间接引语应改为由that引导的宾语从句。如：She said, "Our bus will arrive in five minutes." →She said that their bus would arrive in five minutes.
②直接引语如果是反意疑问句，选择疑问句或一般疑问句，间接引语应改为由whether或if引导的宾语从句.如：He said, "Can you swim, John?" →He asked John if he could swim.
"You have finished the homework, haven‘t you?" my mother asked. →My mother asked me whether I had finished the homework.
"Do you go to school by bus or by bike?" →He asked me if I went to school by bus or by bike.
③直接引语如果是特殊问句，间接引语应该改为由疑问代词或疑问副词引导的宾语从句（宾语从句必须用陈述句语序）。
She asked me, "When do they have their dinner?"→ She asked me when they had their dinner.
④直接引语如果是祈使句，间接引语应改为"tell(ask, order, beg等) sb.(not) to do sth."句型。如：
"Don’t make any noise," she said to the children. →She told (ordered) the children not to make any noise.
"Bring me a cup of tea, please," said she. →She asked him to bring her a cup of tea.
⑤直接引语如果是以“Let‘s”开头的祈使句，变为间接引语时，通常用“suggest +动句词（或从句）。”如：
He said, " Let’s go to the film." →He suggested going to the film.或He suggested that they should go to see the film.
引述别人的话有两种方式：一是使用引号引出人家的原话，这叫做直接引语；一是用自己的话把人家的话转述出来，这叫做间接引语。例如：
John said, "I’m going to London with my father."
约翰说："我要和父亲到伦敦去。"（引号内是直接引语）
John said that he was going to London with his father.
约翰说，他要和他父亲去伦敦。（宾语从句是间接引语）
由直接引语变为间接引语，分以下情况：
1、直接引语是陈述句时
间接引语为that引导的宾语从句（口语中that可以省略），主句的引述动词主要有say ,tell, repeat, explain, think等。
He said, "You are younger than I.” He said (that) I was younger than him.
2、直接引语是疑问句时
间接引语为陈述语序：主句的谓语动词say 改为ask,或改为wonder, do not know, want to know, be not sure, be puzzled等。
（1） 一般疑问句或反意疑问句变为if (whether)引导的宾语从句。
She said, "Do you often come here to read newspapers?"
→She asked me if (或whether)I often went there to read newspapers.
She asked me, "You have seen the film, haven’t you?"
→She asked me whether(或if )I had seen the film.
（2） 选择疑问句变为whether….or 宾语从句。
I asked him, "Will you stay at home or go to a film tonight?"
→I asked him whether he would stay at home or go to a film that night.
(3)特殊疑问句变为由原来的疑问词引导的宾语从句。
He asked, "Where do you live?" →He asked me where I lived.
3、直接引语是祈使句时
间接引语为不定式，作ask , tell, beg, order, warn, advise等动词的宾语补足语（don’t 变为not ）.
The teacher said to the boy, "Open the window." →The teacher told the boy to open the window.
His father said to him, “Don’t leave the door open.” →His father told him not to leave the door open.
[注意]
（1） 有些表示建议、提议、劝告或要求的祈使句，可以用suggest ,insist等动词 加以转述。例如：
He said, "Let’s go to the theatre."
→He suggested (our )going to the theatre.或He suggested that we(should) go to the theatre.
(2) "Would you mind opening the window?" he asked.
→He asked me to open the window.
"Why don’t you take a walk after supper?" he asked .
→he advised me to take a walk after supper.
"Shall we listen to the music?" he asked.
→He suggested listening to the music.
4、直接引语是感叹句时
间接引语为what 或how 引导，也可以用that 引导。
She said, "What a lovely day it is !"
→She said what a lovely day it was .或She said that it was a lovely day.
5、如果主句谓语动词为各种现在时或一般将来时，则间接引语中的动词仍保持直接引语原来时态。如果主句谓语动词为过去时，间接引语中的动词时态按下列变化：
（1） 一般现在时变为一般过去时
（2） 现在进行时变为过去进行时
（3） 一般将来时变为过去将来时
（4） 现在完成时变为过去完成时
（5） 一般过去时变为过去完成时
（6） 过去完成时不变，仍为过去完成时
[注意]
（1） 如果直接引语是表示客观真理时，变为间接引语，一般现在时不改为一般过去时。如：
The teacher said "The earth goes round the sun."
→The teacher said that the earth goes round the sun.
（2） 如果直接引语中有明确表示过时间的状语，变为间接引语时，一般过去时不改为过去完成时。如：
He said to me, "I was born in 1973."
→He told me that he was born in 1973.
(3)如果直接引语所述事实在当时和目前同样生效，变为间接宾语时，一般现在时不改为一般过去时。如：
He said, "I’m a boy, not a girl."
→He said that he is a boy ,not a girl.
(4)如果直接引语中的谓语动词表示一种反复出现或习惯动作，在变为间接引时，一般现在时不改为一般过去时。如：
The girl said, "I get up at six every morning."
→The girl said that she gets up at six every morning.
(5)如果直接引语中含有since, when, while 引导的表示过去时间的状语从句，在变为间接引语时，只改变主句中的谓语动词，从句的一般过去时则不变。如：
He said to me, "I have taught English since he came here ."
→He told me that he had taught English since he came here.
(6)如果直接引语中含有情态动词 must, need, had better以及情态动词的过去式could, might, should, would,在变为间接引语时，这些情态动词没有时态的改变。例如：
The teacher said to me . "You must pay more attention to your pronunciation."
→The teacher told me that I must (have to ) pay more attention to my pronunciation.
He said , "I could swim when I was only six ."
→He said that he could swim when he was only six.
6.代词等一般地应作用相应的变化。
指示代词 this ---that
these--- those
表示时间的词 now --- then
today--- that day
this week(month ,etc) ----that week (month ,etc)
yesterday ----the day before
last week(month) --- the week(month) before
three days(a year)ago---three days(a year)before
tomorrow ----the next (following ) day
next week(month)--the next(following)week(month)
表地点的词 here --there
动词 bring -- take
come –go
直接引语变间接引语的用法及讲解
定义：直接引语：直接引用别人的原话，并在原话前后加引号。
例：He said:" It is too late."
间接引语：用自己的话转述别人的话，多数以宾语从句的形式构成。
例：He said it was too late.
直接引语与间接引语相互转化时应注意的问题
第一：人称的变化。
主语为第一人称的直接引语，变间接引语时，人称要做相应调整。
例如：
直接引语 She said:" I am hungry."
间接引语 She said she was hungry.
直接引语 Mum said to me:" You must clean your bedroom by yourself."
间接引语 Mum told me that I had to clean my bedroom by myself.
第二：时态变化
直接引语变间接引语时，间接引语的时态要与主句的时态一致。其规律如下图。
注意：
1.直接引语为客观真理时，间接引语时态不变，仍用一般现在时。
例如：Teacher told us:" The moon moves round the earth."
Teacher told us the moon moves round the earth.
2.直接引语为一般过去时并且与具体时间状语连用时，间接引语仍用一般过去时。
例如：She said:" I went to England in 1998."
She said she went to England in 1998.
3.主句为一般现在时或一般将来时的时候，间接引语时态不变。
He says:" I bought you a book yesterday."
He says that he bought me a book yesterday.
第三：指示代词、时间状语、地点状语和动词的变化。
第四：句式上的变化
1.陈述句变间接引语时，用that连接。
如：She said:" I am a girl."
She said that she was a girl. (that可以省略)
2.一般疑问句，选择疑问句和反意疑问句变间接引语时，要用陈述语气，并要加连词if或whether。
例如：She asked me:" Are you Mr. Li?"
She asked me if I was Mr. Li.
She asked us: "Do you want to go on a picnic?"
She asked us if we wanted to go on a picnic.
3.特殊疑问句变间接引语要用特殊疑问词引导。
例如："How much have we spent on petrol this year," Susan asked her husband.
Susan asked her husband how much they had spent on petrol that year.
4.祈使句变间接引语，一改二变三加四去。
一改：said (to) 改为asked或told, ordered等
二变：said to 的宾语或呼语变为asked等的宾语
三加：即在动词原形前加to，使成为动词不定式
四去：去掉please
例：He said to her:" Don't take the book away."
He asked her not take the book away.
5.感叹句变为间接引语
"What awful weather it is!" she said.
She complained about the awful weather.
"What a bright girl you are." He said to me.
He praised me that I was a bright girl.
一、第一条件句：
第一条件句是指真实条件句，主要用于陈述语气，假设的情况可能发生。第一条件句中的动词应该用一般现在时代替一般将来时；用现在完成时代替将来完成时。如：
If Mary goes to the concert, she will bring her brother.
If the weather is fine tomorrow, we shall go to the country.
注意：
在第一条件句中，主句不能用be going to 表示将来，应用shall, will。例如：
If you leave now, you are never going to regret it. (错误)
If you leave now, you will never regret it. (正确)
二、第二条件句：
第二条件句是非真实条件句的一种，它表示现在或将来不可能实现，或实现的可能性很小的一种假设。它的谓语动词所表示的动作、状态都是虚构的、假想的、不可能实现或实现的可能性很小的。第二条件句中的谓语动词用一般过去时或should (were to)+动词原形，而主句中的谓语动词则用would / should / could / might+动词原形。
If I were you, I should not do that.
If everyone in the country knew first aid, many lives would be saved.
注意：
if 条件句中如有were, should, had，可以省去if，并使用倒装语序。
Were I a boy, I would join the army.
在现代英语中，if非真实条件状语从句中的谓语动词如果是be，其过去形式一般用were。
定语从句
定语从句（Attributive Clauses）在句中做定语，修饰一个名词或代词，被修饰的名词，词组或代词即先行词。定语从句通常出现在先行词之后，由关系词（关系代词或关系副词）引出。
目录
定义
先行词
关系词
定语
1,who, whom, that
2,which、that 用来指物
3.whose
关系副词的用法及说明
关系副词why
关系副词when
关系副词where
非限制性定语从句
whom指人
which 、that 通常指人也可指物
that指人时
when指时间
why指原因
介词和关系代词
关系代词
判断介词和关系代词
关系词的选择
只用that不用which
只用who不用that
只用which不用that
注意
先行词和关系词
误区提醒
展开
定义
先行词
关系词
定语
1,who, whom, that
2,which、that 用来指物
3.whose
关系副词的用法及说明
关系副词why
关系副词when
关系副词where
非限制性定语从句
whom指人
which 、that 通常指人也可指物
that指人时
when指时间
why指原因
介词和关系代词
关系代词
判断介词和关系代词
关系词的选择
只用that不用which
只用who不用that
只用which不用that
注意
先行词和关系词
误区提醒
　　复合句中修饰名词或代词的从句，它起定语的作用。
　　复合句是由一个主句或一个以上的从句而构成的句子。
　　从句只用作句子的一个成份，起修饰和说明的作用，不能独立存在。
先行词
　　指被定语从句修饰的名词、代词。
　　一般先行词出现在定语从句的前面。
关系词
　　关系词常有3个作用：
　　①连接作用，引导定语从句。
　　②代替先行词。
　　③在定语从句中担当一个成分。
　　注：关系代词有主语、宾语、定语之分。一般who做主语或宾语whom作为宾语，whose作为定语（whom，whose不可省略）。关系代词在从句中作主语，宾语，定语等，关系副词在从句中作地点状语（where）时间状语（when），原因状语（why）。
定语
　　定语用来限定、修饰名词或代词，是对名词或代词起修饰、限定作用的词、短语（动词不定式短语、动名词表示的）汉语中常用“……的”表示。主要由形容词担任，此外，名词、代词、数词、分词、副词、不定式以及介词短语也可以来担任，也可以由一个句子来担任。单词作定语时通常放在它所修饰的词之前，作前置定语。短语、从句作定语时则放在所修饰的词之后，作后置定语。
　　被定语从句修饰的名词、代词称为先行词。如“The man”、“The book”。如“那个穿着西装的人是我爸爸” 这就是一个定语从句。
　　代词引导的定语从句
　　关系代词所代替的先行词是人或物的名词或代词，并在从句中充当主语、宾语、定语等成分。关系代词在定语从句中作主词保持一致。
1,who, whom, that
　　这些词代替指人，“whom”作宾语指人，"who"和“that”既可作主语又可作宾语（作宾语可以省略），可以指人也可以指物。在从句中所起作用如下：
　　（1）Is he the man who/that wants to see you? 他是那个想见你的男人吗？（who/that在从句中作主语）
　　（2）He is the man whom/ that I saw yesterday. 他就是我昨天见的那个人。（whom/that在从句中作宾语）
　　（3）The man whom you spoke to just now is our English teacher. 你刚刚说话的那个男人是我们的英语老师。
2,which、that 用来指物
　　(用作主语、宾语，作宾语时可以省略），例如：
　　（1）The prosperity which/that had never appeared before took on in the countryside.农村出现了前所未有的繁荣。（which / that在从句中作主语）
　　（2）The package (which / that) you are carryingis about to come unwrapped.你拿那个包裹快要散开了。（which / that在从句中作宾语）
3.whose
　　(只用作定语)
　　“whose”表示谁（可以为人也可以为物）的（东西）
　　例：A child whose parents are dead is called an orphan.双亲都死了的孩子叫做孤儿。（“whose”表示那个孩子的双亲）
　　He lives in a room whose window faces south.他住的那个房子的窗户是朝南的。（“whose”表示那个房子的窗户）
　　关系代词：在句中作主语、宾语或定语。
　　1. that既可代表事物也可代表人，“which”代表事物；它们在从句中作主语或宾语，作宾语可省略“that”在从句中作宾语时常可省略关系词，“which”在从省略。[eg：This is the book （which）you want.]
　　2. 不及物动词+介词”的介词的宾语代词“wh”放在它原来的位置。
　　3. 代表物时多这时的that常被省略；
　　c）被形容词最高级修饰时；既有人又有物时；
　　e）整个句中前面已有“which”，“wh”行
　　关系副词：在句中作状语
　　关系副词=介词+关系代词
　　why=for which
　　where=in/ at/ on which（介词同先行词搭配）
　　when=during/ on/ in/…… which（介词同先行词搭配）
　　1. “where”是关系代词，当然也不用“that”引导。
　　By the time when you arrived in London, we had stayed there for two weeks. 到你到达伦敦的时候，我们在那里已经待了两个星期。
　　I still remember the place where I met her for the first time. 我仍然记得我第一次见到她的地方。
　　Each time when he goes to business trip, he brings a lot of living necessities, such as towels, soap, toothbrush etc。 他每次出差都带来了生活必需品，如毛巾，肥皂，牙刷等其他东西。
　　3. 当从句的逻辑主语是some, any, no, somebody, anybody, nobody, something, anything, everything或nothing时，常用“there is”开头。
　　There is somebody here who wants to talk to you. 这里有人要和你说话。
　　分作进一步说明，通常是引导词和先行词之间用逗号隔开，将从句拿掉后其他部分仍可成立。
关系副词why
　　关系副词why主要用于修饰表示原因的名词（主要是the reason），同时它在定语从句中用作原因状语。如：
　　We don’t know the reason why he didn’t show up. 我们不知道他为什么没有来。
　　She didn’t tell me the reason why she refused the offer. 她没跟我讲她拒绝这项工作的原因。
　　与关系副词when和where不同，why可以换成that或省略。如：
　　That’s one of the reasons (why, that) I asked you to come. 这就是我请你来的原因之一。
　　另外，与关系副词when和where可以引导非限制性定语从句不一样，why只能引导限制性定语从句，不能引导非限制性定语从句。如：
　　他失去工作的主要原因是他喝酒。
　　误：The main reason, why he lost his job, was that he drank.
　　正：The main reason why he lost his job was that he drank.
关系副词when
　　关系副词when主要用于修饰表示时间的名词，同时它在定语从句中用作时间状语。如：
　　There comes a time when you have to make a choice. 你必须作出抉择的时候到了。
　　Gone are the days when they could do what they liked. 他们为所欲为的日子一去不复返了。
　　We’ll put off the picnic until next week, when the weather may be better. 我们将把野餐推迟到下星期，那时天气可能会好一点。
　　注意不要一见到先行词为时间名词，就以为一定要用关系副词when来引导定语从句，同时还要看它在定语从句中充当什么成分——如果在定语从句中用作时间状语，就用when；如果在定语从句中不是用作时间状语，而是用作主语或宾语，那就不能用when，而要用that, which等。如：
　　Don’t forget the time (that, which) I’ve told you. 不要忘记我告诉你的时间。
　　关系代词that / which在定语从句中用作动词told的宾语，正因为是用作宾语，所以也可以省略。
关系副词where
　　关系副词where主要用于修饰表示地点的名词，同时它在定语从句中用作地点状语。如：
　　This is the village where he was born. 这就是他出生的村子。
　　That’s the hotel where we were staying last summer. 这就是我们去年夏天住的旅馆。
　　Barbary was working in Aubury, where she went daily in a bus. 巴巴拉在奥伯里工作，每天得坐公共汽车去上班。
　　与前面when的情况一样，注意不要一见到先行词为地点名词，就以为一定要用关系副词where来引导定语从句，同时还要看它在定语从句中充当什么成分——如果在定语从句中用作地点状语，就用where；如果在定语从句中不是用作地点状语，而是用作主语或宾语，那就不能用where，而要用that, which等。如：
　　He works in a factory that [which] makes TV sets. 他在一家电视机厂工作。
　　关系代词that / which在定语从句中用作主语。
　　另外注意，where有时还可用于抽象名词后引导定语从句。如：
　　We have reached a point where a change is needed. 我们到了必须改一改的地步。
　　There are cases where the word “mighty”is used as an adverb. 在一些情况下，mighty一词可用作副词。
　　He got into a situation where it is hard to decide what is right and wrong. 他陷入一种难以分辨是非的局面。
　　I don’t want a job where I’m chained to a desk all day. 我不想找一份整天坐办公桌前的工作。
　　意义：
　　非限制性定语从句起补充说明作用，缺少也不会影响全句的理解。在非限制性定语从句的前面往往有逗号隔开，如The house,which I bought last year,has a lovely garden.　我去年买的的房子带着个漂亮的花园。
　　This novel, which I have read three times, is very touching. 这本我已经读过三遍的小说很感人。
　　3. 非限定性定语从句可将整个主句作为先行词, 对其进行修饰, 这时从句谓语动词要用第三人称单数，例如：
　　He seems not to have grasped what I meant, which greatly upsets me.他似乎没抓住我的意思，这使我心烦。
　　Liquid water changes to vapor, which is called evaporation. 液态水变为蒸汽，这就叫做蒸发。
　　4. 有时as也可用作关系代词
　　5. 在非限定性定语从句中，不能用于在从句中做主语
　　（1）The boys who are playing football are from Class One. 在踢足球的男孩们是一班的。
　　（2）Yes