1、01构词法语言的基本要素之一是词汇。在语言发展的最初阶段,人们使用的是少量而简单的词汇,这些词汇只表示日常简单的事物和概念,构成语言中最基本的词。随着社会的发展与进步,语言的扩充与融合使语言变得复杂,原有的有限的原生词已不够用,人们便创造了一些新词来表示新生的事物和概念。按照一定的语言规则创造新词的方法,称之为构词法(word-formation/word-building)。构词法通常包括六种方法:转化法、合成法、派生法、混合法、截短法和首尾字母结合法。一、转化法Conversion把一种词性用作另一种词性而词形不变的方法叫作转化法,有的名词可以作动词,有的形容词可以作副词或动词。1.动词转
2、化为名词(1)They were talking with each other.他们正在交谈。(talkv.)I thinkwedbetter finish the talk now.我想我们的谈话最好现在结束。(talkn.)(2)He looked aside when I spoke to him.我对他讲话,他却朝一边看。(lookv.)Letshave a look first.我们先看一下吧。(lookv.)(3)Have you booked the ticket?你订好票了吗?(bookv.)Whatsthe name of the book?书名叫什么?(bookn.)【拓
3、展】bookn.书v.预定 seat n.座位v.使就位;落座water n.水v.浇水 shoulder n.肩膀v.负责任2.名词转化为动词(1)Myleft hand brushed the wall and found the door.我的左手顺着墙摸过去就找到了门。(handn.)Hand in your papers please.请把你们的试卷交上来。(handv.)(2)Thesick children are well taken care of by the doctors and nurses.这些生病的孩子得到了医护人员的精心照料。(nursen.)She nurse
4、d her husband back to health.她看护丈夫,使他恢复了健康。(nursev.)(3)They begin breakfast at seven.他们7点钟开始吃早饭。(breakfastn.)We breakfasted together.我们在一起吃了早餐。(breakfastv.)【拓展】tryv.尝试n.尝试 look v.看n.表情swim v.游泳n.游泳 dream v.做梦n.梦3.形容词转化为动词He is a better man than his father.他为人比他父亲好。(better adj.)We will try our best t
5、o better our living conditions.我们要尽力改善我们的生活状况。(better v.)【拓展】dirty adj.脏的v.弄脏 slow adj.慢的v.放慢;减慢right adj.正确的v.纠正 dry adj.干的v.变干free adj.自由的v.解放;使自由 wrong adj.错误的v.弄错;受委屈4.形容词转化为名词(1)She has long black hair.她有一头乌黑的长发。(black adj.)The girl in black appears very beautiful.那个穿黑衣服的女孩子看上去非常漂亮。(black n.)(2
6、)He came from a rich family.他出身于富裕家庭。(rich adj.)We dont belong to the rich,but wedongtbelong to the poor either. (the rich n.)我们不是有钱人,但我们也不是穷人。【拓展】dear adj.昂贵的n.喜欢的人物 quiet adj.寂静的n.寂静total adj.全部的n.总数【提醒】某些形容词如old,young,poor,rich,wounded,injured等与the连用,表示一类人,作主语时,谓语用复数。The old in our village are li
7、ving a happy life.我们村的老年人过着幸福的生活。二、合成法Composition由两个或两个以上本身有独立含义的词合在一起组成一个有具体意义的新词的构词形式。1.合成名词(1)名词+名词silkworm(蚕) newspaper(报纸)bedroom(卧室) footprint(脚印)glasshouse(温室) afternoon(下午)(2)名词+动名词sun-bathing(日光浴) handwriting(书法)sight-seeing(观光)(3)形容词+名词shorthand(速记) hotline(热线)blackboard(黑板) gentleman(绅士)(
8、4)动名词+名词waiting-room(候车室) sleeping-pill(安眠药)writing-desk(写字台) reading-room(阅览室)(5)动词+名词pickpocket(扒手) post office(邮局)typewriter(打字机) playground(操场)break-water(防波堤)(6)动词+副词get-together(联欢会) break-through(突破)take-off(起飞) lookout(岗哨)(7)副词+动词downfall(垮台) overthrow(推翻)outbreak(爆发) income(收入;所得)(9)名词+动词da
9、ybreak(破晓)toothpick(牙签)(10)名词+介词+名词 brother-in-law(姐夫) editor-in-chief(总编辑)(11)其他构成形式的合成名词good-for-nothing(无用之人)by-product(副产品)touch-me-not(含羞草) she-wolf(母狼)self-improvement(自我完善)self-criticism(自我批评)【提醒】合成词如果出现复数形式时通常在其后加-s或-es,如by-products,reading-rooms,但应特别注意:passers-by,lookers-on等词语是在其表达该词中心含义的词上
10、加-s或-es。2.合成形容词(1)数词+名词a five-year plan五年计划 first-class products一级品one-way单行的 second-hand goods二手货a four-word四字成语(2)数词+名词+eda three-legged bench三条腿的凳子aone-eyed camel一只眼的骆驼five-storeyed五层的(3)数词+名词+形容词two-year-old两岁的 1,000-metre-long 1000米长的(4)名词+现在分词peace-loving热爱和平的 meat-eating食肉的grass-eating食草的 Eng
11、lish-speaking说英语的history-making创造历史的(5)名词+过去分词heart-broken伤心的 man-made人造的state-owned国有的 water-covered被水覆盖的(6)形容词+名词+edabsent-minded漫不经心的 blue-eyed蓝眼睛的good-tempered好脾气的 kind-hearted和善的(7)形容词+现在分词bad-looking相貌丑陋的 fine-sounding动听的easy-going容易相处的 good-looking相貌好看的(8)形容词+名词short-term短期的 part-time兼职的high-
12、class高级的 large-scale大规模的(9)副词+现在分词hard-working努力工作的 far-reaching深远的ever-lasting永恒的(10)副词+过去分词well-developed高度发达的 well-known著名的well-trained训练有素的(11)名词+形容词snow-white雪白的 day-long 整天的(11)其他构词形式的合成形容词all-round全面的 face-to-face面对面的thank-you感谢的downhill下坡的out-of-date过时的 see-through透明的light-blue浅蓝色的 ever-gree
13、n常青的fast-food专门提供快餐服务的 3.合成动词及其他合成词类:(1)名词+动词 typewrite 打字sleepwalk 梦游(2)形容词+动词 broadcast 广播whitewash 粉刷(3)副词+动词 overlook忽略understand 理解4.合成副词(1)形容词+名词 hotfoot 匆忙地someday 有朝一日(2)形容词+副词 everywhere到处outwards 向外(3)副词+副词 however尽管如此(4)介词+名词 underfoot 脚下beforehand 事先(5)介词+副词 forever永远5.合成代词(1)代词宾格+self h
14、erself她自己(2)物主代词+self myself我自己(3)形容词+名词 anything任何东西6.合成介词(1)副词+名词 inside在里面(2)介词+副词 within在之内(3)副词+介词 into进入三、派生法Derivation由一个词根加上前缀和(或)后缀构成另一个词的构词形式。1.前缀(1)表示否定意义的前缀,往往使原词变成它的反义词(1)un- 构成反义词,表示“不”,如:unfit不合适的,unhappy不高兴的(2)dis- 构成反义词,表示“不”,如:disallow不准,disroot根除,disarrange搞乱(3)in-/im- 构成反义词,表示“不”
15、,用于以c,b,m,p等开头的词,如:impossible 不可能的,incorrect 不正确的(4)ir- 构成反义词,表示“不”,用于以r开头的单词,如:irregular 不规则的(5)il- 构成反义词,表示“不”,用于以l开头的单词,如:illegal 不合法的(6)mis- 构成反义词,表示“错误”,如:mistake 错误,misuse 错用(7)non- 构成反义词,表示“不”,如:non-stop 不停的,non-smoker 非吸烟者(2)其表示其他意义的前缀(1)re- 表示“再;又;重”,re-多重读,构成双重读词,如:rewrite 重写(2)a- 表示“的”,多构
16、成表语形容词,如:alone 单独的,alike 相像的(3)tele- 表示“远程的”, 如:telephone 电话,television 电视(4)en- 表示“使”,构成动词,如:enlarge 扩大,enable 使能够(5)inter- 表示“关系”,如:international国际,interview采访,interact互动(3)另外一些常用英语前缀:ac-, ad-, af-, ag-, al- 一再,加强 accord依照,affect影响anti- 反,防止; anti-tank反坦克,anti-clockwise逆时针auto- 自,自动; automation自动化
17、,autobiography 自传be- 在; beside 在旁,befall 降临bi- 双; bicycle 自行车,bisexual 两性的co- 共同,互相; co-exist 共存com-, con- 共同,加强; combine 联合,confirm 使加强de- 离,加强,降; detrain下火车,depicture 描述dif - 分开,否定; differ 区分,difficult 困难e- 出,向外; export 出口,expand 扩展kilo- 千; kilometres,kilowatt,kilogramsmicro- 微; microbe 微生物mini- 微
18、小; minibus 小巴,miskirt 超短裙,minister 大臣部长neg- 不,非; neglect 忽视,negate 否定ob-, oc-, op- 包围,逆反; object,oppose 反对,opposite 对面,occur 出现out- 在外,除去; outlaw 逃亡者,outroot 根除over- 超出,反转; overweight 超重,overthrow 推翻per- 贯通,遍及; perform完成,perfect 完美post- 在后; postwar 战后,postern 后门pre- 在前;preface 前言,prewar战前的pro- 向前,拥护
19、; prologue 序言,pro-American 亲美的se- 分离; separate 使分离,select 选出sub-, suc-, sug- 在下,次于;subway 地铁,succeed 继承sur- 超,外加; surface 表面,surtax 附加税trans- 超过,透过 translate 翻译,transport 运输up- 向上; upset推翻,upstairs 在楼上uni- 单一; united联合的,unit 单位2.后缀通常情况下,后缀不但改变词,还改变词性,常见的后缀有动词后缀、副词后缀、形容词后缀和名词后缀。(1)动词后缀:-fy 使 beautify
20、美化,simplify简化,purify提纯-en 变得 widen加宽,sharpen 削,loosen 使松散-ize/ise 使realize实现,organize组织(2)副词后缀:-ly在状态中 badly 坏地,easily 容易地-ward 表示“方向”,backward 向后,eastward 向东(3)形容词后缀:-al nationnational 民族的,国家的;naturenatural 自然的-able 表示“有能力的”,eateatable 能吃的 -an/ian 表示“国家的,国家人的”,AmericaAmerican 美国(人)的-ern 表示“方向的”, ea
21、steastern 东方的,southsouthern南方的-fulbeautybeautiful 美丽的,carecareful 小心的-less 表示否定,carecareless 粗心的,useuseless 无用的-ic/ical electricityelectric/electrical 电的-ese 表示“人的”,ChinaChinese 中国(人)的-ly friendfriendly 友好的,yearyearly 每年的-y 表示“天气”等,cloudcloudy 多云的,dustdusty 多尘的-ous famous 著名的,continuous 连续不断的-ish ch
22、ildish 孩子气的,selfish 自私的-en golden 金色的,wooden 木制的,woolen 羊毛的-ive active 积极的,collective 集体的 (4)名词后级:-ment agreeagreement 协议,movemovement 运动-ness happyhappiness 幸福,busybusiness 事务-tion explainexplanation 解释,dictatedictation 听写-er 表示“人”,workworker 工人,buybuyer 买主-or 表示“人”,actactor 演员,sailsailor 海员-ist 表示
23、“人”,pianopianist 钢琴家,sciencescientist 科学家-ess 表示“人或动物”,指阴性,actress 女演员,lioness 母狮子-ful 表示“量”, mouthful 一口,handful 一把-th truetruth 真理,longlength 长度(5)数词后缀:-teen 构成“十几”, fifteen 十五-ty 构成“几十”, ninety 九十,fifty 五十-th 构成序数词, fifth 第五,sixth 第六(6)其他常用后缀:-ability,-ibility 能力,性:stability稳定,sensibility敏感性-acy
24、性质、状态:illiteracy 文盲,intricacy 错综复杂-age 动作状态,总称:flowage 泛滥,postage 邮费-ance, -ancy 行为,性质,状态:distance 距离,currency 流通-ant, ent 人,的,助手:assistant 助手,excellent 优秀的-ary 地点,人,事物:library 图书馆,military 军事-ate 做,职位,的:doctorate 博士学位,adequate 足够的-ation,-ition 动作,性质,状态:visitation 访问,addition 附加物-craft 技巧,工艺:aircraf
25、t 飞机,handicraft 手艺-cy 形状,状态,职位:secrecy 秘密,fancy 幻想-dom 形态,领域:freedom,kingdom-ed 有的:cultured,puzzled-ence,-ency 行为,性质,状态:difference 差别,frequency 频率-er,-eer,-or 人:killer 杀手,engineer 工程师,doctor 医生-ern 地点,方位:eastern 东方的,cavern 洞穴-ese 人,语言,国籍:Chinese,Japanese-ess 女子,雌性:actress 女演员-hood 状态,身份:childhood 童年
26、,livelihood 生计-ic 学术,职业,的:music 音乐,atomic 原子的-ice 人,抽象名词:service 服务,novice 新手-ics 学术:physics 物理学,optics 光学-ing 总称:clothing 衣服,building 建筑,feeling 感觉-ion 物品:cushion 坐垫,expression 表达-ism 主义,宗教:Markism,Islamism 伊斯兰教-ist 者:communist共产主义者,dentist 牙医,pianist 钢琴家-ive 人,物,的:native 本地人,attractive 有吸引力的-less
27、无的:careless 粗心,homeless 无家可归的,fearless 无畏的,-logy 学:zoology 动物学,biology 生物学-ly 的,地:daily,friendly,quickly-ment 状况,物,组织:treatment 治疗,development 开发展,department部门-ness 抽象名词:darkness,kindness,happiness-ous 有的:famous,dangerous危险-ship 状况,事物:friendship,leadership,professorship,horsemanship马术师资格-sion,-tion
28、动作,性质,状态:expansion 扩展,description 描述-th 状况,第:youth,health,fifth,-ty 十:specialty 专业,safety安全,fifty -ure 状况,物:pleasure快乐,picture,-y 状况,学术,小的:harmony和谐,botany 植物学,baby 婴儿四、混合法(混成法)Blending/Combining将两个词混合或各取一部分紧缩而成一个新词。后半部分表示主体;前半部分表示属性。如:news broadcastnewscast新闻广播 television broadcasttelecast电视播送smoke
29、 and fogsmog烟雾 helicopter airportheliport直升飞机场medicare = medical + care 医疗保险psywar = psychological + warfare心理战五、截短法(缩略法)shortening将单词缩写,词义和词性保持不变的英语构词法称为截短法,主要有截头、去尾、截头去尾等形式。1)截头telephonephoneaeroplaneplaneomnibusbus2)去尾mathematicsmathsco-operateco-opexaminationexamkilogramkilolaboratorylabtaxicabt
30、axi3)截头去尾influenzaflurefrigeratorfridgeprescriptionscript六、首尾字母结合法Abbreviation即用单词首尾字母组成一个新词。读音主要有两种形式,即各字母分别读音;作为一个单词读音。NATO = North Atlantic Treaty Organization北大西洋公约组织radar = radio detecting and ranging无线电探测very important personVIP (读字母音)贵宾;大人物televisionTV (读字母音)电视Testing of English as a Foreign
31、LanguageTOEFL托福【考点练透】一、单项选择1.That man was _ enough not to tell the manager that he would not do the job.A.care B.carefulC.careless D.carelessness【解析】此处应该是形容词作表语,意为“那人足够谨慎而没有告诉经理他不愿意干那份工作做”。【答案】B2.The soldier died for saving the child,so his _ is heavier than Mount Tai.A.die B.deadC.died D.death【解析】h
32、is后面要接名词,构成his death作主语。意为“那位战士为救儿童而牺牲了,因此他的死比泰山还重”。【答案】D3.The child looked _ at his brother who was badly wounded.A.sadly B.sadnessC.sadly D.sad【解析】此处是副词作状语修饰looked,意为“悲伤地看着”;注意不要看成look(看上去)+adj.(作表语)结构。【答案】A4.The three-_- chair isnt suitable for a young child.He may fall off.A.legging B.leggedC.le
33、gs D.leged【解析】这是合成词中的“数词十名词+ed”形式,three-legged是形容词,意为“三条腿的”。【答案】B5.-What are you doing here?-Oh,my teacher asked me to write a passage about _ in English.-You can write _ passage in English?A.600 words;a 600-words B.600-word;a600-wordsC.600 words;a 600-word D.600 words;a 600-words【解析】第二个空是一个合成词,是“数词
34、十名词”形式,其中的“名词”用单数。此处意为“一篇600字的文章”。【答案】C6. My TV is out of order. Can you tell me what is the _ news about Iraq War?A.lately B.latestC.later D.latter【解析】此处应该选择形容词修饰名词news,其中lately是副词,首先排除;later是比较级,因为没有比较的意思,也要排除;latter是“后者的”,与“前者”相对,因此排除;latest是late的最高级,意为“最近的;最新的”。【答案】B7.Canada is mainlyan _ countr
35、y.A.English-speaking B.speak-EnglishC.spoken-English D.English-spoken【解析】此处是合成词形容词的“名词十现在分词”形式,意为“讲英语的”。注意speaking的逻辑主语是被修饰的名词country,因此属于主动关系,即“这个国家讲英语”,不能用English-spoken,属于被动关系。【答案】A8.The black people were against slavery and fought for their _ bravely.A.free B.freelyC.freedom D.frees【解析】句意为“黑人反对奴
36、隶制而为了他们的自由英勇的斗争”,their后接名词freedom。【答案】C9.Its _ to persuade him to give up smoking. Hesvery stubborn(固执的).A.possible B.possiblyC.impossible D.impossibility【解析】这是一个itis+adj.+todo句型,因此排除possibly(adv.)和possibility(n.);根据第二句“他很固执”,一次“要说服他戒烟是不可能的”,possibly加否定前缀im即impossible,意为“不可能的”。【答案】C10.The old mans c
37、ondition was _ with the doctors and nurses care.A.hope B.hopedC.hopeful D.hopeless【解析】句意为“有了医生护士的照料,老人的情况是有希望的”,因此选形容词作表语。【答案】C二、用括号内所给单词的正确形式填空1. Actually, I _ (agree) with you over this matter. I have my own view. 2. What I _ (like) most about this movie is that there are too many rude gestures. 3
38、. I will not make friends with a _ (honest) person. 4. I am sorry I _ (understand) what you said. 5. It is wrong to _ (use) our natural resources. 6. Plans have been put forward to pull down and _ (build) the area. 7. The village is far away from the county, and they find it _ (convenient) if buses
39、are not available. 8. You will be fined if you smoke in public in Hong Kong because it is _ (legal) to do so. 9. He got _ (patient) as the first hour passed and then another. 10. She failed to _ (lock) the safe in spite of all her efforts, so she asked him to help her open it. 11. It was an _ (belie
40、vable) moment when Chris won the gold medal. 12. We must _ (large) our views by reading. 13. Over 300 _ (compete) from more than 80 countries competed in the Games. 14. She is a very great dramatic _ (act) and _ (direct). 15. It is important to know your own _ (strong) and _ (weak). 16. Just as the old saying goes, _ (honest) is the best policy. 17. He was touched by the _ (warm) of their welcome. 18. The French government called for an end to the _ (violent). 19. Success is not final and _ (fail) is not