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英语四级语法全.docx

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四级语法 一:时态:所谓"时态",就是时间+状态。谓语动词时态见下表: 1.主动形式 2.被动形式 CET-4 常考三种时态:过去完成时;未来完成时;(现在/过去)完成进行时。 时间状语从句当中时态: 通常过去时 全部过去 用 通常现在时 表示 现在和未来 现在完成时 现在完成和未来完成 一.非谓语动词 一.不定式: 一)不定式常考形式: 通常形式:He decided to work harder in order to catch up with the others. 被动形式: He preferred to be assigned some heavier work to do. 语法功效: 表示与谓语动词同时发生 完成形式:He pretended not to have seen me. 被动形式:The book is said to have been translated into many languages. 语法功效:表示发生在谓语动词之前 二)不定式常考考点: 1)不定式做定语----将要发生 2)不定式做状语----目标 3)不定式充当名词功效---To see is to believe. 三)不定式省略 1)感官动词 see, watch, observe, notice, look at, hear, listen to, smell, taste, feel + do  表示动作完整性,真实性; + doing 表示动作连续性,进行性 I saw him work in the garden yesterday. 昨天我看见他在花园里干活了。(强调"我看见了"这个事实) I saw him working in the garden yesterday. 昨天我见他正在花园里干活。(强调"我见他正干活"这个动作) 2) 使役动词 have bid make let 等词后不定式要省略但同1)一样被动以后要还原to I ‘d like to have John do it. I have my package weighed. Paul doesn’t have to be made to learn. 3) help help sb do help sb to do help do help to do 四)有些动词后只跟不定式如: want,wish,hope,manage,promise,refuse,pretend,plan, offer,decide,agree,expect allow sb to do, cause sb to do , permit sb to do, enable sb to do force sb to do. be more likely to do love to do warn sb to do be able to do be ambitious to do. begin to do . start to do 五) 有时候to后面要接-ing形式 accustom (oneself) to; be accustomed to; face up to; in addition to; look forward to; object to; be reduced to; resign oneself to; be resigned to; resort to; sink to; be used to; be alternative to; be close/closeness to; be dedication/dedicated to; be opposition/opposed to; be similarity/similar to. 三、need/want 后-ing形式具备被动意思。其中,want不太惯用。 He needs (a lot of) encouraging. 二. 动名词: 具备动作性特征名词 1)是名词 seeing is believing 2)具备动词性特征能够带宾语 starving troops is necessary. 一)动名词形式: 通常形式:I don't like you smoking. 完成形式:I regret not having taken your advice. 被动形式:This question is far from being settled. 二) 动名词常考点 1)动名词做主语谓语动词为单数 2)在动名词和不定式中,做为介词宾语是动名词 3)动名词否定直接在其前加否定词,经过代词宾格或全部格形式给出逻辑主语. I would appreciate_______ back this afternoon. A.you to call B.you call C.you calling D.you're calling(Key:C your calling 也对) I regret not having taken your advice. 4)有些词后只能接动名词 admit; appreciate; avoid; celebrate; consider; contemplate; defer; delay; deny; detest; discontinue; dislike; dispute; enjoy; it entails; escape; excuse; explain; fancy; feel like; finish; forgive; can't help; hinder; imagine; it involves; keep; it means; mention; mind; miss; it necessitates; pardon; postpone; practice; prevent; recall; report; resent; resist; risk; suggest; understand... 另外还有一些接-ing形式惯用说法: it's no good; it's no/little/hardly any/ use; it's not/hardly/scarcely use; it's worthwhile; spend money/time; there's no; there's no point in; there's nothing worse than; what's the use/point... 5有些词后加不定式和动名词均可 remember, forget, try, stop, go on, cease, mean后面用不定式和-ing形式,意义截然不容。 I remembered to post the letters. (指未来/过去未来动作) I remembered posting/having posting the letters (我记得这个动作) forgot与remember使用方法类似。 I regret to inform you that… 我很遗憾地通知你… I regretted having left the firm after twenty years. 为了"二十年前离开"而遗憾。 try –ing 试验 Try practicing five hours a day. I mean to go, but my father would not allow me to. [打算、想]我想去,但我父亲不让我去。 To raise wage means increasing purchasing power. [意味着]赠加工资意味着增加购置力。 prefer使用方法: 我宁愿在这里等。 I prefer to wait here. (所以啊,你不介意话,我就等下去。) I prefer waiting here.(我正在这里等,我就喜欢这么做。) I prefer swimming to cycling. (这个句子里面就不能用不定式了。) 3 分词: 现在分词主动进行,过去分词被动状态 现在分词形式: 1)通常式: Do you see the man talking to the dean(主任)? (与谓语动词同时发生) 2)完成形式:Not having made adequate preparations, they failed. (发生谓语动词之前) 3)完成被动形式:Having been adapted, the script seems perfect.( 发生谓语动词之前且表示被动) 过去分词 过去分词表示被动:Fight no battle unprepared. 2)过去分词进行形式:You'll find the topic being discussed everywhere. (强调正在被做) 这三种非谓语动词,都能够组成复合结构,非谓语动词所修饰成份是这些非谓语动词逻辑主语。他们之间一致关系——主动还是被动,往往就是考点。独立主格结构中,要注意是分词与他前面逻辑主语之间主动被动关系。 二:虚拟三:虚拟语气 情态动词所表示可能性程度:must/can't should/shouldn't might/may (not) 另外两个"类情态词形式:"need/needn't; have to/don't have to 最自然虚拟状态:由should/would+原型时态(不含时间只含状态) 本质上是过去未来时:即,时间固定在过去未来,状态不一样:通常、进行、完成、完成进行。 这时"虚拟语气"产生往往是因为我们要表示"原来应该……"(而现在却还没有……) (原来能够……,原来能……) I should go! (… but I'm still here!) (通常) I should be working now! (进行) I should have practiced more (than I did)! (完成) 我应该多多练习!(言下之意,现在我练习得不多。) I shouldn't dream away my time too much! (完成否定) (actually I did dream away my time too much!) It shouldn't have been leaking for such a long time! (完成进行) I may/might/could have finished! (完成) 一些常见句型中,就会出现这种虚拟语气,而处于从句之中,should 经常被省略掉 require, request; think, expect, believe, insist, suspect. 因为他们含义中包含"提议,假设,应该"这类含义,所以,由他们引发从句中,就会包含有should+原型时态组成虚拟语气。 这些动词(以及他们名次形式,分词形式)引发从句还有其余变形: 主语从句,表语从句,同位语从句 It's suggested that… My suggestion is that… The only suggestion that... The only suggestion I can give you now is that… 一些形容词引发表语从句中,也会有一样情况 important; necessary; essential It's natural ; strange; incredible that a pity; a shame; no wonder 由lest, for fear that, in case 引发从句中多使用should 表示与事实相反 1. 与现在相反:使用[过去时]: I wish I were not here! (通常现在通常过去) Suppose we were not here. He loved me as if I were his own son. (通常现在通常过去) Hope I weren't always losing things! (现在进行过去进行) If only/If I hadn't been there! (现在完成过去完成) What if I hadn't been waiting right here! (现在完成进行过去完成进行) 常考句型:It's (high) time (that)…; would rather (that)… 这两个从句,只能表示对现在看法,所以,从句中只有通常过去时。 2. 与过去相反:过去完成时; How nice it is if I had past the test! How nice it is if I had slept a little more this morning! 3. 与未来相反?未来事情没有发生,所以只能推测。 If it rains tomorrow, we'll have to stay one day more. 不过,因为能够用be to表示未来;所以,虚拟语气中经常出现were to;也是CET-4常考语法点。 虚拟条件句 if 部分,做一个与事实相反假设(所以只有通常过去和过去完成); 主句部分,这是表示基于这个假设推测,通常使用情态动词would,少数情况下使用could/might/may。 注意:两个部分之间,是有逻辑关系,而在两部分谓语动词时态上,没有必定联络。 注意,虚拟条件句中if能够省略,造成were/had提前,产生倒装。 隐含非真实条件 What would you do with 50 thousand dollar? How could I be happy without you? 除了条件状语从句之外,原因状语从句也会出现虚拟语气。 由in order that, so that引发从句,必定时候能够使用may/might; can/could; 否定时候,多用shouldn't; whoever, whatever, no matter what引发从句中,多用may+ 情态动词基本使用方法及其区分 最近几年高考试题中经常借助语境来考查情态动词基本使用方法及其区分,所以在平时学习时准确了解和掌握情态动词基本使用方法十分主要。情态动词使用方法复杂多变,在高考试题中,命题者经常利用语境和句子之间意义上细微差异来考查学生对情态动词了解和掌握。对于情态动词,除了要求考生能够准确掌握它们基本使用方法外,还要充分利用高考试题所设置语境来分析句子之间所表现特殊关系。下面就近几年来高考试题中出现情态动词考点进行归纳分析,方便同学们复习掌握。 一、用“情态动词+have +done”结构表示对过去动作推测,高考试题中惯用过去时态或过去时间状语给以暗示。情态动词这一使用方法能够用 “对立统一”来概括。 1.当试题前句和后句在动作和意义上相互补充说明,且整个句意在动作和时间上是一个整体时,我们可用“统一”关系来处理这么试题。常见结构有: must have done: 表示对过去动作必定推测,常译作“一定做了……”,只能用于必定句中。其否定形式为can’t/couldn’t have done 疑问式为Can/Could...have done﹖。 could /might have done:表示对过去发生动作可能性推测,常译作“可能做了……”。如: 1) My sister met him at the Grand Theater yesterday afternoon, so he _____ your lecture.  A. couldn’t have attended B. needn’t have attended C. mustn’t have attended D. shouldn’t have attended 本题选A。 2) Jack ____ yet, otherwise he would have telephoned me. A. mustn’t have arrived B. shouldn’t have arrived C. can’t have arrived D. need not have arrived (C) 2.当试题前后句在动作和意义上组成转折关系时,常借助“but, however, instead”等词来表示过去动作与客观事实不符,这时我们就能够用“对立”关系来处理这么试题。这种结构常见有: should have done / ought to have done:表示过去本应该做某事而实际上没有做。 should not have done / ought not to have done:表示过去本不应该做某事但实际上却做了。 need have done:表示过去原来有必要去做某事,但实际上没有做。 need not have done:表示过去原来没有必要做某事,但实际上却做了。如: 3) I was really anxious about you. You _____ home without a word. (NMET) A. mustn’t leave B. shouldn’t have left C. couldn’t have left D. needn’t leave “本不应该离家出走却走了”,故本题选B。 4) I told Sally how to get here, but perhaps I _____ for her. (NMET’94) A. had to write it out B. must have written it out C. should have written it out D. ought to write it out 由句中连词but可知前后句之间是对立关系,分析题意可知本题应选C。 二、考查情态动词基本使用方法之间比较和辨析。最近几年高考试题中常借助详细语境来考查考生对那些最常见情态动词基本使用方法了解和掌握,所以在做这么试题时应认真分析语境中所含实际意义,并结合情态动词基本含义和使用方法做出正确选择。 —He should, but he ______ not. He likes driving his car. A. must B. can C. need D. may mustn’t 表示“禁止、不准”;cannot 表示“不可能”;need not 表示“无须要”;may not 表示“可能不”。分析语境可知本题应选D。 6) —I hear you’ve got a set of valuable Australian coins. ______ I have a look﹖ —Yes, certainly. A. Do B. May C. Shall D. Should 分析语境可知这是在征求对方许可,may表示“允许、能够”,语气比较委婉 shall惯用于 一、三人称作主语疑问句中,表示征求对方意见和指示,假如此空用shall,则意为“要(我)看一下吗?”,不符合上下文意思。故本题选B。 7) Mr Bush is on time for everything. How ____ it be that he was late for the opening ceremony﹖ A. can B. should C. may D. must must be 表示必定猜测,只能用于必定句中,由题意可知本题应选A。 —I’m not sure. I ____ go to the concert instead. A. must B. would C. should D. might 由题意和下句中 “I’m not sure” 可知这段对话中存在一个可能性推测,might能够用来表示一个比较委婉可能性判断,故本题选D。又如: I should have been there, but I _____ not find the time. A. would B. could C. might D. should 分析题意可知第二个分句表示过去某种能力;C 项只表示语气上可能性,与题意不符。故本题选B。 9) Johnny, you ____ play with the knife, you ____ hurt yourself. A. won’t; can’t B. mustn’t; may C. shouldn’t; must D. can’t; shouldn’t mustn’t 表示“不能够;禁止”,分析题意可知第二个空表示某种可能性,故本题选B。 10) —Will you stay for lunch﹖ A. I mustn’t B. I can’t C. I needn’t D. I won’t 分析题意可知因为“我弟弟要来看我”,所以“不能留下”,所以对他人邀请或要求应给予礼貌拒绝。A 项表示“禁止”;C项表示“无须要”;而D项表示“不会”,均不符合题意。故本题选B。又如: —Could I borrow your dictionary﹖ —Yes, of course you _____. A. might B. will C. can D. should (C) —They _____ be ready by 12 0. A. can B. should C. might D. need 该题考查情态动词should基本含义,分析句意可知本题应选B。又如: 12) The fire spread through the hotel very quickly but everyone ____ get out.( A. had to B. would C. could D. was able to 该题考查了could和be able to区分,二者都可表示过去时间能力,但假如表示过去成功地做了某事只能使用was / were able to do,故本题选D。 13) —Shall I tell John about it ﹖ —No, you _____. I’ve told him already. A. needn’t B. wouldn’t C. mustn’t D. shouldn’t 情态动词shall在试题中表示咨询对方意见或请求指示。答句暗示 “没有必要了”,故本题选A 三、一致关系 一)主谓一致 EG:小明和全部同学一起去爬西山。 4就近标准:n1 or n2       +v(就近标准) either n1 or n2 Neither nor EG:咖啡和茶 5可数n1 and 可数n2+v(pl) 不可数n1 and 不可数n2+v(pl) 例外:war and peace is… war and peace是一个整体 不过假如主语表示是同一个概念,同一人,同一事时候,谓语动词用单数,这种结构特征是and连接两个词只有一个冠词。 The iron and steel industry is very important to our country. 类似还有:law and order bread and butter black and white fork and knife To love and to be loved is … A lawyer and a teacher are… A lawyer and teacher is … 6随即标准:not A but B / not only A but also B+v.(与B一致) EG:英语课和睡觉 7百分比结构:most , half , rest , some , majority , one+persent  of+n1+v.(由n1决定) 8倒装结构主谓一致: a)There be +n 由名词决定动词 b)Among , between等介词位于句首引发倒装结构: Among / Between …+系动词+n. (由名词决定动词) 9The+adj主谓一致: a)当表示“一类人”, b)当表示某一抽象概念时 The good is always attractive. 10 To do/doing/主从+vs *More than one+n many a +n. a day or two 二)、倒装 1 全部倒装 是只将句子中谓语动词全部置于主语之前。此结构通常只用与通常现在时和通常过去时。常见结构有:Up went the plane = the plane went up. 2) 表示运动方向副词(back, down, off, up)或地点状语置于句首,谓语表示运动动词。 3) 形容词短语/分词短语位于句首,引发倒装 *typical of  characteristic of *coinciding with + n 4) 表示地点范围介词短语位于句首,谓语动词为系动词,一定引发倒装 In…(表语)+系动词+主,主同。 *在倒装句型答案中不能出现there *常考介词要倒装:among between in at beneath 常考系动词:be lie exist remain rest 部分倒装 1. 否定 adv 位于句首,引发倒装:not only, not until, hardly, scarcely, seldom, rarely, no sooner…than 1) not until + 时间 + 主谓倒装,not until + 句子+主谓倒装 2) only+状语位于句首 only +ad.  eg: recently prep.短短语  eg: in recently years 从句  eg: when clause only一个词本身不倒装 3) 在比较级结构中,than后面能够倒装,也能够不倒装。 部分倒装是指将谓语一部分如助动词或情态倒装至主语之前。假如句中谓语没有助动词或情态动词,则需添加助动词do, does或did,并将其置于主语之前。 1) Neither, nor, so 表示前面句子共同否定或者必定,产生倒装,通常主动词提前,谓语动词其余部分就 4) as / though引导让步从句必须将表语或状语提前 (形容词, 副词, 分词, 实义动词提前)。 as〔让步〕即使,尽管〔词序倒装。语气比 though 强〕。 Successful as he is, he is not proud. 他虽成功,却不骄傲。 Women as she is, she's every brave. Try hard as he will, he never seems able to do the work satisfactorily. 注意:A) 句首名词不能带任何冠词。B) 句首是实义动词, 其余助动词放在主语后。假如实义动词有宾语和状语, 随实义动词一起放在主语之前。 5) 其余部分倒装 so… that 句型中so; such… that句型中such位于句首时,需倒装。 So frightened was he that he did not dare to move an inch. 在一些表示祝福句型中:May you all be happy. 在虚拟语气条件句中从句谓语动词有were, had, should等词,可将if 省略,把 were, had, should 移到主语之前,采取部分倒装。Were I you, I would try it again. 四、复合句 从句可分为: 名词性从句 主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句 形容词性从句定语从句 副词性从句状语从句 常考关系代词:that; which; who/whom/whose; where; when; what; as。 常见同位语从句现行词(that之前抽象名词):fact, idea, news, hope, conclusion, evidence, opinion, problem, thought, understanding… 惯用引导词 时间状语从句:while; when; before; whenever; as; after; till; until; since; once; ever since; as/so long as; as soon as; no sooner… than; hardly… when; scarcely/barely… when; the moment/minute/instant; on (the point of) doing… 地点状语从句:where; wherever 原因状语从句:because; since; as; seeing that; considering that; now that; in that; for fear that; lest; owing to the fact that; because of the fact that; due to the fact that… 方式状语从句:as; as if; as though; how; save that… 比较状语从句:as; than; as… as; not so… as; hardly… than; 结果状语从句:so that; so… that; such… that; so as to… 条件状语从句:if; unless; in case; so long as; so far as; provided/providing/that; supposing; granted/granting that…; giving that…. 让步状语从句:though; although; even if; even though; whether; as; however; no matter (what, how, when); for all that; in spite of the fact that; granted that; regardless of the fact that… 目标状语从句:that; so that; in order that; lest; for the fear that; in case… 定语从句: which 引导定语从句结构 1)which是关系代词,which后面应该加缺主语或者宾语句子, 在这个句子中,which要作成份,作主语或者宾语 2)in which+完整句子 which在定语从句中作in宾语,所以不能作后面句子主语 3)名词+of which+谓语动词 of which来修饰名词,名词在定语从句中作主语,所以后面直接跟谓语动词 I have five books three of which are borrowed from Mary. 4)介词+ which +to do 其功效相当于定语从句。 The key with which to open the door is lost. 5)定语从句省略结构: 1. 假如that / which在定从中作 宾语,能够省略. sub+vt+n+(which / that)+sub+vt →s+vt+n+s+v s+vt+n1+n2+vt *当做题时,若发觉两个名词在一起,不过似乎连不上,则一定省略that / which,则动词为vt,做谓语。 6)定从特殊省略 the way (in which) + 句子 the reason (why that)+句子        均为完整句 the time (that / when)+句子 I do remember the first time (that省) I ever heard the sweetest voice in the world. By the time省that+句子,句子。 7)定从主系省略(主+系可同时省) 即:which be , who be , that be可同时省 状语从句省略结构 这种省略从句主语方式理论上需要满足以下两个条件: 一、特定状语从句引导词:although though even though when while if as 二、从句主语和主句主语必须保持一致; 三、从句谓语必须是be动词,主语和be动词同进同出,
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