高考英语语法之句子结构.doc

高考英语语法之句子结构专题
第一部分
一、 高考基本情况分析
（1）高考题型分析
1、听力 30分
2、语法与词汇 共15题 15分
3、完形填空 共20题 20分
4、阅读理解 共20题 40分
5、书面表达 A 阅读表达 4题 15分
B 作文 单词数 120-150 30分
（2）高考词汇要求 需达到4000词汇，才能很好的应对考试，词汇数量越多越好
二、学生基础情况分析
大多数学生词汇储备不足，平时听、说、读、写较少，缺乏综合练习，主要语法知识掌握薄弱。
需寻找自身专项题型弱点
希望学生要对自己有信心。
三、语法基本概念讲解
1、什么是语法？----语言规则，词汇+语法=句子
2、语法的八大主要内容
A 词性辨别 名、动、形、副、代、介、冠、数、助动
B 句子结构 主、谓、表、宾、补、定、状---注意词性与句子成分之间的关系
C 时态-----主、被动时态，时态形式
D 动词短语
E 分词短语
F 简单句与复合句-----文章中大多数是复合句
G 虚拟语气
H 倒装与强调
四、主语成分分析
1、单词—名词、代词 可以做主语
2、动名词短语做主语
eg：Seeing is one thing, doing is another.
Finding a good place to live continues to be one of man’s most urgent problems.
Having two good eyes is important for judging distances.
It is terribly tiring working late like this.
It’s nice spending the holiday at the beach.
3、动词不定式做主语
eg：To live means to create.
To do that sort of thing is absurd.
Before the invention of aeroplanes,to fly in the sky like a brid was only a dream.
It was his job to repair bicycles.
注：动名词与动词不定式做主语区别不大，不用深挖
4、主语从句
A That引导的主语从句
eg：That he is a doctor is true.
That he will come is certain.
It was true that women had not had the same opportunities as men in many fields.
It is often said that we are living in an age of information explosion.
B Whether引导的主语从句----不可用If替代
eg：Wether or not these books are satisfactory is uncertain.
C 连接代词、副词
eg：How a book will sell depends much on the reviewer.
Who will take charge of the task has not been decided.
Whose bag was stolen isn’t known.
D 关系代词、关系副词
eg：What’s done cannot be undone.
Whatever I have is yours.
Whoever comes will be welcome.
Whichever of you comes in first will receive a prize.

第二部分
一、谓语
（1）动词
1、只有动词可以做谓语
2、动词分类
A、及物动词
B、不及物动词
C、系动词
D、情态助动词
E、基本助动词
3、动词的变化
A、主语为单数第三人称，动词末尾加-s -es y-ies
B、现在分词 -ing 去e加ing 双写加ing
C、过去式、过去分词
（2）注意主谓一致
1、语法上一致---根据主语确定谓语的数，主要指主语为第三人称时，谓语要加s
eg：The boy plays football well
What we need most is books.
The factory with all equipment has been burnt.
You as well as I are wrong.
The manager, along with his secretaries, is going to a dinner party tonight.
Joe and Bob are smart.
The poet and the novelist were both present at the meeting.
A teacher and novelist is going to make a speech in the hall.
Every man, woma, and child needs love.
Each boy and girl was given a book.
Each book and each paper is held in place.
Chinese and British beer are served at the pub.
Cooling draft beer is serverd at the pub.
Clever and dull students are treated alikes.
There is a black and white picture on the wall.
Both his brother and sister are married.
Both whales and dolphins are mammals.
Reading is a great pleasure is life.
To live means to create.
That we need more time is obvious.
Two-fifths of the money is mine.
Lots of my friends are here.
2、概念上一致的原则
eg：My family are all early risers.
His family has moved into the new house.
3、邻近词一致的原则
eg：Neither he nor they are wholly right.
Neither Tom nor the Browns enjoy their journey to Beijing owing to the bad weather.
Either your key or my key is missing.
Not only they but also their teacher has participated in the party.
He or I am in the wrong.
二、宾语
（1）宾语成分分析
A 名词
eg：He doesn’t like cold weather.
B 代词
eg：The news surprised us.
C 反身代词
eg：A baby cannot dress itself.
D 动名词
eg：I like reading.
I suggest you should practise speaking English whenever you can.
I enjoy reading the newspaper while I’m having breakfast.
We can leave as soon as it quits snowing.
E 不定式
eg：He promised to help me.
Fred didn’t have any money, so he decided to look for a job.
I expect to enter graduate school in the fall.
F 疑问词+不定式
eg：I wonder how to do it.
I don’t know when to start.
He show me how to paint.
I don’t know what to say about your views.
His father was a teacher who helped deaf-mutes learn how to speak.
G 宾语从句
eg：I hope that you’ll enjoy yourself.
The manager said that he didn’t like my work.
He told me that the firm could not afford to pay such large salaries.
Mary asked if/whether you had ever been abroad.
He asked his doctor to tell him if /whether his operation had been successful.
How can we tell whether/if animals are intelligent?
Do you care whether/if you win or not?
I don’t know whose hat it is.
Tell me which of the two cameras is the better one.
Ted wondered why he was wanted by the police.
The man laughed when he realized what had happened.
（2）直接宾语与间接宾语
A 直接宾语
eg：He doesn’t like cold weather.
He promised to help me.
I wonder how to do it.
I hope that you’ll enjoy yourself.
B 间接宾语---为谁做，谁为间接宾语
eg：He offered Peter the job.
I must give the room a good airing.
He doesn’t owe me anything.
She asked me whether I had ever been there before.
I warned you that he would be late.
They told us where to shop cheaply.
He sold his old car to one of his neighbours.
I have bought some chocolate for you.
Give the dictionary to me, please.----注意这个句子

第三部分
一、宾语补语
在有些及物动词后面，不仅需要加上宾语，有时还需要加上一个宾语补语。宾语补语与宾语之间保持着逻辑上的主-谓关系，也就是说，宾语补语是宾语所做的动作，或者是与宾语保持着一种没有系动词的主-表结构。
下面进行补语成分分析。
（1）不定式做补语
eg：They persuaded me to go with them.
I should guess her to be about fifty.
We felt the house shake.---不带to的不定式
She asked me to stay there.
Mr.White persuaded Tom not to smoke anymore.
I, who cannot see, find hundreds of things to interest me through mere touch.
I consider him to have acted disgracefully.
We found the rumor to be true.
He understood the message to mean that she was not coming.
He considers himself very important.---不带to
He is considered one of the leading statesmen of our country.
I saw a car crash into a tree.
（2）分词做补语----现在分词表示主动，正在进行的动作；过去分词表示被动，已经完成的动作。
eg：I can smell something burning.
He couldn’t make himself heard.
I stood on the bridge and watched the boats passing by.
I hope I haven’t kept you waitting too long.
We saw her walking alone.
I want these things changed.
She found a car abandoned by the roadside.
I had the fence painted white.
He has had his hands burned.
（3）形容词做补语
eg：I found the book tedious.
We found the house empty.---可改为被动式
The house was found empty.
He keeps the yard nice and clean.
You’re made your shoes muddy.
We consider the work important.
（4）名词做补语
eg：The team have voted me their captain.
（5）副词做补语
eg：They found her in.
Pull the cork out.
Let’s see the old year out and the new year in.
We hope to get the meeting over quickly.
Don’t let me down.
（6）as引导的短语做补语
eg：I can’t see myself as a singer.
（7）介词短语做补语
eg：He considered himself above others.

小节：通过以上的例子可以看出，其实语法就是语言的固定用法，而且与动词是密切相关的。动词后面+原型，+不定式，+动名词，+介词短语，+分词
二、表语
（1）单词做表语
A 名词
eg：The girl will make a nurse.
B 代词
eg：That must be somebody important.
C 数词
eg：Who is the first?
D 形容词
eg：The leaves are turning brown.
The leaves of the trees turn yellow in the fall.
Mary looks angry.
He seems honest.
E 副词
eg：The storm was over.
Jack was down with a fever.
He’s abroad.
It was bright and the people were all out for Sunday.
Chrismas is still three mouths away.
F 分词----做表语的分词相当于一个形容词
eg：Time is pressing.
The journey was very tiring.
Japan is located in East Asia.
The explanation is confusing.
He is married.
注：V-ing的作用
1、表示正在进行
eg：Warmth and rain are encouraging the growth of plants.
2、做分词，起形容词作用，做表语
eg：The success is encouraging.
3、做动名词
eg：What the mother should do is encouraging her body in his studies.
（2）不定式
eg：This matter appears to be complicated.
To live in hearts is not to die.
To see is to believe.
The important thing in life is to have a great aim, and the determination to attain it.
What we want is for you to understand the matter clearly.
What a fire-door does is to delay the spread of a fire long enough for people to get out.
His greatest wish was to see an end to wars.
All you have to do is finish the job quickly.---无to不定式，解释主语具体内容
All I can do is just smile at him and not say anything.
The only thing you need do is fill out this application form.
（3）动名词
eg：Seeing is believing.
His main hobby is collecting stamps.
My favorite sport is swimming.
The only thing that interest her is working.
The most popular pastime is playing chess.
（4）介词短语
eg：Unemployment is on the increase.
The money is inside the envelope.
The cat is on top of the roof.
（5）从句
eg：That is not what I want.
The reason seems to be that different periods are related to different kinds of achievement.
Perhaps the greatest advantage of glass is that its constituent parts are inexpensive and can be found all over the world.
The fact is that computers are of great aid to the development of science and technology.
My opinion is he really doesn’t understand you.
The question is whether it is true or not.
What I really want to know is whether you will marry her.
The problem is who will take charge of these children.
That was why it was barely moving.
Things were not as they seemed to be.
The question was how the bird got out of the cage.
That is what we should do.
This is what I meant.

第四部分
一、定语----成分分析，位置----前置或后置
（1）单词做定语---形容词、代词、数词、名词、副词、名词所有格
eg：He is a hardworking student.
He will stick to his own opinion
The first problem was solved
Traffic accidents often occur during rush hours.
Today’s paper says that the weather will be fair tomorrow.
The white house there was built in 1800.
（2）不定式短语
eg：Have you anything to declare?
The important thing is to get some work to do.
Let’s find a more comfortable house to live in.
In a camera, the lens must be focused on the object to be photographed.
Jack is the person for me to turn to in difficult times.
Is this the only point for us pay attention to?
Plants need room to spread their roots to get water and to spread their leaves to get sunlight.
He is the only person to know the truth.
That is the best film to be producted that year.
Wool was probably the second woven material to be used for clothes.
Frequently, the cheapest place to borrow money in the United States is a credit union.
There is nothing to worry about.
It is time for you to go to school.
He asked for permission to leave.
He made an attempt to speed up the work.
I did not have the patience to wait any longer.
The children have the ability to adapt to the circumstances.
The scientist has been invited to a party to be held next Monday evening.
（3）动名词置于名词前，做前置定语，表示用途或性能---只能前置
eg：frying pan writing table freezing point sleeping car waiting room
（4）分词修饰名词做定语---现在分词是修饰名词主动做出的动作；过去分词表示修饰名词是动作的承受者-----可前置，可后置
eg：a solved problem improved methods the borings speaker
the bored student running water newly invented machine
the boys playing in the garden the man sitting next to her
The young man sitting in the third row will be a physician.
The students working in the factory will be back tomorrow.
Did you see that car being repaired?
In Europe there are very few woden houses being built today.
（5）介词短语
eg：He is wearing an overcoat with large pockets.
（6）定语从句
A 限制性定语从句
eg：The bright star which is shining just above the roof is called Sirius(天狼星).
She adopted a child whose parents are dead.
不能把整个主句当先行词
B 非限制性定语从句
eg：London, which stands on the River Thames, has a history of nearly two thousand years.
She is going to marry Dick, whom she does not love.
He came at six, when I am usually in the garden.
注：两者区别：第一，非限制性定语从句与主句间必须用逗号分开，引导非限制性定语从句的关系代词不能省略，限制性从句往往可以省略。
第二，非限制性定语从句可以把整个主句当先行词，这时只能用which或者as来引导
eg：I will wear no clothes which will distinguish me from my fellow-men.
I will wear no clothes, which will distinguish me from my fellow-men.
I said nothing, which made him still more angry.
He was a Frenchman, as I could tell from his accent.
注：名词、形容词、代词、名词所有格、动名词前置；分词、副词、不定式、从句、介词短语后置
二、状语
状语可以修饰形容词、副词以及动词（谓语成分）
状语可用来说明动作发生的时间、地点、方式、目的、原因、结果、条件、让步等等
（1）副词/副词短语做状语---
eg：The weather is fairly warm.
The hat is somewhat expensive.
Don’t speak so fast.
You know perfectly well that he was right.
He has looked for it up and down.
I was fool enough to believe him.
I wish you’d write clearly enough for us to read it.
（2）介词短语
eg：He was quick in reaction.
The roads ae clear of snow.
Despite his broken leg, Alan can walk well enough to get around.
（3）名词短语
eg：It feels a bit cold outside.
The tree is five meters high.
The frontier’s only a hundred yards away.
The wedding is only a week away.
The party lasted all night.
（4）动词不定式
eg：I am glad to see you.
He was furious to hear the news.
To succeed in a scientific research project, one needs o be persistent.
（5）分词
eg：United, we stand; devided, we fall.
Heated, the metal expands.
Living in the country, the children had a lot of fun,
Most living beings that exist under warm conditions die when frozen.
While setting up the station, we also carried out surveys of the surrounding Antarctic Ocean.
Once deprived of oxygen, the brain dies.
The water was boiling hot.
（6）从句
eg：She was a bit dizzy as she hadn’t had enough sleep.
Tom is not so old as he looks.
The rain cleared more quickly than I expected.
（7）独立主格
eg：A snake slipped quickly out of his path, its body as thick as an arm.
He lay on his back, his hands behind his head.
He surfaced, a fish in his hand.
Modern jet airliners can fly high up in the blue sky with clouds and thunderstorms far below them.
He was asleep with his head on his arms.
With John away, we’ve got more room.

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