逻辑词汇专题.pptx

单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,#,转折关系（精选,6,个）,转折关系,基本用法，类同,but,：,However,a well-balanced diet will usually meet all the bodys vitamin meets.(1996),However,the typical teenage lifestyle is already filled with so much competition,（,2003,）,However,it has been found that even people insensitive to a certain smell(2005),插入语用法，值得关注：,This view,however,is generally thought to be wrong.(1998-47),It is generally recognized,however,that the introduction of the computer radically changed the process.(2002-29),All theories,however,are tentative and subject to criticism.(2004),On the issue of freedom of religion and the position of the church,however,there was less agreement among the leadership.(2007-8),Even he,however,might tremble at the thought of what he is about to do.(2008),These facts,however,have previously been thought unrelated.(2008-14),however,adv.,无论如何；不管怎样,conj.,然而；可是,yet,adv.,还；但是；已经,conj.,但是；然而,转折关系,副词,adv.,1.,还,尚,仍然,He cant drive,yet,.,他还不会开车。,The job is not,yet,finished.,这工作还没做完。,Go at once while there is,yet,time.,趁着还有时间,马上去。,I have,yet,to find out the truth.,我还得去了解真相。,2.,已经,Have the children come home,yet,?,孩子们已经回家了吗,?,This is the biggest lake,yet,discovered.,这是迄今为止所发现的最大湖。,3.,甚至,更,You must work harder,yet,.,你必须更努力些。,The most severe weather is,yet,to come.,最冷的天气还在后头呢。,然而,但是,Shes a funny girl,yet,you cant help liking her.,她很滑稽,但你禁不住会喜欢她。,The boy is so fat and,yet,he runs very fast.,这男孩很胖,但却跑得很快。,He is very old,yet,he is quite strong.,他虽然年纪很大了,但还很强壮。,He lives alone,yet,he is happy.,他虽然独自生活,但却很愉快。,Yet,much had happened between.,（,2002,）,但中间也发生了很多。,连接词,conj.,转折关系,whereas,conj.1.,然而，但是，尽管；,2.,既然，有鉴于,用于正式公文,1.,然而，但是，尽管；,Some praise him,whereas,others condemn him.,有些人赞扬他,而有些人谴责他。,She is slender,whereas,he is stout.,她很瘦弱，而他却又粗又壮。,Man can create his own environment,whereas,animals adapt to their environment.,人能创造他自己的环境，而动物只能适应环境。,2.,既然，有鉴于,用于正式公文,Whereas,the following incidents have occurred,鉴于下列事实已经发生，,nevertheless,adv.,仍然，不过，然而；尽管如此,conj.,然而，不过：,转折关系,副词,adv.,仍然,然而,不过,What you said was true but,nevertheless,unkind.,你所说的都对,不过有点不客气。,连接词,conj.,然而，不过,The cop told them to clear out,nevertheless,they seemed not to hear.,警察让他们离开，可他们就好像没听见一样动也不动。,Nevertheless,I still feel that the team could benefit from a new player.,然而我仍然感觉队可以来自一个新的运动员的利益。,Nevertheless,danger to body and life of the operator or third persons may occur.,然而，对操作员或第三者的身体和生命的危害也可能发生。,Many people,nevertheless,believe in being on the“safe side”(1996-50),otherwise,adj.,别的，不同的，另外的；其他方面的,adv.,否则；另外；在其他方面,conj.,否则,;,要不然,转折关系,副词,adv.,1.,用别的方法,不同地,He says its genuine,but we think,otherwise.,他说这是真的,但我们不这样认为。,2.,在其他方面,;,除此以外,The soup was cold,but it was,otherwise,an excellent meal.,除了汤是凉的以外,那顿饭菜是很好的。,连接词,conj.,否则,;,要不然,Youd better go now,otherwise,youll miss the train.,你最好现在就走,要不然就赶不上火车了。,still,n.,寂静；剧照；蒸馏室,vt.,蒸馏；使,静止；使,平静下来,vi.,静止；平静；蒸馏,adj.,静止的，不动的；寂静的，平静的；不起泡的,adv.,仍然；更；静止地,conj.,仍然；但是；尽管如此,转折关系,conj.,可是，但是，然而，虽然这样,：,It was futile,still,they fought.,明知不可能获胜，他们还是进行了拼争。,adv.,还，尚：,Is he,still,here?,他还在这儿吗,?,仍，至今还；迄今为止：,A day before departure we were,still,lacking an itinerary.,就在临行的前一天，我们还没制定出旅行计划。,仍然，依然,：,when England was,still,a completely agricultural country(1998),还要，甚至要：,still,more complaints,更多的抱怨,still,greater riches,更大的财富,还有：,Tomorrow is,still,to come.,明天过后总还有明天。,静静地；静止不动地,：,Stand,still,!,but,Patienceisbitter,butitsfruitissweet.,on the contrary,I thought he was a teacher,on the contrary,he was a student.,其它：,转折关系,让步关系（精选,3,个）,*,补充介绍“表让步意义的介词”,让步关系,although,conj.1.,虽然，尽管,2.,用于主句后，引出补充说明,然而,虽然，尽管,Although,it was so cold,he went out without an overcoat.,尽管天气很冷，但他还是没有穿大衣就出去了。,It is generally recognized,however,that the introduction of the computer radically changed the process,although,its impact on the media was not immediately apparent.(2002-31),All these conditions tend to increase the probability of a child committing a criminal act,although,a direct causal relationship has not yet been established.(2004-40),Although,the figure may vary,analysts do agree on another matter(2006-7),用于主句后，引出补充说明,然而,Our car is old,although,it still runs well.,我们的车旧了，然而却很好开。,though,adv.,可是，虽然；不过；然而,conj.1.,虽然，尽管；,2.,（用于主句后，引出补充说明，使语气变弱）不过，可是，然而,连接词,conj.,1.(,最常见，表让步的从属连词,),虽然,;,尽管,;,即使,Though,hes fool,I like him nonetheless.,虽然他很笨,我仍然喜欢他。,Its quite pleasant today,though,the wind is rather cool.,尽管风有点凉,今天天气还是很不错的。,2.,（用于主句后，引出补充说明，使语气变弱）不过，可是，然而,Theyre very different,though,they did seem to get on well when they met.,他们大不相同,可是见面后好像还确实相处得不错,.,Hell probably say no,though,its worth asking.,他很可能会拒绝,不过问一下有益无害,.,让步关系,副词,adv.,（,尤用于句末补充说明，使语气减弱）不过，可是，然而,Our team lost.It was a good game,though,.,我们队输了,可是也不失为一场很好的比赛,.,In fact,though,we are extremely sensitive to smells.(2005-5,，表转折的连接副词,),while,n.(,一段,),时间,vt.1.,消磨,打发,(,时间,),；,2.(,愉快而懒散地,),度过,(,时间,)(,常与,away,连用,),conj.1.,在,期间，当,的时候；,与,同时,2.,虽然，,尽管,3.,而，然而,1.,引导时间状语从句，意为“当,的时候；和,同时”,The phenomenon provides a way for companies to remain globally competitive,while,avoiding market cycles and the growing burdens.,（,1997-8,）,2.,表示让步,通常位于句首，意为“尽管；虽然”,While,I agree with your reasons,I cant allow it.,尽管我同意你的理由,但我不能允许这样做。,While,most leaders sought to maintain Catholicismasthe official religion of the new states,，,some sought to end theexclusion of other faiths.,（,2007-12,）,3.,表示对比或转折，意为“而；然而”。此时，,while,一般位于句中,（,While,作并列连词用，意思为“而，然而”，表对比；而,but,表转折）,Some people waste food,while,others havent enough.,有些人浪费粮食,然而有些人却吃不饱。,You like sports,while,I prefer music.,你喜欢体育,而我更喜欢音乐。,4.,表示条件，意为“只要”，相当于,as long as,。,while,可位于句首，也可位于句中,There will be life,while,there is water and air.,只要有空气和水，就有生命。,While,there is life,there is hope.,留得生命在，不怕没希望。,让步关系,despite,是一个介词，它后面加名词词组；,although,是一个连词，它后面加句子,尽管他很忙，他还是来了车站迎接我们。,误：,Despite he was busy,he came to the station to meet us.,正：,Despite he being busy,he came to the station to meet us.,正：,Despite the fact that he was busy,he came to the station to meet us.,despite(,尽管,),是介词，不是连词，所以不能用来引导句子，若其后要跟,that,从句，需插入,the fact,。,尽管有病，他还是来开会了。,误：,He came to the meeting despite of his illness.,正：,He came to the meeting in spite of his illness.,despite(,尽管,),本身是介词，注意不要受,in spite of(,尽管,),的影响，而误用,despite of(,偶尔可见此用法，但因多数语言 学家反对这一用法，建议学生避免使用,),。,尽管我的资历很好，但我还是找不到工作。,误：,Despite my qualifications,but I couldnt get a job.,正：,Despite my qualifications,I couldnt get a job.,despite(,尽管,),是介词，由此引出的是介词短语，注意不要按 汉语意思将其与,but,连用。,关于,despite/despite of/in spite of,的一点说明：,Despite,用作介词时，与,in spite of,同义，都表示“尽管”、“虽然”、“不顾”之意，但程度有所不同。一般说来，,in spite of,的语气较强，使用范围也较广；,despite,的语气较弱，多用于诗歌或正式的文体中。,Despite,可以写作,despite of,，,也可以写作,in despite of,。,其它：,让步关系,even though/even if,adv.,表让步,Even though its hard work,I enjoy it.,even so,conj.,表让步,Its raining.Even so,we have to go out.,介词后接名词,/,动名词。,表示“让步”的,介词,除了以外,in spite of/despite,，还有,regardless of,notwithstanding,等，它们所构成的介词短语在意义上相当于由,although/though,所引起的让步状语从句。,regardless of,The plane will take off,regardless of the weather.,notwithstanding,Notwithstanding any other agreements,we will make a new contract with the firm,因果关系（精选,5,个）,because,conj.1.,因为，由于,2.,引导名词从句，相当于,that,或,the fact that,这一事实，,这一点原因，原因是,因果关系,1.,因为，由于,The boy was always late,because,it took so long to get dressed.,这个男孩因花太长时间穿衣服总是迟到。,Vitamins are similar,because,they are made of the same elements.(1996),Because,they are adjusting to their new bodies and a whole host of new intellectual and emotional challenges,teenagers are especially self-conscious.(2003-24),Children engage in criminal behavior,because,they were not sufficiently penalized,for previous misdeeds.(2004-22),This may be,because,some people do not have the genes,（,2005,）,2.,引导名词从句，相当于,that,或,the fact that,The reason I am here is,because,I want to ask for your help.,我之所以到这儿来是想寻求你的帮助。,Thus,the question was finally settled.,这个问题最终就这样解决了。,You will,thus,obtain three layers.,你将因此获得三个层次。,Many people believe in being on the“safe side”and,thus,take extra vitamins.(1996),thus,n.,乳香,adv.,因此；从而；这样；如此,conj.,因此,因果关系,因果关系,hence,adv.,因此，所以，由此；从现在起，从此，从这时起,因此，所以，由此,Its handmade and,hence,expensive.,这是手工做的,因此很贵。,Hence,there is an improvement in the cycle efficiency.,因此，在循环效率上这是一个改进。,And,hence,they allow their employees time to get over the most severe,early stages of a long term relationship breakup.,因此，在一段长期恋爱关系破裂初期最难熬的时候，公司允许员工有一段时间来疗伤。,Under modern conditions,this requires varying measures of centralized control,and,hence,the help of specialized scientists such as economists and operational,research experts.,（,2000part C,）,在现代条件下，这需要程度不同的集中控制措施，从而就需要获得诸如经济学和,运筹学等领域专家的协助。,从现在起，从此，从这时起,The sports meet will be held three days,hence,.,运动会在三天后举行。,因果关系,since,prep.,自,以来，从,至今，自从；自,以后,adv.,后来，此后；,conj.,因为；由于；既然；自,以来；自,以后,介词,prep.,(,表示时间,),从,以来,;,自从,之后,I have lived here,since,January.,自一月份以来,我一直住在这里。,Hes been working in a bank,since,leaving school.,自从毕业后,他就一直在一家银行工作。,连接词,conj.,1.,因为,;,既然,;,由于,Since,it is late I shall go home now.,由于时间晚了,我现在要回家了。,Since,this is so,its better to accept it.,既来之，则安之。,Since,you are so sure of it hell believe you.,既然你对此这么有把握,他会相信你的。,2.,常前接,ever,自从,以来，,以后,到现在,Since,I left college,I have not seen him.,自从我离开大学以后,就没有见过他了,I have known him,ever since,I was a child.,我自孩提时代起就已经认识他了。,副词,adv.,从过去某时间以来,以后,到现在,He disappeared many years,since,.,他多年以前就不知去向。,Her husband died 10 years ago but she has,since,remarried.,她丈夫十年前去世,但她后来又嫁人了。,因果关系,consequently,adv.,结果，因此，所以,And,consequently,Mark was the best hated and most calumniated man of his time.,正因为这样，所以马克思是当代最遭嫉恨和最受诬蔑的人。,She was a bright and eager student and,consequently,did well in school.,她是个聪明好学的学生,因此学习成绩很好。,Whom,therefore,we also like,and Who,consequently,is good.,因此，我们也喜欢这位神，所以这位神是善的。,More families consist of one parent households or two working parents;,consequently,children are likely to have less supervision at home(2004-34),其它：,therefore,I dont know much about America,therefore,I cant advise you about it.,now that,Now(that)Davids arrived,we can begin.,so that,He speaks loudly so that everyone in the room could hear him.,on account of,We had to stay inside on account of the rain.,as a result,He worked very hard,and as a result he passed the last examination without effort.,as a result of,He was killed as a result of traffic accident.,accordingly,There are the rules.Please act accordingly.,so long as,You could make it so long as you work hard.,so,I was feeling bad,so I went to bed.,owing to,Owing to lack of money,these transactions must now be delayed.,due to,His failure was due to his lack of work.,thanks to,Thanks to his help,she succeeded in her career.,因果关系,举例关系（精选,3,个）,such as,例如，比如；,像,那样的，诸如,之类的,举例关系,We dislike people,such as,him.,我们不喜欢像他这号人。,Teachers always like students,such as,these.,老师们总是喜欢这样的学生。,He has some strange hobbies such as collecting bottles.,他有一些奇怪的癖好比如说收集瓶子。,The government is to ban payments to witnesses by newspapers seeking to buy up people involved in prominent cases,such as,the trial of Rosemary West.(2001-1),政府将禁止报界付钱给证人，以收买像,Rosemary West,审判案这般重大案件中的证人。,The brain finds it best to keep smell receptors available for unfamiliar and emergency signals,such as,the smell of smoke,which might indicate the danger of fire.(2005-20),大脑发现最好让气味感受器随时可以用于不熟悉和危险的信号，比如也许意味着有火灾的烟味。,举例关系,for example,例如，譬如，举例来说,For example,:Why live?,例如：为什么生活？,You can take your research work,for example,.,你可以拿你的研究工作做个例子。,There are many sources of air pollution;exhaust fumes,for example,.,空气污染有许多来源,例如废气。,Japan,for example,has two languages.,譬如说,日本就有两种语言。,it would be wise to plan activities in which there are more winners than losers,for example,publishing newsletters with many student-written book reviews,displaying student artwork,and sponsoring book discussion clubs.(2003-28),Changes in the social structure may indirectly affect juvenile crime rates.,For example,changes in the economy(2004),举例关系,for instance,例如，比如,We have people,for instance,.,比如，我们这儿有些人。,For instance,some TV shows have too much violence and crime.,举例来说，有些电视节目有太多的暴力和犯罪。,You cannot rely on her;,for instance,she arrived an hour late for an important,meeting yesterday.,她这人靠不住,例如昨天一个重要会议,她迟到了一个小时。,Every cat with an owner,for instance,is running a small-scale study,in operant conditioning.(2009-14),比如说，每只有主人的猫都在进行一个小规模的操作条件反射研究。,for example(=for instance),就把当成是插入语，句子结构不受到这个插入语的影响,;,such as,可把他理解成一个介词的作用，介词后面接名词，动名词。,For example,BBC broadcasts English programs for China with explanations in Chinese.,例如,BBC,对中国广播的英语节目配有汉语解释。,English is spoken in many countries,such as Australia and Canada.,许多国家都讲英语,例如澳大利亚和加拿大。,(1)for example,用来举例说明某一论点或情况,一般只举同类人或物中的,“,一个,”,为例,作插入语,可位于句首、句中或句末。,Ball games,for example,have spread around the world.,例如,球类运动已经在世界各地传播开了。,What would you do if you met a wild animal-a lion,for example?,如果遇上野兽,例如狮子,你该怎么办,?,(2)such as,用来列举事物时,一般列举同类人或事物中的几个例子。插在被列举的事物与前面的名词之间,as,后面不可有逗号。,Some of the rubbish,such as food,paper and iron,rots away over a long period of time.,有些废物,如剩饭、废纸和废铁,时间一久就烂掉了。,举例关系,三者的关系,a case in point,There are many tourist attractions in Nanjing.Dr.Sun Yetsens Mausoleum,is a case in point.,as follows,The reasons are as follows.,as an illustration,He is a kind person,as an illustration,he is always ready to help others.,to illustrate,To illustrate,I will give you many examples.,其它：,举例关系,递进关系,(,精选,6,个,),递进关系,in addition/additionally,adv.,另外，此外,In addition,we MUST fingerprint and photograph all non US citizens.,对于所有非美籍公民者，必须采集指纹及照相。,She says that,in addition,to bring animals,such as tiger and rhinos,to near extinction,the illegal trade also hurts African Economics.,她说野生动物非法交易，不仅使很多像老虎，犀牛等动物都濒临灭绝，而且也损害了非洲的经济。,In addition,the factory also produces concrete jet,acetylene compressor,oxygen compressor and refrigeration dryer container products,such as stress.,此外，本厂还生产混凝土喷射机、乙炔压缩机、氧压机和冷冻式干燥器等压力容器产品。,Additionally,I feel,there still is a very important thing in the kitchen is dishwasher.,另外我觉得，厨房里还有一件很重要的东西就是洗碗机。,Additionally,use of visit visas for business travelers will cease and a new class of visa will be created for that purpose.,此外，以进行商务活动为目的的访问签证将停止使用，同时一种新类型的签证将为此而设立。,*in addition to,除,以外，除,之外还,递进关系,whats more,He is handsome,and whats more,he is humorous.,moreover,The price is too high,and moreover,the house isnt in a suitable position.,furthermore/further,The house is too small,and furthermore,its too far from the city.,besides/also,A qualified teacher should have good manners.Beside,he should have extensive knowledge.,与,in addition,相同的：,递进关系,not onlybut also,不仅,.,而且,.,We like,not only,music,but also,art.,我们不但喜欢音乐，而且也喜欢艺术。,Marketing today is a market economy in the era of marketing to determine,not only,production,but also,distribution.,在市场经济的今天是一个营销的时代，营销不仅要决定生产，而且决定分配。,If your ideal and goal are,not only,right,but also,decisive,then maybe you,should adjust your mentality to face them.,如果你的理想和目标是正确而又坚定的，那也许就要调整调整自己的心态，才能面对吧。,as well,The book tells about Mark Twains writings and about his life as well.,likewise,You must pack warm clothes for the journey.,Likewise,youll need plenty of food.,that is(to say)/in other words,Your performance in the exam didnt reach the required standard,that is(to say)/in other words,you failed.,equally important,To run a company